OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and potential mechanism of Qiangxin decoction on mitochondrion of rats with chronic heart failure （CHF）. METHODS The CHF model was established by ligating the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery. Modeled rats were divided into model group， Qiangxin decoction low-dose and high-dose groups （12.25， 24.50 g/kg， calculated by crude drug）， and chemical medicine group （Sacubitril valsartan sodium tablets， 10.42 mg/kg）， with 10 rats in each group； control group was set up without treatment. Each group of rats was orally administered with the corresponding medication or normal saline twice a day for 28 consecutive days. After the last medication， the contents of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP） and adenosine triphosphate （ATP） in serum and phosphatidic acid （PA） and cardiolipin （CL） in myocardial tissue were all detected； the pathological damage and collagen fibrosis of rat myocardial tissue were observed； the apoptosis of myocardial cells was determined； the ultrastructure of myocardial tissue was observed； the protein expressions of mitofusin 1 （Mfn1）， Mfn2， optic atrophy protein 1 （OPA1） and dynamin-related protein 1 （Drp1） were all detected in myocardial tissue. RESULTS Compared with control group，the serum content of NT-proBNP， apoptotic rate of myocardial cells， and relative expressions of S-OPA1 and Drp1 proteins were all increased significantly； serum content of ATP，contents of PA and CL， and relative expressions of Mfn1， Mfn2 and L-OPA1 proteins were all significantly reduced （P＜0.05）. There were abnormal membrane tissue structure in various layers of myocardial tissue， degeneration and necrosis of myocardial cells， and severe fibrosis； the mitochondria were swollen， with reduced or absent cristae， and uneven matrix density. After intervention with Qiangxin decoction， the levels of the aforementioned quantitative indicators in serum and myocardial tissue of rats （excluding CL content in the Qiangxin decoction low- dose group） were significantly reversed （P＜0.05）； the pathological damage of myocardial tissue had significantly improved， fibrosis had significantly reduced， mitochondrial morphology tended to be normal， cristae had increased， and matrix density was uniform. CONCLUSIONS Qiangxin decoction can regulate myocardial mitochondrial function and structural integrity of CHF rats， thereby improving myocardial energy metabolism and antagonizing myocardial fibrosis， the mechanism of which may be associated with activating PA/Mfn/CL signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and potential mechanism of Qiangxin decoction on mitochondrion of rats with chronic heart failure （CHF）. METHODS The CHF model was established by ligating the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery. Modeled rats were divided into model group， Qiangxin decoction low-dose and high-dose groups （12.25， 24.50 g/kg， calculated by crude drug）， and chemical medicine group （Sacubitril valsartan sodium tablets， 10.42 mg/kg）， with 10 rats in each group； control group was set up without treatment. Each group of rats was orally administered with the corresponding medication or normal saline twice a day for 28 consecutive days. After the last medication， the contents of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP） and adenosine triphosphate （ATP） in serum and phosphatidic acid （PA） and cardiolipin （CL） in myocardial tissue were all detected； the pathological damage and collagen fibrosis of rat myocardial tissue were observed； the apoptosis of myocardial cells was determined； the ultrastructure of myocardial tissue was observed； the protein expressions of mitofusin 1 （Mfn1）， Mfn2， optic atrophy protein 1 （OPA1） and dynamin-related protein 1 （Drp1） were all detected in myocardial tissue. RESULTS Compared with control group，the serum content of NT-proBNP， apoptotic rate of myocardial cells， and relative expressions of S-OPA1 and Drp1 proteins were all increased significantly； serum content of ATP，contents of PA and CL， and relative expressions of Mfn1， Mfn2 and L-OPA1 proteins were all significantly reduced （P＜0.05）. There were abnormal membrane tissue structure in various layers of myocardial tissue， degeneration and necrosis of myocardial cells， and severe fibrosis； the mitochondria were swollen， with reduced or absent cristae， and uneven matrix density. After intervention with Qiangxin decoction， the levels of the aforementioned quantitative indicators in serum and myocardial tissue of rats （excluding CL content in the Qiangxin decoction low- dose group） were significantly reversed （P＜0.05）； the pathological damage of myocardial tissue had significantly improved， fibrosis had significantly reduced， mitochondrial morphology tended to be normal， cristae had increased， and matrix density was uniform. CONCLUSIONS Qiangxin decoction can regulate myocardial mitochondrial function and structural integrity of CHF rats， thereby improving myocardial energy metabolism and antagonizing myocardial fibrosis， the mechanism of which may be associated with activating PA/Mfn/CL signaling pathway.

