BACKGROUND:Myocardial hypertrophy often leads to severe cardiovascular diseases and is difficult to diagnose due to its early stages being hard to detect.Circulating inflammatory proteins have been found to be significantly associated with cardiovascular diseases,yet the specific mechanisms linking them to myocardial hypertrophy remain unclear.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship between circulating proteins and myocardial hypertrophy using multiple Mendelian randomization approaches.METHODS:Utilizing data from 91 circulating inflammatory proteins in the GWAS Catalog database and the latest myocardial hypertrophy data from the R11 FinnGen database,we employed bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization,multivariate Mendelian randomization,and Genome-Wide Association Studies co-localization to investigate the causal relationship between circulating inflammatory proteins and myocardial hypertrophy.The accuracy of the results was verified through sensitivity tests including MR-PRESSO,Cochran's Q test,MR-Egger intercept assessment,leave-one-out analysis,and funnel plot analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the results of two-sample Mendelian randomization,the primary method used for evaluation was the Inverse Variance Weighting(IVW)approach.It was found that the level of T-cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoform(IVW:P=0.046,OR=0.74,95％Cl:0.66-1.00),level of slit chemokine(IVW:P=2.1×10-2,OR=0.74,95％CI:0.556-0.95),level of Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor(IVW:P=3.7×10-4,OR=0.66,95％CI:0.49-0.87),level of interleukin-2(IVW:P=3.8×103,OR=0.667,95％CI:0.50-0.88),and sulfotransferase 1A1(IVW:P=1.42×102,OR=0.80,95％CI:0.67-0.96)had a unidirectional causal effect on cardiac hypertrophy.(2)Among the findings in multivariate Mendelian randomization,the levels of the CD6 isoform of T-cell surface glycoprotein(IVW:P=1.39×102,OR=0.81,95％CI:0.69-0.96)and the levels of Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor(IVW:P=3.7×10-2,OR=0.73,95％CI:0.55-0.98)were positive,indicating that the results remained significant after excluding the effects of other circulating inflammatory proteins that had an impact on myocardial hypertrophy.(3)In colocalization,T-cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoform levels had H3+H4=0.96,with the most significant single nucleotide polymorphism being rs59570070,suggesting an intrinsic link between T-cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoform levels and myocardial hypertrophy.(4)Sensitivity results showed no abnormalities,indicating no heterogeneity or pleiotropic effects influencing the results.(5)These results verified that T cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoforms,Slit chemokine,Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptors,interleukin-2,and sulfotransferase 1A1 had a unidirectional causal effect on myocardial hypertrophy.T cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoforms and Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptors had the deepest impact,suggesting that there may be related pathways between T cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoforms and myocardial hypertrophy.Mendelian randomization studies require large amounts of clinical data and therefore often use European samples from international databases for analysis.Since this analytical method has significant advantages in causal inference,precision medicine,and cross-population validation,its research results still hold great significance for the medical development in China.As Mendelian randomization research deepens,it also promotes the collection and analysis of clinical data in China to some extent.In the future,we can further analyze key protein mechanisms,combine multiomics and clinical validation,develop an inflammatory marker monitoring system and novel anti-inflammatory therapies,thereby promoting the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases and the development of personalized medicine.

