Rheumatoid arthritis （RA） is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease with complex pathogenesis， poor cure rate， long course of disease， and high disability rate， which seriously affects patients' quality of life. Western medicine treatment of RA mainly includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs， rheumatic drugs， glucocorticoids， biologics， and targeted small-molecule drugs， which have large side effects and many adverse reactions. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has systematic， comprehensive， multi-target， and multi-mechanism advantages in the treatment of RA. Through the overall syndrome pattern identification， it is effective in relieving symptoms， delaying onset， and relieving pain in RA patients by dispelling wind and removing dampness， dissipating cold and dredging collaterals， clearing heat and removing toxin， resolving phlegm and removing blood stasis， and relaxing sinew and activating collaterals. In recent years， TCM has made remarkable progress in the intervention of RA by regulating the nuclear transcription factor-κB （NF-κB） signaling network. They include Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）， phosphoinositol 3 kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）， mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）， Nod-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）， nuclear factor E₂ associated factor 2 （Nrf2）， Janus kinase 2 （JAK2）/signaling and transcriptional activator 3 （STAT3）， and Toll-like receptor 2 （TLR2）. The regulatory mechanism of NF-κB signaling network is complex： TLR4 is the upstream receptor of NF-κB， PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways can not only regulate the activity of NF-κB， but also serve as its downstream effect pathway， Nrf2 and NF-κB often have antagonistic effects in the regulation of inflammatory response. Therefore， the research progress of regulating NF-κB signaling network by traditional Chinese medicine in the intervention of RA was summarized to provide a reference for the treatment of RA disease and the development of new drugs.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 is a non-selective cation channel, which is sensitive to heat, acidic environment and capsaicin. It is widely expressed in sensory neurons and various other tissues, and is closely associated with the development of several orthopedic disorders. Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, synovial inflammation and subchondral bone remodeling. In recent years, with the deepening of research, it has been found that Transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) plays an important role in the pathophysiological process of KOA, affecting the progression of the disease by regulating pain transmission, inflammatory response, ferroptosis of chondrocytes, bone homeostasis and other mechanisms. In recent years, by targeting the TRPV1 channel to maintain the homeostasis of the joint environment, certain breakthroughs have been made in the relief of symptoms and the prevention and treatment of KOA, showing a good application prospect. This review outlines the mechanisms and regulatory pathways of TRPV1 and discusses its roles in chondrocytes, synovial tissue, and subchondral bone, as well as its pathological relevance in the development of KOA. It further summarizes current strategies for targeting TRPV1 in KOA therapy and the progress of related therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study is to expand the treatment of knee osteoarthritis and provide new treatment ideas and strategies for KOA patients.

Objective:To survey and supervise the risk of infection control and radiation safety in the radiological diagnostic workplace for COVID-19, and provide data support for the safety protection of radiographers and related staff.Methods:4 emergency hospitals for COVID-19 including 2 makeshift hospitals, module hospital and brick pattern hospital in Hubei province were performed for testing and evaluation of imaging performance and radiological protection for the 8 new installed CT scanners and places according to the national standards of WS 519-2019 and GBZ 130-2013. The infection control safety factors such as the layout of the equipment room were monitored and investigated. Two COVID-19 designated hospitals including general hospital and infectious disease specialized hospital were selected to carry out field investigation and sampling of environmental biological samples for 4 CT rooms. Then the samples were detected for the nucleic acid of novel coronavirus. The results of radiodiagnostic workplace overall arrangement, infection prevention and the nucleic acid testing were analyzed, and the biological safety reliability and risk point were evaluated.Results:The indicators of imaging performance and radiation protection for 8 CT scanners in emergency hospitals could meet the requirements of national standards.Each of 2 makeshift hospitals had 3 CT rooms with the area of 38.8 m 2 and 4 mm Pb equivalent thickness of protective shielding. The CT rooms in module hospital and brick pattern hospital were 20.0 m 2, and 35.8 m 2 in areas, with 4 mm Pb equivalent and 3 mm Pb equivalent thickness of protection shielding, respectively. The 8 radiological diagnostic workplaces of the emergency hospitals were designed and constructed based on " three zones with two passage ways" . The result of the nucleic acid test indicated that the positive samples were found at the multiple sites such as scanning bed, internal of gantry and ground touched by patients in CT scanning room. The areas such as console panel and ground were risked of pollution by the virus infected hands and feet of radiographers. In addition, the similar positive samples were found in the areas in scanning room with no touch of patients, such as observation window and air outlet. Conclusions:8 CT scanners and rooms in 4 emergency hospitals basically meet the requirements of imaging performance and radiation protection. The disinfection of COVID-19 radiodiagnostic workplace should be standardized.