Liumotang comes from the Yuan dynasty's Effective Prescription Handed Down for Generations of Physicians. It is composed of six medicinal materials： Arecae Semen， Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum， Aucklandiae Radix， Linderae Radix， Rhei Radix et Rhizoma， and Aurantii Fructus. It is a classical formula for treating abdominal pain due to Qi stagnation and constipation accompanied by heat. This study systematically collated the records of Liumotang in ancient medical books and modern clinical literature and conducted in-depth analysis and textual research on its formula source， main diseases， composition， dosage， medical books， container capacity， processing， preparation method， usage， drug basis， formula meaning， and other key information， so as to provide a powerful reference for the development and clinical application of compound preparations of the classical formula Liumotang. The results show that Liumotang was first seen in Effective Prescription Handed Down for Generations of Physicians， and many medical books of the past dynasties have imitated this. In terms of drug basis， the dried and mature seeds of the palm plant Areca catechu， resin-containing wood of the Daphneaceae plant Aquilaria sinensis， the dried roots of the Asteraceae plant woody Aucklandia lappa， the dried tuber root of the Lauraceae plant Lindera aggregata， the dried roots and rhizomes of the knotweed plant， R. palmatum， R.tangutikum， and R. officinale， and the dried and unripe fruits of the citrus genus C. aurantium and its cultivated varieties from the family Rutaceae were selected. In terms of dosage， through the textual research on bowls in the Ming and Qing dynasties， combined with the conversion of medicines and bowl capacity in the Qing dynasty， it was estimated that the dosage of each drug in the Yuan dynasty was 10.86 g. In the Ming and Qing dynasties， the dosage of drugs was mostly equal， but the dosage of drugs was somewhat different. In terms of processing， preparation method， and usage， in the medical books of the past dynasties， the processing of drugs has slightly changed， but raw drugs are used in all preparations. The preparation method and usage did not change much during the Yuan， Ming， and Qing dynasties， except for certain differences in dosage. In terms of syndrome， Liumotang was first used to treat abdominal pain due to Qi stagnation and constipation accompanied by heat. Medical books of the past dynasties often omit the symptoms of heat. In modern clinical practice， Liumotang is mainly used in the digestive system and urinary system diseases and is mostly used to treat constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome， biliary reflux gastritis， functional constipation， slow transit constipation， and other diseases， with no adverse reactions found yet. The above results provide a reliable scientific basis for the development and clinical treatment of Liumotang compound preparations.

Background With the progression of industrialization, an increasing number of emerging contaminants are entering aquatic environments, posing significant threats to the safety of drinking water. Therefore, establishing a system for identifying unknown hazardous factors and implementing safety warning mechanisms for drinking water is of paramount importance. Among these efforts, non-target screening plays a critical role, but its effectiveness is largely constrained by the scope of coverage of sample pre-treatment methods. Objective To integrate modern chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques with advanced data mining methods to develop a non-discriminatory sample pre-treatment method for comprehensive enrichment of unknown contaminants in drinking water, laying a technical foundation for the discovery and identification of unknown organic hazardous factors in drinking water. Methods A non-discriminatory pre-treatment method based on supramolecular and solid-phase extraction was developed. The final target compounds including 333 pesticides, 194 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and 59 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were used for optimizing the pre-treatment method, confirming its coverage. The impacts of different eluents on the absolute recovery rates of target compounds were compared to select the conditions with the highest recovery for sample pre-treatment. The effects of different supramolecular solvents and salt concentrations on target compound recovery were also evaluated to determine the most suitable solvent and salt concentration. Results The solid-phase extraction elution solvents, supramolecular extraction solvents, and salt concentrations were optimized based on the target compound recovery rates. The optimal recovery conditions were achieved using 2 mL methanol, 2 mL methanol (containing 1% formic acid), 2 mL ethyl acetate, 2 mL dichloromethane, hexanediol supramolecular solvent, and 426 mg salt. The detection method developed based on these conditions showed a good linear relationship for all target compounds in the range of 0.1-100.0 ng·mL⁻¹, with R² > 0.99. The method’s limit of detection ranged from 0.01 ng⁻¹ to 0.95 ng⁻¹, and 95% of target compounds were recovered in the range of 20%-120%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 30%, indicating good precision. Conclusion The combined pre-treatment method of solid-phase extraction and supramolecular solvent extraction can effectively enrich contaminants in drinking water across low, medium, and high polarities, enabling broad-spectrum enrichment of diverse trace contaminants in drinking water. It provides technical support for broad-spectrum, high-throughput screening and identification of organic pollutants in drinking water, and also serves as a reference for establishing urban drinking water public safety warning systems.

