Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS)has a-chieved remarkable progress in diagnosis of infectious diseases in recent years,showing certain advantages in iden-tification of bacteria and fungi as well as analysis of macromolecules such as proteins.The application effectiveness of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in detection of infectious diseases,especially foodborne pathogenic bacteria in-fections,urinary tract infections,bloodstream infections,reproductive system infections as well as the drug resist-ance testing,was reviewed in the article so as to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS)has a-chieved remarkable progress in diagnosis of infectious diseases in recent years,showing certain advantages in iden-tification of bacteria and fungi as well as analysis of macromolecules such as proteins.The application effectiveness of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in detection of infectious diseases,especially foodborne pathogenic bacteria in-fections,urinary tract infections,bloodstream infections,reproductive system infections as well as the drug resist-ance testing,was reviewed in the article so as to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

The cartilage-protective effect of ginkgolide C(GC)on the two modeling modalities was investigated based on joint pain,degree of cartilage pathology,ECM degradation process,and level of inflammatory mediator production in rats.Twenty-five SD rats were selected and randomly di-vided into five groups:the control group(Control group),model 1 group(ACLT group),adminis-tration 1 group(ACLT+GC group),model 2 group(MIA group),and administration 2 group(MIA+GC group.)The rats were euthanized after 4 weeks of the test.Femur,tibia and blood samples were collected from the right hind limb of rats.The degree of pathology in the femur and tibia of rats was assessed by saffron O solid green staining and OARSI score.Immunohistochemis-try was used to detect the expression levels of collagen Ⅱ and MMP-13 in cartilage.ELISA was used to detect the changes in the levels of MMP-3,MMP-13,CTX-Ⅱ,COMP,COX-2,INOS,IL-1β,and TNF-α in the serum of rats.Cold sensitivity test and knee extension vocalization test were conducted to detect the degree of joint pain in rats.ACLT could cause more severe structural dam-age to articular cartilage compared with the MIA group.The OARSI scores and the expression of MMP-13 in femur and tibia,and the serum levels of MMP-13,MMP-3,CTX-Ⅱ,and COMP were higher in the ACLT group than those in the MIA group.However,the levels of inflammatory me-diators COX-2,IL-1β,and TNF-α were significantly lower in the ACLT group than in the MIA group(P＜0.0l).GC intervention reduced the OARSI score(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01)and pain scores,inhibited the ECM matrix degrading enzymes(MMP-13,MMP-3),cartilage metabolism markers(CTX-11,COMP),and inflammatory mediators(COX-2,INOS,IL-1β and TNF-α)ex-pression,and promoted collagen Ⅱ synthesis.Both modeling methods resulted in cartilage damage.In particular,the OA model constructed by ACLT+PMMx method in rats had obvious joint dam-age,which was favorable to investigate the degree of cartilage structural damage.GC attenuated cartilage pathological changes,pain severity and inflammatory response in the rat OA model in both groups,thus exerting a cartilage-protective effect.

Objective To investigate the anatomical classification of left intrahepatic bile duct (LHD) and the pattern of bile duct reconstruction during pediatric split liver transplantation and their relationship with postoperative biliary complications. Methods Clinical data of 75 pediatric recipients undergoing split liver transplantation were analyzed retrospectively. Before splitting the donor liver, iopromide injection was used for retrograde cholangiography through the common bile duct. According to the patterns of intrahepatic bile ducts in the second, third and fourth segments, the anatomical classification of LHD of the donor liver was determined. The biliary reconstruction regimens for different classification types of LHD were summarized. The incidence and treatment of biliary complications after pediatric split liver transplantation were analyzed. Results Among 75 donor livers, the anatomical classification of LHD included 57 cases (76%) of type Ⅰ, 9 cases (12%) of type Ⅱ, 4 cases (5%) of type Ⅲ and 5 cases (7%) of type Ⅳ LHD, respectively. Among 75 pediatric recipients, 69 cases (53 cases of type Ⅰ, 8 type Ⅱ, 4 type Ⅲ and 4 type Ⅳ) underwent the left hepatic duct-jejunum Roux-en-Y anastomosis, 1 case received common bile duct-jejunum Roux-en-Y anastomosis (type Ⅳ), and 5 cases underwent the left hepatic duct-common bile duct end-to-end anastomosis (4 cases of type Ⅰ and 1 type Ⅱ). Postoperative biliary complications occurred in 6 cases (8%), including 3 cases of biliary anastomotic stenosis, 2 cases of biliary anastomotic leakage and 1 case of bile leakage on the hepatic resection surface. Among 6 recipients, 4 cases were classified as type Ⅰ and 2 cases of type Ⅲ LHD. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of biliary complications between typical type and anatomical variant type of LHD (all P > 0.05). Among 3 recipients with biliary anastomotic stenosis, 2 cases underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangial and drainage (PTCD) and 1 case repeatedly received biliary-intestinal anastomosis. Two cases of biliary anastomotic leakage underwent PTCD and 1 case of bile leakage on the hepatic resection surface received local drainage. All 6 children survived after treatment. Conclusions Anatomical variation of LHD can be observed in 24% of donor livers, and type Ⅱ accounts for the highest proportion of 12%. Prior to donor liver splitting, routine cholangiography and fine biliary anastomosis may effectively lower the incidence of biliary complications. The incidence of postoperative biliary complications is not significantly associated with the anatomical classification of LHD.