Objective:To observe the effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES) combined with an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) and gait training on lower limb motor function, gait parameters and the joint angles of hemiplegic stroke survivors.Methods:Thirty-two stroke survivors who met the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly divided into a control group ( n=10), an orthosis group ( n=10), and a combination therapy group ( n=12). In addition to routine medication and rehabilitation, the control group received only gait training, the orthosis group received gait training and an AFO and the combination therapy group was given FES, an AFO and gait training. All three groups were treated for four weeks. Then, the Fugl-Meyer lower extremity assessment (FMA-LE), the Brunnstrom lower extremity assessment (BRL), and Functional Ambulation Categories (FACs) were used to evaluate the lower limb motor function and walking ability of the three groups. The gait parameters of the three groups were quantified using a three-dimensional gait analyzer, and the changes in the hemiplegic gait before and after treatment were compared among the three groups. Results:After the treatment the average FMA-LE, FAC and BRL scores, time-space parameters, and joint angle parameters of all three groups had all improved significantly. After the intervention the average indicators in the combined therapy group (including stride frequency, stride length and walking speed) were all significantly better than in the other two groups.Conclusions:Adding FES to gait training with an AFO can effectively improve lower limb motor function and the walking ability of hemiplegic stroke survivors.

Establishing an effective three-dimensional (3D) culture system to better model human neurological diseases is desirable, since the human brain is a 3D structure. Here, we demonstrated the development of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pillar-based 3D scaffold that mimicked the 3D microenvironment of the brain. We utilized this scaffold for the growth of human cortical glutamatergic neurons that were differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells. In comparison with the 2D culture, we demonstrated that the developed 3D culture promoted the maturation of human cortical glutamatergic neurons by showing significantly more MAP2 and less Ki67 expression. Based on this 3D culture system, we further developed an disease-like model of traumatic brain injury (TBI), which showed a robust increase of glutamate-release from the neurons, in response to mechanical impacts, recapitulating the critical pathology of TBI. The increased glutamate-release from our 3D culture model was attenuated by the treatment of neural protective drugs, memantine or nimodipine. The established 3D human neural culture system and TBI-like model may be used to facilitate mechanistic studies and drug screening for neurotrauma or other neurological diseases.

Objective To explore the influence factors of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure in adults within 1 year. Methods One hundred fifty-nine adult patients with first unprovoked seizure were recruited in the study. Patients were then divided into the relapse group (n=54) and the relapse group (n=105). Statistic analysis was performed on the clinical data including gender, age, history of traumatic brain injury, electroencephalogram (EEG) and brain imaging, the form of attack time, seizures, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia disease. Results Multiariable Logistic regression analysis found that history of brain injury (P=0.033, OR=5.547), period (P=0.001, OR=33.660) in the evening, cortical lesions (P=0.004, OR=14.865) were independent risk factors for recurrence. Conclusions Adult patients with first unprovoked seizure have a high risk of one-year recurrence if the patients have a history of traumatic brain injury, the radiographic abnormalities, cortical lesions and sleep attacks.

