Biology-guided radiotherapy (BgRT) is a novel technique of external beam radiotherapy, combining positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) with a linear accelerator (LINAC). The key innovation is to utilize PET signals from tracers in tumor tissues for real-time tracking and guiding beamlets. Compared with a traditional LINAC system, a BgRT system is more complex in hardware design, software algorithm, system integration and clinical workflow. RefleXion Medical has developed the world's first BgRT system. Nevertheless, its actively advertised function, PET-guided radiotherapy, is still in the research and development phase. In this review study, we presented a number of issues related to BgRT, including its technical advantages and potential challenges.
Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography ; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted/methods* ; Algorithms ; Particle Accelerators ; Biology ; Radiotherapy, Image-Guided/methods* ; Radiotherapy Dosage

During coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic, the treatment of severe trauma has been impacted. The Consensus on emergency surgery and infection prevention and control for severe trauma patients with 2019 novel corona virus pneumonia was published online on February 12, 2020, providing a strong guidance for the emergency treatment of severe trauma and the self-protection of medical staffs in the early stage of the epidemic. With the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council renaming "novel coronavirus pneumonia" to "novel coronavirus infection" and the infection being managed with measures against class B infectious diseases since January 8, 2023, the consensus published in 2020 is no longer applicable to the emergency treatment of severe trauma in the new stage of epidemic prevention and control. In this context, led by the Chinese Traumatology Association, Chinese Trauma Surgeon Association, Trauma Medicine Branch of Chinese International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, and Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Traumatology, the Chinese expert consensus on emergency surgery for severe trauma and infection prevention during coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic ( version 2023) is formulated to ensure the effectiveness and safety in the treatment of severe trauma in the new stage. Based on the policy of the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council and by using evidence-based medical evidence as well as Delphi expert consultation and voting, 16 recommendations are put forward from the four aspects of the related definitions, infection prevention, preoperative assessment and preparation, emergency operation and postoperative management, hoping to provide a reference for severe trauma care in the new stage of the epidemic prevention and control.

Objective:To construct a scientific and practical ovarian tumor nursing quality sensitive indicator system so as to provide a reference for evaluating the quality of nursing care for patients with ovarian tumors.Methods:Based on Donabedian's three-dimensional theoretical model of structure-process-outcome quality management, we used literature review and Delphi expert correspondence consultation to construct a nursing quality sensitive indicator system for ovarian tumor patients. From February to April 2019, we selected 20 experts from 16 ClassⅢ Grade A general hospitals and 2 higher nursing institutions from 7 provinces/municipalities in Shandong Province, Jiangsu Province, Beijing, Jilin Province, Shanghai, Guangdong Province and Sichuan Province for consultation.Results:Among two rounds of consultation, valid recovery rates were 90.00% and 94.44% respectively; authority coefficients were all 0.92; familiarity coefficients were 0.89 and 0.91 respectively; judgment coefficients were 0.94 and 0.92 respectively; Kendall harmony coefficients were 0.204 and 0.426 respectively; the differences were all statistically significant ( P<0.05) . The final nursing quality sensitive indicator system for ovarian tumor patients included 3 first-level indicators, 12 second-level indicators and 23 third-level indicators. Conclusions:The nursing quality sensitive indicator system for ovarian tumor patients is highly scientific and practical which can be used to standardize clinical nursing care for patients with ovarian tumors by gynecological nurses and improve the nursing quality.