Objective:Construction of deep learning classification models based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data assists the clinicians to achieve better diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD), which can improve the recognition rate of BD by identifying the critical imaging features.Methods:A total of 146 patients who met the diagnosis criteria of BD according to DSM-Ⅳ and 234 healthy control (HC) were recruited for fMRI scans. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) and amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) were used to analyze fMRI data. Based on ReHo and ALFF, the classification models were constructed by deeping neural network (DNN) and dual-channel convolution neural network (DCNN) respectively, and the best classification model was developed by comparing the accuracy and area under curve (AUC) of the two models. Based on each brain region divided by anatomical automatic labeling (AAL), the support vector machine (SVM) classification model was constructed using imaging index with a better performance, and the critical imaging features were identified by comparing the accuracy of each brain region.Results:The performances of the DCNN classification model (accuracy = 75.3%, and 72.6%, respectively, based on ReHo and ALFF) were significantly better than the DNN classification model (accuracy = 67.1%, and 65.1%, respectively). Meanwhile, the accuracy of classification model constructed using ReHo was higher than ALFF. Based on the SVM classification model, critical brain regions were identified above the accuracy of 65.0%, including the occipital lobe (middle occipital gyrus, superior occipital gyrus and lingual gyrus), hippocampus, and thalamus.Conclusion:The computational model based on DCNN using ReHo can help the clinicians to achieve better diagnosis of BD. Furthermore, occipital lobe, hippocampus and thalamus may be the critical imaging features for the auxiliary recognition of BD.

Objective:Construction of deep learning classification models based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data assists the clinicians to achieve better diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD), which can improve the recognition rate of BD by identifying the critical imaging features.Methods:A total of 146 patients who met the diagnosis criteria of BD according to DSM-Ⅳ and 234 healthy control (HC) were recruited for fMRI scans. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) and amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) were used to analyze fMRI data. Based on ReHo and ALFF, the classification models were constructed by deeping neural network (DNN) and dual-channel convolution neural network (DCNN) respectively, and the best classification model was developed by comparing the accuracy and area under curve (AUC) of the two models. Based on each brain region divided by anatomical automatic labeling (AAL), the support vector machine (SVM) classification model was constructed using imaging index with a better performance, and the critical imaging features were identified by comparing the accuracy of each brain region.Results:The performances of the DCNN classification model (accuracy = 75.3%, and 72.6%, respectively, based on ReHo and ALFF) were significantly better than the DNN classification model (accuracy = 67.1%, and 65.1%, respectively). Meanwhile, the accuracy of classification model constructed using ReHo was higher than ALFF. Based on the SVM classification model, critical brain regions were identified above the accuracy of 65.0%, including the occipital lobe (middle occipital gyrus, superior occipital gyrus and lingual gyrus), hippocampus, and thalamus.Conclusion:The computational model based on DCNN using ReHo can help the clinicians to achieve better diagnosis of BD. Furthermore, occipital lobe, hippocampus and thalamus may be the critical imaging features for the auxiliary recognition of BD.

Objective:To investigate the interventional effect of metformin on pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in silicotic rats.Methods:In April 2019, 48 Wistar male rats of SPF grade were randomly divided into negative control group, metformin control group, silicon dioxide (SiO 2) model group, low, medium and high dose metformin intervention group according to the random number table method, 8 rats in each group. The SiO 2 model group and the low, medium and high dose metformin intervention groups were given 1 ml 50 mg/ml of SiO 2 by intratracheal instillation, the negative control group and the metformin control group were given 1 ml normal saline by intratracheal instillation. 24 hours later, the low, medium and high dose metformin intervention groups and the metformin control group were treated with 100, 200, 400 and 400 mg/kg metformin daily, the control and SiO 2 model groups received normal saline daily. Then the rats were sacrificed at the 28th day after SiO 2 exposure. The changes of rat body weight and pathological examination of rat lung tissue were observed, and the lung organ coefficient, the content of hydroxyproline (HYP) , the expression levels of inflammatory factors transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) , tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) , interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and the protein expression of E-cadherin (E-Cad) , Vimentin, α-SMA were detected. Results:Compared with the negative control group, SiO 2 model group had a significant decrease in the body weight of rats ( P<0.05) , lung organ coefficient, alveolitis and fibrosis scores, HYP content and the levels of TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-1β were all significantly increased ( P<0.05) . Compared with the SiO 2 model group, the weights of the rats in the medium and high dose intervention group of metformin increased significantly ( P<0.05) . And after intervention with different doses of metformin, the lung organ coefficient, alveolitis and fibrosis scores, HYP content and the levels of TGF-β1, TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting results showed that compared with the negative control group, the expression of E-Cad of the SiO 2 model group was decreased, and the expression levels of Vimentin and α-SMA were significantly increased ( P<0.05) . After metformin intervention, the expression of E-Cad was significantly increased, the expression levels of Vimentin and α-SMA were significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:Metformin can reduce lung tissue inflammation and fibrosis in rats exposed to SiO 2 dust, which may be related to reducing the expression of inflammatory factors in lung tissue and inhibiting the EMT process.