BACKGROUND:Myocardial hypertrophy often leads to severe cardiovascular diseases and is difficult to diagnose due to its early stages being hard to detect.Circulating inflammatory proteins have been found to be significantly associated with cardiovascular diseases,yet the specific mechanisms linking them to myocardial hypertrophy remain unclear.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship between circulating proteins and myocardial hypertrophy using multiple Mendelian randomization approaches.METHODS:Utilizing data from 91 circulating inflammatory proteins in the GWAS Catalog database and the latest myocardial hypertrophy data from the R11 FinnGen database,we employed bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization,multivariate Mendelian randomization,and Genome-Wide Association Studies co-localization to investigate the causal relationship between circulating inflammatory proteins and myocardial hypertrophy.The accuracy of the results was verified through sensitivity tests including MR-PRESSO,Cochran's Q test,MR-Egger intercept assessment,leave-one-out analysis,and funnel plot analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the results of two-sample Mendelian randomization,the primary method used for evaluation was the Inverse Variance Weighting(IVW)approach.It was found that the level of T-cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoform(IVW:P=0.046,OR=0.74,95％Cl:0.66-1.00),level of slit chemokine(IVW:P=2.1×10-2,OR=0.74,95％CI:0.556-0.95),level of Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor(IVW:P=3.7×10-4,OR=0.66,95％CI:0.49-0.87),level of interleukin-2(IVW:P=3.8×103,OR=0.667,95％CI:0.50-0.88),and sulfotransferase 1A1(IVW:P=1.42×102,OR=0.80,95％CI:0.67-0.96)had a unidirectional causal effect on cardiac hypertrophy.(2)Among the findings in multivariate Mendelian randomization,the levels of the CD6 isoform of T-cell surface glycoprotein(IVW:P=1.39×102,OR=0.81,95％CI:0.69-0.96)and the levels of Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor(IVW:P=3.7×10-2,OR=0.73,95％CI:0.55-0.98)were positive,indicating that the results remained significant after excluding the effects of other circulating inflammatory proteins that had an impact on myocardial hypertrophy.(3)In colocalization,T-cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoform levels had H3+H4=0.96,with the most significant single nucleotide polymorphism being rs59570070,suggesting an intrinsic link between T-cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoform levels and myocardial hypertrophy.(4)Sensitivity results showed no abnormalities,indicating no heterogeneity or pleiotropic effects influencing the results.(5)These results verified that T cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoforms,Slit chemokine,Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptors,interleukin-2,and sulfotransferase 1A1 had a unidirectional causal effect on myocardial hypertrophy.T cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoforms and Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptors had the deepest impact,suggesting that there may be related pathways between T cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoforms and myocardial hypertrophy.Mendelian randomization studies require large amounts of clinical data and therefore often use European samples from international databases for analysis.Since this analytical method has significant advantages in causal inference,precision medicine,and cross-population validation,its research results still hold great significance for the medical development in China.As Mendelian randomization research deepens,it also promotes the collection and analysis of clinical data in China to some extent.In the future,we can further analyze key protein mechanisms,combine multiomics and clinical validation,develop an inflammatory marker monitoring system and novel anti-inflammatory therapies,thereby promoting the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases and the development of personalized medicine.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） is one of the most prevalent forms of liver diseases globally. Its progression can lead to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease， and there is currently a lack of effective pharmacological treatments. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， as a regulatory hub for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis， can coordinate key cellular processes such as adipogenesis， glucose metabolism， and mitochondrial functions. Its activation exerts metabolic regulatory effects through pathways including inhibiting lipogenesis， enhancing mitochondrial β-oxidation， regulating inflammation and oxidative stress， and promoting autophagy. Accordingly， AMPK emerges as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM）， with low toxicity， high accessibility， and multi-component， multi-target synergistic effects， has demonstrated unique value in NAFLD treatment， particularly showing notable advantages in regulating the AMPK signaling pathway. Sichuan is known as the treasure house of TCM， and the active components of its authentic medicinal materials such as Coptidis Rhizoma not only reflect regional characteristics in AMPK signaling regulation but also form a multi-level metabolic regulatory network through crosstalk with pathways such as sirtuin 1 （SIRT1） and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α （PPARα）. They can achieve specific regulation by directly activating AMPK and modulating upstream and downstream targets， exerting prominent effects in ameliorating hepatic steatosis and inflammation. This study systematically reviews the research findings on TCM for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD over the past five years， elaborating the mechanisms by which TCM treats NAFLD through regulating the AMPK signaling pathway. It aims to provide new perspectives and references for clinical diagnosis and treatment， basic research， and drug development.

Blood transfusion can transmit various pathogenic microorganisms, including parasites, spirochetes, bacteria, and viruses, leading to transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases as well as numerous clinical transfusion-related adverse reactions. To ensure blood safety, multiple strategies have been implemented, including assessing donor health status, blood screening, and preparation, processing, storage, and supply of blood components. However, there is still room for improvement in preventing various transfusion-related infectious diseases and adverse reactions due to objective factors such as donor health consultation, the threats and prevention costs associated with emerging infectious disease pathogens, and the limitations of blood screening in terms of scope and sensitivity. This article aims to review the research progress on the preparation, storage, and supply of blood components.