Objective: To understand the perceptions, attitudes and treatment selection of Chinese surgeons on the "watch and wait" strategy for rectal cancer patients after achieving a clinical complete response (cCR) following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was used in this study. Selection of subjects: (1) Domestic public grade III A (provincial and prefecture-level) oncology hospitals or general hospitals possessing the radiotherapy department and the diagnosis and treatment qualifications for colorectal cancer. (2) Surgeons of deputy chief physician or above. Using the "Questionnaire Star" online survey platform to create a questionnaire about cognition, attitude and treatment choice of the "watch and wait" strategy after cCR following nCRT for rectal cancer. The questionnaire contained 32 questions, such as the basic information of doctor, the current status of rectal cancer surgery, the management of pathological complete remission (ypCR) after nCRT for rectal cancer, the selection of examination items for diagnosis of cCR, the selection of suitable people undergoing "watch and wait" approach, the nCRT mode for promotion of cCR, the choice of evaluation time point, the willingness to perform "watch and wait" approach and the treatment choice, and the risk and monitoring of "watch and wait" approach. A total of 116 questionnaires were sent to the respondents via WeChat between January 31 and February 19, 2019. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher′s exact test for categorical variables. Results: Forty-eight hospitals including 116 surgeons meeting criteria were enrolled, of whom 77 surgeons filled the questionnaire with a response rate of 66.4%. "Watch and wait" strategy was carried out in 76.6% (59/77) of surgeons. Seventy surgeons (90.9%) were aware of the ypCR rate of rectal cancer after preoperative nCRT and 49 surgeons (63.6%) knew the 3-year disease-free survival of patients with ypCR in their own hospitals. Fifty-five surgeons (71.4%) believed that patients with ypCR undergoing radical surgery met the treatment criteria and were not over-treated. Three most necessary examinations in diagnosing cCR were colonoscopy (96.1%, 74/77), digital rectal examination (DRE) (90.9%,70/77) and DWI-MRI (83.1%, 64/77). Responders preferred to consider a "watch and wait" strategy for patients with baseline characteristics as mrN0 (77.9%, 60/77), mrT2 (68.8%, 53/77) and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (68.8%, 53/77). Sixty-six surgeons (85.7%) believed that long-term chemoradiotherapy (LCRT) with combination or without combination of induction and/or consolidation of the CapeOX regimen (capecitabine + oxaliplatin) should be the first choice as a neoadjuvant therapy to achieve cCR. Forty-one surgeons (53.2%) believed that a reasonable interval of judging cCR after nCRT should be ≥ 8 weeks. Forty-four surgeons (57.1%) routinely, or in most cases, informed patient the possibility of cCR and proposed to "watch and wait" strategy in the initial diagnosis of patients with non-metastatic rectal cancer. Thirteen surgeons (16.9%) would take the "watch and wait" strategy as the first choice after the patient having cCR. Fifty-two surgeons (67.5%) would be affected by the surgical method, that was to say, "watch and wait" approach would only be recommended to those patients who would achieve cCR and could not preserve the anus or underwent difficult anus-preservation surgery. Sixteen surgeons (20.8%) demonstrated that "watch and wait" strategy would not be recommended to patients with cCR regardless of whether the surgical procedure involved anal sphincter. Eleven surgeons (14.3%) believed that the main risk of "watch and wait" approach came from distant metastasis rather than local recurrence or regrowth. Twenty-nine of surgeons (37.7%) did not understand the difference between "local recurrence" and "local regrowth" during the period of "watch and wait". Twenty-six surgeons (33.8%) thought that the monitoring interval for the first 3 years of "watch and wait" strategy was 3 months, and the follow-up monitoring interval could be 6 months to 5 years. Surgeons from cancer specialist hospitals had higher approval rate, notification rate, and referral rate of "watch and wait" strategy than those from general hospitals. Thirty-one surgeons (42.5%) considered that the difficulty and concern of carrying out "watch and wait" approach in the future was the disease progress leading to medical disputes. Twenty-six surgeons (35.6%) demonstrated that their concern was lack of uniform evaluation standard for cCR. Conclusions Chinese surgeons seem to have inadequate knowledge of non-operative management for rectal cancer patients achieving cCR after nCRT and show relatively conservative attitudes toward the strategy. Chinese consensus needs to be formed to guide the non-operative management in selected patients. Chinese Watch & Wait Database (CWWD) is also needed to establish and provide more evidence for the use of alternative procedure after a cCR following nCRT.