With the widespread use of antimicrobial agents, bacterial drug resistance has become an increasingly severe issue, posing significant challenges to global healthcare. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has emerged as a research focus in the field of bacterial resistance due to its broad sources, high safety profile, low toxicity, and antimicrobial mechanisms distinct from those of chemical drugs. Studies have shown that various TCM herbs, such as Scutellaria baicalensis, exert antibacterial effects through multiple pathways, including disrupting the integrity of bacterial cell walls and membranes, inhibiting nucleic acid and protein synthesis, and impairing energy production and metabolism. Additionally, certain TCM herbs, including Scutellaria baicalensis, Coptis chinensis, and Fritillaria thunbergii, can reverse antimicrobial resistance by eliminating resistant plasmids, inhibiting bacterial efflux pump function, and suppressing β-lactamase activity. TCM holds promising potential for antibacterial applications and synergistically reversing antimicrobial resistance, though systematic analyses remain limited. This review summarizes the mechanisms of antibacterial action of TCM and current research on its synergistic use with antimicrobial agents to reverse drug resistance, aiming to provide insights for developing novel TCM-based antimicrobials and addressing bacterial resistance.

Objective: To investigate the age, period, and birth cohort effect of the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of oral cancer among the Chinese elderly from 1992 to 2021. Methods: Data on oral cancer incidence, mortality, and DALY rate in the Chinese population aged ≥60 years from 1992 to 2021 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD 2021) database. The trends in the incidence, mortality, and DALY rate of oral cancer were analyzed using the average annual percent change (AAPC) and the age-period-cohort (APC) model. Results: The incidence, mortality, and DALY rates of oral cancer among the Chinese elderly showed increasing trends (AAPC=2.262%, 0.548% and 0.360%, all P<0.05) from 1992 to 2021. The APC model revealed that the incidence, mortality, and DALY rate of oral cancer increased with age, peaking in the 85-<90 age group at 22.31/100 000, 16.69/100 000, and 171.41/100 000, respectively. Using the period 2002-2006 as the reference group, the risks of incidence, mortality, and disability of oral cancer showed increasing trends over time. The highest risk of incidence was observed in 2017-2021 (RR=1.450, 95%CI: 1.398-1.504), while the peak risks of mortality (RR=1.131, 95%CI: 1.097-1.166) and disability (RR=1.146, 95%CI: 1.118-1.175) both occurred in 2012-2016. With the 1925-1929 birth cohort as the reference group, the risk of oral cancer incidence showed an increasing trend with later birth years. The highest risk of incidence was observed in the 1955-1959 birth cohort (RR=1.788, 95%CI: 1.699-1.881). In contrast, the risks of mortality and disability exhibited relatively stable trends overall. Conclusions The disease burden of oral cancer among the Chinese elderly generally exhibited an increasing trend from 1992 to 2021, with particularly high burden observed among the elderly aged 85-<90 years. The incidence risk increased with time and year of birth.