Blood transfusion can transmit various pathogenic microorganisms, including parasites, spirochetes, bacteria, and viruses, leading to transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases as well as numerous clinical transfusion-related adverse reactions. To ensure blood safety, multiple strategies have been implemented, including assessing donor health status, blood screening, and preparation, processing, storage, and supply of blood components. However, there is still room for improvement in preventing various transfusion-related infectious diseases and adverse reactions due to objective factors such as donor health consultation, the threats and prevention costs associated with emerging infectious disease pathogens, and the limitations of blood screening in terms of scope and sensitivity. This article aims to review the research progress on the preparation, storage, and supply of blood components.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a non-atherosclerotic cause of acute coronary syndrome, particularly among young women. A 46-year-old female without a family history of cardiac disease and traditional atherosclerotic risk factors presented to hospital with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Diagnostic coronary angiography revealed moderate stenosis of the left main coronary artery and the left anterior descending artery with blood flow thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade 3. The left circumflex artery was observed hypoplastic without significant stenosis. Intravascular ultrasound revealed an extensive intramural hematoma from the middle of the left anterior descending branch to the left main trunk and a compressed lumen with intact intima. The patient underwent conservative treatment and remained asymptomatic 11 months after discharge. Repeat coronary computed tomography angiography showed haematoma absorption with stenosis relief. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection of the left main coronary artery is relatively rare. Its management is based on the patient’s clinical condition and lesion characteristics.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a non-atherosclerotic cause of acute coronary syndrome, particularly among young women. A 46-year-old female without a family history of cardiac disease and traditional atherosclerotic risk factors presented to hospital with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Diagnostic coronary angiography revealed moderate stenosis of the left main coronary artery and the left anterior descending artery with blood flow thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade 3. The left circumflex artery was observed hypoplastic without significant stenosis. Intravascular ultrasound revealed an extensive intramural hematoma from the middle of the left anterior descending branch to the left main trunk and a compressed lumen with intact intima. The patient underwent conservative treatment and remained asymptomatic 11 months after discharge. Repeat coronary computed tomography angiography showed haematoma absorption with stenosis relief. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection of the left main coronary artery is relatively rare. Its management is based on the patient’s clinical condition and lesion characteristics.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Objective:To discuss the diagnostic value of levels of growth stimulation expressed gene 2 protein(ST2),carbohydrate antigen 125(CA125),and human epididymis protein 4(HE4)in serum of the ovarian cancer patients,and to clarify their relationships with clinicopathological parameters of the ovarian cancer patients.Methods:A total of 136 patients with ovarian benign lesions or primary ovarian malignancies in our hospital confirmed by postoperative histopathology were randomly selected,including 53 cases in ovarian benign ovarian disease group and 83 cases in ovarian cancer group.Additionally,55 healthy female volunteers during the same period were enrolled as healthy control group.The fasting venous blood from all the subjects was collected on the first day of admission,and serum was retained;cyclic enhanced fluorescence immunoassay was used to detect ST2 levels of the subjects in various groups;chemiluminescence method was used to detect serum CA125 and HE4 levels of the subjects in various groups;receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to assess the diagnostic performance of each indicator;the Cut-off value and area under the ROC curve(AUC)were calculated,with AUC representing the diagnostic performance;Kendall's method was used to analyze the correlations between serum ST2 levels and TNM stage,maximum tumor diameter,distant metastasis,lymphnode metastasis,peritoneal metastasis,carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),CA125,carbohydrate antigen 199(CA199),HE4,P53,and Kiel-67(Ki67)in the ovarian cancer patients.Results:Compared with healthy control group,the serum CA125 level of the patients in ovarian benign ovarian disease group was significantly increased(P<0.05).Compared with healthy control group and ovarian benign group,the serum levels of ST2,CA125,and HE4 of the patients in ovarian cancer group were significantly increased(P<0.05).The AUC values were 0.719(95%CI:0.616-0.822)for ST2,0.868(95%CI:0.794-0.942)for CA125,and 0.867(95%CI:0.793-0.942)for HE4.The combined detection of ST2+CA125+HE4 yielded an AUC of 0.894(95%CI:0.832-0.955).Significant differences were observed in serum ST2,CA125,and HE4 levels among ovarian cancer patients with different TNM stages,lymph node metastasis,distant metastasis,and peritoneal metastasis(P<0.05),while there were no significant differences in the patients with different ages or maximum tumor diameters(P>0.05).The ST2 level in serm of the ovarian cancer patients was positively correlated with TNM stage,distant metastasis,lymph node metastasis,peritoneal metastasis,CA125 level,HE4 level,and Ki67 level(P<0.05),but was not correlated with maximum tumor diameter,CEA,CA199 level,or P53 level(P>0.05).Conclusion:ST2,CA125,and HE4 are highly expressed in the serum of the ovarian cancer patients.Combined detection of serum ST2,CA125,and HE4 exhibits good sensitivity and specificity for ovarian cancer screening and improves diagnostic efficacy.ST2 is associated with advanced TNM stage and metastasis in ovarian cancer and may participate in the occurrence and progression of ovarian cancer.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.