Objective To understand the perceptions, attitudes and treatment selection of Chinese surgeons on the "watch and wait" strategy for rectal cancer patients after achieving a clinical complete response (cCR) following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). Methods A cross?sectional survey was used in this study. Selection of subjects: (1) Domestic public grade III A (provincial and prefecture?level) oncology hospitals or general hospitals possessing the radiotherapy department and the diagnosis and treatment qualifications for colorectal cancer. (2) Surgeons of deputy chief physician or above. Using the "Questionnaire Star" online survey platform to create a questionnaire about cognition, attitude and treatment choice of the "watch and wait" strategy after cCR following nCRT for rectal cancer. The questionnaire contained 32 questions, such as the basic information of doctor, the current status of rectal cancer surgery, the management of pathological complete remission (ypCR) after nCRT for rectal cancer, the selection of examination items for diagnosis of cCR, the selection of suitable people undergoing"watch and wait" approach, the nCRT mode for promotion of cCR, the choice of evaluation time point, the willingness to perform "watch and wait" approach and the treatment choice, and the risk and monitoring of"watch and wait" approach. A total of 116 questionnaires were sent to the respondents via WeChat between January 31 and February 19, 2019. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher′ s exact test for categorical variables. Results Forty?eight hospitals including 116 surgeons meeting criteria were enrolled, of whom 77 surgeons filled the questionnaire with a response rate of 66.4%. "Watch and wait" strategy was carried out in 76.6% (59/77) of surgeons. Seventy surgeons (90.9%) were aware of the ypCR rate of rectal cancer after preoperative nCRT and 49 surgeons (63.6%) knew the 3?year disease?free survival of patients with ypCR in their own hospitals. Fifty?five surgeons (71.4%) believed that patients with ypCR undergoing radical surgery met the treatment criteria and were not over?treated. Three most necessary examinations in diagnosing cCR were colonoscopy (96.1%, 74/77), digital rectal examination (DRE) (90.9%, 70/77) and DWI?MRI (83.1%, 64/77). Responders preferred to consider a "watch and wait" strategy for patients with baseline characteristics as mrN0 (77.9%, 60/77), mrT2 (68.8%, 53/77) and well?differentiated adenocarcinoma (68.8%, 53/77). Sixty?six surgeons (85.7%) believed that long?term chemoradiotherapy (LCRT) with combination or without combination of induction and/or consolidation of the CapeOX regimen (capecitabine+oxaliplatin) should be the first choice as a neoadjuvant therapy to achieve cCR. Forty?one surgeons (53.2%) believed that a reasonable interval of judging cCR after nCRT should be ≥ 8 weeks. Forty?four surgeons (57.1%) routinely, or in most cases, informed patient the possibility of cCR and proposed to "watch and wait" strategy in the initial diagnosis of patients with non?metastatic rectal cancer. Thirteen surgeons (16.9%) would take the "watch and wait" strategy as the first choice after the patient having cCR. Fifty?two surgeons (67.5%) would be affected by the surgical method, that was to say, "watch and wait" approach would only be recommended to those patients who would achieve cCR and could not preserve the anus or underwent difficult anus?preservation surgery. Sixteen surgeons (20.8%) demonstrated that "watch and wait" strategy would not be recommended to patients with cCR regardless of whether the surgical procedure involved anal sphincter. Eleven surgeons (14.3%) believed that the main risk of "watch and wait" approach came from distant metastasis rather than local recurrence or regrowth. Twenty?nine of surgeons (37.7%) did not understand the difference between "local recurrence" and "local regrowth" during the period of "watch and wait". Twenty?six surgeons (33.8%) thought that the monitoring interval for the first 3 years of "watch and wait" strategy was 3 months, and the follow?up monitoring interval could be 6 months to 5 years. Surgeons from cancer specialist hospitals had higher approval rate, notification rate, and referral rate of "watch and wait" strategy than those from general hospitals. Thirty?one surgeons (42.5%) considered that the difficulty and concern of carrying out "watch and wait" approach in the future was the disease progress leading to medical disputes. Twenty?six surgeons (35.6%) demonstrated that their concern was lack of uniform evaluation standard for cCR. Conclusions Chinese surgeons seem to have inadequate knowledge of non?operative management for rectal cancer patients achieving cCR after nCRT and show relatively conservative attitudes toward the strategy. Chinese consensus needs to be formed to guide the non?operative management in selected patients. Chinese Watch & Wait Database (CWWD) is also needed to establish and provide more evidence for the use of alternative procedure after a cCR following nCRT.