Objective:To establish a method for the detection of bacterial endotoxin in terbutaline sulfate active pharmaceutical ingredients(API).Methods:The method of terbutaline sulfate was verified by gel method,and interference test and bacterial endotoxin test were performed on three batches of samples.Results:The limit for terbutaline sulfate API that can be used for bacterial endotoxin test was set as"the amount of endotoxin contained in terbutaline sulfate should be less than 0.50 EU per 1 mg".Conclusion:Limulus gel method can be used to detect bacterial endotoxin of terbutaline sulfate API.

Research on the mechanisms of depression is currently a focus of the field of neuroscience.The degeneration of brain plasticity(e.g.,decrease in volume,structural degradation,and functional disorder of the hippocampus,PFC,and CG)leads to depression.Exercise is an important means of improving the symptoms of depression.Current research confirms the importance of improving the volume,structure,and function of the hippocampus,PFC,and CG,in this process,but related research has focused solely on changes to the volume of certain brain regions or connectivity functions.Thus,we lack a comprehensive understanding of the antidepressant mechanisms that improve brain plasticity with exercise.Therefore,this study aimed to explore the roles of brain plasticity in the occurrence of depression and improvements to depression through exercise,promoting a more comprehensive understanding the role of brain plasticity in depression.We also provide new ideas for exercise intervention in depression.

Objective:To investigate the neuroprotective effect of hesperidin combined with enriched environment on ferroptosis in collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH) mouse model as well as the ferroptosis mechanism.Methods:ICH model was established by injecting collagenase Ⅶ into caudate putamen nucleus. Ninty C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 6 groups according to a random number table: sham group, intracerebral hemorrhage group, enriched environment group, hesperidin group, enriched environment and hesperidin group (combination group), and combination group + Nrf2 specific inhibitor ML385 (inhibitor group), with 15 mice in each group. The mice in inhibitor group, intracerebral hemorrhage group, enriched environment group, hesperidin group and combination group were injected with 0.5 μL collagenase type Ⅶ solution (0.075 U/μL, dissolved with 0.9% NaCl solutin) for ICH modeling, and the mice in sham group were injected with 0.9% normal saline. The hesperidin group, combination group, and inhibitor group were given hesperidin solution (dissolved in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium) by gavage within 6 hours after the modeling surgery. The sham group, intracerebral hemorrhage group, and enriched environment group were given equal volumes of 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium solution by gavage. The inhibitor group was intraperitoneally injected with Nrf2 specific inhibitor ML385 (30 mg/kg, dissolved in 5% DMSO), while the other groups were intraperitoneally injected with an equal volume of 5% DMSO. Both gastric perfusion and intraperitoneal injection were completed within 6 hours after the end of modeling operation, once a day for 14 days. After the postoperative recovery of the mice, the enriched environment group, combination group, and inhibitor group were placed in enriched environment cages, while the sham group, intracerebral hemorrhage group, and hesperidin group were placed in regular cages. After all intervention were completed, all mice were evaluated using the modified neurological severity score (mNSS). Then the mice were subjected to brain water content detection, Prussian blue staining, ELISA detection of changes in malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4), PCR and Western blot detection of nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Gpx4 at the mRNA level and protein level. The GraphPad Prism 9 software was used for statistical analysis. ANOVA was used for multi-group comparison, and Tukey test was used for multiple comparisons.Results:(1) There was a statistically significant difference in mNSS scores among the 6 groups ( F=66.35, P<0.001). The mNSS score of the intracerebral hemorrhage group(8.00±1.46) was higher than that of the sham group(0.86±0.83)( P<0.05). The mNSS scores of the enriched environment group (6.47±1.13) and hesperidin group (6.13±1.25) were lower than that of the intracerebral hemorrhage group, but higher than that of the