Objective:To investigate the interventional effect of metformin on pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in silicotic rats.Methods:In April 2019, 48 Wistar male rats of SPF grade were randomly divided into negative control group, metformin control group, silicon dioxide (SiO 2) model group, low, medium and high dose metformin intervention group according to the random number table method, 8 rats in each group. The SiO 2 model group and the low, medium and high dose metformin intervention groups were given 1 ml 50 mg/ml of SiO 2 by intratracheal instillation, the negative control group and the metformin control group were given 1 ml normal saline by intratracheal instillation. 24 hours later, the low, medium and high dose metformin intervention groups and the metformin control group were treated with 100, 200, 400 and 400 mg/kg metformin daily, the control and SiO 2 model groups received normal saline daily. Then the rats were sacrificed at the 28th day after SiO 2 exposure. The changes of rat body weight and pathological examination of rat lung tissue were observed, and the lung organ coefficient, the content of hydroxyproline (HYP) , the expression levels of inflammatory factors transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) , tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) , interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and the protein expression of E-cadherin (E-Cad) , Vimentin, α-SMA were detected. Results:Compared with the negative control group, SiO 2 model group had a significant decrease in the body weight of rats ( P<0.05) , lung organ coefficient, alveolitis and fibrosis scores, HYP content and the levels of TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-1β were all significantly increased ( P<0.05) . Compared with the SiO 2 model group, the weights of the rats in the medium and high dose intervention group of metformin increased significantly ( P<0.05) . And after intervention with different doses of metformin, the lung organ coefficient, alveolitis and fibrosis scores, HYP content and the levels of TGF-β1, TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting results showed that compared with the negative control group, the expression of E-Cad of the SiO 2 model group was decreased, and the expression levels of Vimentin and α-SMA were significantly increased ( P<0.05) . After metformin intervention, the expression of E-Cad was significantly increased, the expression levels of Vimentin and α-SMA were significantly decreased ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:Metformin can reduce lung tissue inflammation and fibrosis in rats exposed to SiO 2 dust, which may be related to reducing the expression of inflammatory factors in lung tissue and inhibiting the EMT process.

Objective To monitor and analyze the antigenicity of Streptococcus pneumonia polysac-charide, its derivatives and conjugates by three immunological assays .Methods Inhibition ELISA and rate nephelometry(RN) were established for this study.Antigenicity of serotype 23F pneumococcal conjugates and their intermediates were analyzed by double immunodiffusion assay , inhibition ELISA and RN .The re-sults derived from three assays were comparatively analyzed to evaluate the changes of antigenicity during the preparing process of serotype 23F conjugate.Results Double immunodiffusion assay, inhibition ELISA and RN were all applicable to antigenicity analysis during the process of conjugate preparation .Inhibition ELISA could quantitatively detect a slight difference of polysaccharide antigenicity during the preparing process . Conclusion The antigenicity of polysaccharide during the preparing process of pneumococcal conjugates could be analytically monitored by using three immunological assays .This study provided evidence for suc-cessfully using immunological assays as the quality control means during the preparing process of pneumococ -cal conjugates .

Objective To dynamically analyze the antibodies with regard to in vitro serum bacteri-cidal activity and the quantity of IgG in healthy adults received one dose of immunization with ACYW 135 me-ningococcal polysaccharide vaccine .To investigate the term of protection with polysaccharide vaccine and the correlation between bactericidal titer and IgG concentration .Methods Twenty healthy adults were given one dose of immunization with quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine .Serum samples were col-lected before and after vaccination at specific time points .Test for serum bactericidal activity ( SBA ) and quantitative ELISA were performed to detect bactericidal titers and IgG concentrations in serum samples .Re-sults Certain levels of antibodies against capsular polysaccharides of serogroup A , C, Y and W135 strains had already existed prior to immunization .Moreover, bactericidal titers against serogroup A , Y and W135 strains except serogroup C strain were relatively high .Specific IgG concentrations and bactericidal titers for all serogroup stains were significantly increased on day 15 after vaccination (P<0.05), and then sustained at a high level during a time period from day 30 to day 160.Both IgG concentrations and bactericidal titers dropped to the levels similar to that before preimmunization in about 3 years.No significant correlation was observed between bactericidal titers and IgG concentrations (r<0.3, P>0.05).However, a close correla-tion was demonstrated between GMTs and GMCs of serum samples (r>0.7, P<0.05).Conclusion The geometric mean titers ( GMTs) and geometric mean concentrations ( GMCs) of serum samples collected be-fore and after vaccination at different time points were reliable and consistent parameters for the evaluation of vaccine .The term of protection of quadivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine was about 3 years upon a single dose of immunization .