Objective To understand the perceptions, attitudes and treatment selection of Chinese surgeons on the "watch and wait" strategy for rectal cancer patients after achieving a clinical complete response (cCR) following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). Methods A cross?sectional survey was used in this study. Selection of subjects: (1) Domestic public grade III A (provincial and prefecture?level) oncology hospitals or general hospitals possessing the radiotherapy department and the diagnosis and treatment qualifications for colorectal cancer. (2) Surgeons of deputy chief physician or above. Using the "Questionnaire Star" online survey platform to create a questionnaire about cognition, attitude and treatment choice of the "watch and wait" strategy after cCR following nCRT for rectal cancer. The questionnaire contained 32 questions, such as the basic information of doctor, the current status of rectal cancer surgery, the management of pathological complete remission (ypCR) after nCRT for rectal cancer, the selection of examination items for diagnosis of cCR, the selection of suitable people undergoing"watch and wait" approach, the nCRT mode for promotion of cCR, the choice of evaluation time point, the willingness to perform "watch and wait" approach and the treatment choice, and the risk and monitoring of"watch and wait" approach. A total of 116 questionnaires were sent to the respondents via WeChat between January 31 and February 19, 2019. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher′ s exact test for categorical variables. Results Forty?eight hospitals including 116 surgeons meeting criteria were enrolled, of whom 77 surgeons filled the questionnaire with a response rate of 66.4%. "Watch and wait" strategy was carried out in 76.6% (59/77) of surgeons. Seventy surgeons (90.9%) were aware of the ypCR rate of rectal cancer after preoperative nCRT and 49 surgeons (63.6%) knew the 3?year disease?free survival of patients with ypCR in their own hospitals. Fifty?five surgeons (71.4%) believed that patients with ypCR undergoing radical surgery met the treatment criteria and were not over?treated. Three most necessary examinations in diagnosing cCR were colonoscopy (96.1%, 74/77), digital rectal examination (DRE) (90.9%, 70/77) and DWI?MRI (83.1%, 64/77). Responders preferred to consider a "watch and wait" strategy for patients with baseline characteristics as mrN0 (77.9%, 60/77), mrT2 (68.8%, 53/77) and well?differentiated adenocarcinoma (68.8%, 53/77). Sixty?six surgeons (85.7%) believed that long?term chemoradiotherapy (LCRT) with combination or without combination of induction and/or consolidation of the CapeOX regimen (capecitabine+oxaliplatin) should be the first choice as a neoadjuvant therapy to achieve cCR. Forty?one surgeons (53.2%) believed that a reasonable interval of judging cCR after nCRT should be ≥ 8 weeks. Forty?four surgeons (57.1%) routinely, or in most cases, informed patient the possibility of cCR and proposed to "watch and wait" strategy in the initial diagnosis of patients with non?metastatic rectal cancer. Thirteen surgeons (16.9%) would take the "watch and wait" strategy as the first choice after the patient having cCR. Fifty?two surgeons (67.5%) would be affected by the surgical method, that was to say, "watch and wait" approach would only be recommended to those patients who would achieve cCR and could not preserve the anus or underwent difficult anus?preservation surgery. Sixteen surgeons (20.8%) demonstrated that "watch and wait" strategy would not be recommended to patients with cCR regardless of whether the surgical procedure involved anal sphincter. Eleven surgeons (14.3%) believed that the main risk of "watch and wait" approach came from distant metastasis rather than local recurrence or regrowth. Twenty?nine of surgeons (37.7%) did not understand the difference between "local recurrence" and "local regrowth" during the period of "watch and wait". Twenty?six surgeons (33.8%) thought that the monitoring interval for the first 3 years of "watch and wait" strategy was 3 months, and the follow?up monitoring interval could be 6 months to 5 years. Surgeons from cancer specialist hospitals had higher approval rate, notification rate, and referral rate of "watch and wait" strategy than those from general hospitals. Thirty?one surgeons (42.5%) considered that the difficulty and concern of carrying out "watch and wait" approach in the future was the disease progress leading to medical disputes. Twenty?six surgeons (35.6%) demonstrated that their concern was lack of uniform evaluation standard for cCR. Conclusions Chinese surgeons seem to have inadequate knowledge of non?operative management for rectal cancer patients achieving cCR after nCRT and show relatively conservative attitudes toward the strategy. Chinese consensus needs to be formed to guide the non?operative management in selected patients. Chinese Watch & Wait Database (CWWD) is also needed to establish and provide more evidence for the use of alternative procedure after a cCR following nCRT.