Objective: To investigate the anatomic tract of congenital pyriform sinus fistula (CPSF). Methods: A total of 90 patients with CPSF undergoing open surgery between August, 2007 and March, 2017 at the Department of Guangdong General Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The tracts of all the fistulas actually walked far different from those of theoretical ones. A whole fistula may be divided into 4 segments according to adjacent anatomy of CPSF. The posterior inner segment to the thyroid cartilage was initial part of the fistula. It originated from the apex of pyriform sinus, then piercing out of the inferior constrictor of pharynx inferiorly near the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage (ICTC), and descended between the lateral branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The ICTC segment was the second part of the fistula, firstly piercing out of the inferior constrictor of pharynx and/or cricothyroid muscle, and then entering into the upper pole of thyroid. The relationship between fistula and ICTC could be divided into three types: type A (medial inferior to ICTC) accounting for 42.2% (38/90); type B (penetrate ICTC) for 3.3% (3/90); and type C (lateral inferior to ICTC) for 54.5% (49/90). The internal segment in thyroid gland was the third part of fistula, walking into the thyroid gland and terminating at its upper pole (92.2%, 83/90) or deep cervical fascia near the upper pole of thyroid (7.8%, 7/90). The lateral inferior segment to thyroid gland was the last part of the fisula, most of which are iatrogenic pseudo fistula, and started from the lateral margin of thyroid gland. Conclusions CPSF has a complicated pathway. Recognition of the tract and adjacent anatomy of CPSF will facilitate the dissection and resection of CPSF in open surgery.

Objective To evaluate the curative effect and safety of lumbar artery embolization in treating massive hemorrhage caused by percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED).Methods From January 2013 to December 2016,lumbar artery angiography was performed in 4 patients with massive hemorrhage caused by PTED.Based on the angiographic findings,lumbar artery embolization therapy with embolic microspheres and spring coils was carried out.Results Lumbar artery angiography revealed that extravasation of contrast agent was detected in 3 patients and pseudoaneurysm in one patient.The bleeding completely stopped immediately after lumbar artery embolization in all 4 patients.The patients were followed up for 1-3 months,and no re-bleeding or serious complications occurred.Conclusion It is very difficult to make medical and surgical management for massive hemorrhage caused by PTED.Lumbar artery embolization is safe,effective and minimally-invasive for the treatment of massive hemorrhage caused by PTED.This therapy is worthy of clinical use.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility and significance of modified Killian(MK) method in the clinical diagnosis of congenital pyriform sinus fistula(CPSF) by electronic laryngoscopy. Methods: The following examinations were performed for 30 suspected cases of CPSF, including the traditional electronic laryngoscopy, MK examination(modified Killian position+ head rotation+ the Valsalva maneuver), barium swallow X-ray(BSX) and CT , and a prospective comparison among them were done. Patients were divided into two groups according to their age: young age group(≤14 years old) and older age group (>14 years old). The results of MK examination from the patients were analyzed and the positive diagnostic rates (PDR) between groups were compared by using χ² tests. Results: Sinuses in 20 of 30 patients were depicted from pyriform sinus in BSX, and the PDR was 66.7%(20/30). The PRD of CT was 83.3%(25/30). The presence of air bubbles around the upper lobe of the thyroid gland or at the inferomedial edge of cricothyroid joints, morphological changes of thyroid grand as well as pseudo-fistula formation on lower neck were detected clearly on CT. Comparing to the traditional electronic laryngoscopy, the effect of exposing piriform fossa fistula by MK examination is significant(χ²=17.05, P<0.05), with the PDR of 13.3%(4/30) and 76.7%(23/30) respectively. Nevertheless, comparing to BSX and CT, there were no statistically significant differences in the effect to diagnose CPSF (χ²=0.31, χ²=0.10 respectively, P>0.05). The PDR of MK in older group is significantly higher than younger group(χ²=6.68, P<0.05). Conclusions MK examination can clearly reveal the hypopharyngeal anatomical structure and detect the sinus of CPSF .It could be a safe, feasible, convenient and economical method as an application in preoperative diagnosis and follow-up examination of clinical suspected CPSF.