combination group (4.53±1.30)(all P<0.05). (2) There was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of brain water content among the 6 groups ( F=33.29, P<0.001). The percentage of brain water content in the intracerebral hemorrhage group was higher than that in the sham group.The percentage of brain water content in the enriched environment group and hesperidin group were lower than that in the intracerebral hemorrhage group, but higher than that in the combination group (all P<0.05). (3) The result of Prussian blue staining showed that iron deposition in the intracerebral hemorrhage group was higher than that in the sham group, while the iron depositions in the enriched environment group and hesperidin groups were lower than that in the intracerebral hemorrhage group, but higher than that in the combination group(all P<0.05). (4) There were statistically significant differences in the expression levels of Nrf2 and Gpx4 mRNA and protein among the 6 groups ( F=27.73, 31.24, 26.79, 13.79, all P<0.001). The mRNA and protein levels of Nrf2 and Gpx4 in the combination group were higher than those in the enriched environment group, hesperidin group, but higher than those in the inhibitor group(all P<0.05). (5) The results of ELISA showed that the levels of MDA, Gpx4, ROS, and SOD in the brain tissues of 6 groups were statistically significant ( F=111.20, 21.53, 29.45, 22.75, all P<0.001). Among them, the MDA and ROS in the combination group ((14.05±0.57) nmol/mL, (75.46±3.40) ng/mL) were lower than those in the enriched environment group ((18.17±2.51) nmol/mL, (97.23±3.43) ng/mL), hesperidin group ((17.24±0.68) nmol/mL, (90.02±9.46) ng/mL) and the inhibitor group ((17.08±0.64) nmol/mL, (101.07±3.38) ng/mL), while Gpx4 and SOD ((340.40±31.21) pg/mL, (62.55±2.81) ng/mL) were higher than those in the enriched environment group ((267.81±27.17) pg/mL, (50.47±8.38) ng/mL), hesperidin group ((271.55±34.36) pg/mL, (50.55±8.19) ng/mL) and the inhibitor group ((235.65±72.54)pg/mL, (52.67±3.56)ng/mL)(all P<0.05). Conclusion:Enriched environment and hesperidin can inhibit ferroptosis after ICH by activating the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway, exerting neuroprotective effects on ICH mouse models, and the combined treatment of the enriched environment and hesperidin has a more significant effect.

Objective:To discuss the relationship between 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters and clinical pathological indicators and prognosis in cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). Methods:A total of 100 CMM patients (62 males, 38 females, age (56.5±2.5) years) who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT scans at the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from August 2013 to November 2022 were retrospectively enrolled. Clinical pathological indicators (such as primary site, TNM staging, sentinel lymph node (SLN) status) and metabolic parameters (SUV max, metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), whole-body MTV (wb-MTV), and whole-body TLG (wb-TLG)) were collected. ROC curve analyses were used to determine the PET parameters thresholds for progression-free survival (PFS) and melanoma-specific survival (MSS). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the prognosis of patients′ PFS and MSS, and a nomogram survival prediction model was constructed. Results:Results of ROC curve analyses showed that the thresholds of SUV max of primary tumor (p-SUV max), MTV of primary tumor (p-MTV), TLG of primary tumor (p-TLG), wb-MTV and wb-TLG for predicting PFS and MSS were 7.13, 2.24 cm 3, 6.98 g, 2.57 cm 3, 8.04 g and 9.09, 2.34 cm 3, 7.44 g, 2.24 cm 3, 9.17 g, respectively. Results of univariate analysis indicated that several clinical pathological indicators and metabolic parameters were prognostic risk factors for PFS and MSS. Results of multivariate analysis indicated that metastases of SLN (hazard ratio( HR)=2.54, 95% CI: 1.09-5.90; P=0.030) and wb-TLG>8.04 g( HR=2.58, 95% CI: 1.17-5.72; P=0.019) were independent prognostic risk factors for PFS, while metastases of SLN ( HR=4.53, 95% CI: 1.54-13.35; P=0.006) and wb-TLG>9.17 g ( HR=2.48, 95% CI: 1.26-4.89; P=0.009) were independent risk prognostic factors for MSS. A nomogram survival prediction model based on PET metabolic parameter (wb-TLG) and clinical pathological indicator (SLN status) can effectively predict the prognosis of CMM patients. Conclusions:Clinical pathological parameters and PET parameters are associated with the prognosis of CMM patients. SLN status is critical for prognosis.