Objective To investigate activated nano carbon in prophylactic central lymph node dissection of T1 papillary thyroid non-microcarcinoma.Methods Patients with T1 papillary thyroid non-microcarcinoma in Thyroid Surgery Department of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University undergoing surgery from Jan.2012 to Jun.2013 were divided into 2 groups:odd numbers were the experimental group,and even numbers were the control group.Activated nano carbon was injected in the affected side of the thyroid in the experimental group.The lymph node metastasis,parathyroid function,and the rate of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury were compared between the 2 groups.Results The total number of resected lymph nodes in the experimental group and the control group were 327 and 238 respectively.The positive lymph nodes in the experimental group and the control group were 120 (36.7％)and 56 (23.5 ％)respectively.The difference had statistical significance (P =0.000 85).The number of patients with lymphatic metastasis in the experimental group and the control group was 42 (56％) and 30 (40％) respectively.The difference had statistical significance (P =0.049 9).The average number of positive lymph node for patients in the experimental group and the control group was (2.86 ± 0.13) and(1.87 ± 0.09) respectively.The difference had statistical significance(P =0.009).The rate of transient hypoparathyroidism in the experimental group and the control group was 34.7％ and 60％ respectively.The difference had statistical significance (P =0.002).The incidence of hoarseness caused by RLN injury was 2.7％ and 4％ respectively in the experimental group and the control group.The difference had no statistical significance(P =1.000).Conclusions Activated nano carbon plays an important role in prophylactic central lymph node dissection of T1 papillary thyroid non-microcarcinoma phase.It not only contributes to lymph node dissection,but also protects parathyroid.However,it can't reduce the incidence of RLN injury.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the mid- and long-term efficacy of subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS)in the treatment CEAP classification C4 - C6 of primary chronic venous insufficiency(CVI). MethodsClinical data of 82 cases of chronic venous insufficiency were analysed retrospectively. According to operative method adopted,patients were divided into group A in which perforator veins were ligated under subfascial endoscopic surgery (SEPS group ),and group B in which perforator veins were not ligated (non-SEPS group).Diagnosis was established by clinical symptoms,color Doppler or ascending venography in all patients.Postoperatively patients were followed up regularly.The clinical outcomes between different surgicalmethods in two groups were assessed byCEAP clinical classification,CEAP clinical symptom scores,cumulative ulcer healing rate and cumulative ulcer recurrence rate.ResultsNo significant differences were found in CEAP clinical classification,CEAP clinical symptom scores between the two groups preoperatively ( P ＞ 0.05 ). There were significant differences in CEAP clinical classification such as edema,lipodermatosclerosis,venous ulceration between the two groups on 2 years postoperatively (P ＜ 0.05 ).The amount of swelling limbs,healed ulceration,active ulceration in group A was less than group B (P ＜ 0.05 ) on 3' and 5' years postoperatively.Significant differences were found postoperatively in total clinical symptom scores between group A and B.Clinical symptoms such as swelling,lipodermatosclerosis,ulcer healing in group A relieved more markedly than group B ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The median healing time of ulcers was 2.3 and 3.7 months respectively in group A and B.Log-rank test on group differences was sensitive to long-term cumulative ulcer healing rate ( x2 =4.063,P =0.044).But Breslow test on group differences was sensitive to early cumulative ulcer healing rate ( x2 =5.471,P =0.019).Cumulative ulcer healing rate in group A was significantly higher than in group B postoperatively (P ＜ 0.05 ).The cumulative ulcer recurrence rate in group A was significantly lower than group B (P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionsSuperficial vein resection combined with perforator vein ligation significantly enhanced clinical efficacy,accelerated ulcer healing and decreased mid- and long-term ulcer recurrence rate.

Objective To investigate the extent of reoperation for patients of differentiated thyroid carcinoma(DTC) who require total thyroidectomy.Methods The data of 137 patients undergoing reoperation for DTC were analyzed.These 137 patients were firstly diagnosed as benigh tumors and underwent local resection in our department from June 2004 to June 2010,however,they were proved to be DTC by postoperative pathology.Results In the reoperation,78 cases received ipsilateral residual thyroid resection plus contralateral lobectomy,11 cases received contralateral lobectomy,4 cases received contralateral near total lobectomy,22 cases received bilateral remnant resection,15 cases received ipsilateral remnant resection plus isthmuscectomy,and 7 cases received contralateral remnant resection.46 cases received unilateral cervical lymph node dissection,and 15 cases received bilateral cervical lymph node dissection.The incidence of temporary and permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve injury was 2.9％ (4/137)and 0.7％ (1/137) respectively.The incidence of temporary and permanent hypoparathyroidism was 3.6％ ( 5/137 ) and 1.5％ (2/137) respectively.There was no clinical evidence of recurrence or cervical lymph node metastasis during the 6 months to 6 years of follow-up.Conclusions For DTC patients after local resection,reoperation methods should be selected according to the first operation and pathological results.Careful operation can effectively reduce complications and improve prognosis.

Objective To compare complication between clamp harmonic scalpel and traditional pattern of bipolar electric knife in open thyroidectomy.Methods Patients undergoing open thyroidectomy from Jan.2009 to Dec.2010 in Thyroid Surgery Department of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were analyzed retrospectively.Patients fell into 2 groups according to operative pattern:633 cases in clamp harmonic scalpel group and 587 cases in bipolar electric knife group.Complications such as intraoperative and postoperative blood loss,reooperative hemostatic rate,transient or permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy,transient or permanent hypocalcaemia,and infection rate were compared.Results Compared with bipolar electric knife group,intraoperative and postoperative blood loss,reoperative hemostatic rate,transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and transient hypocalcaemia in clamp harmonic scalpel group were significantly lower:(21.0 ±0.7)ml vs (10.0±0.3) ml,(31.0±1.1) mlvs (12.0±1.4) ml,1.53％ vs0.47％,2.39％ vs0.95％,1.87％vs 0.63％,and 3.58％ vs 1.73％ respectively(P ＜0.05).There was no significant difference in complications of permanent hypocalcaemia,permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and infection rate for the 2 groups:0％ vs 0％,0％ vs 0％,and 0.68％ vs 0.63％ respectively ( P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusions Compared with traditional pattern of thyroidectomy,complication rate in clamp harmonic scalpel is significantly lower.Thyroidectomy by clamp harmonic scalpel is a safer operative pattern and worth to be popularized.