Renal cell carcinoma(RCC)is a highly aggressive malignant tumor,for which traditional 18F-FDG positron emission computed tomography/computed tomography(PET/CT)exhibits insufficient sensitivity in diagnosing primary lesions.This article reviews the recent advances in novel PET/CT tracers for the diagnosis and treatment of RCC,focusing on tracers targeting carbonic anhydrase Ⅸ(CAⅨ),prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA),fibroblast activation protein(FAP),somatostatin receptor(SSTR),and C-methionine(c-MET).This article aims to provide reference for the early diagnosis and optimization of treatment strategies for RCC,so as to drive innovations in the field of oncologic imaging.These novel tracers demonstrate significant advantages in improving the sensitivity and specificity of detecting primary and metastatic RCC lesions,as well as in assessing treatment response,thereby addressing the limitations of traditional 18F-FDG PET/CT.Although these novel PET/CT tracers show great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of RCC,their efficacy and safety require further validation through large-scale trials.In the future,the development of multi-target tracers combined with artificial intelligence is expected to achieve precise diagnosis and individualized treatment of RCC.

Sleep disorders have a high incidence rate in patients with end-stage renal disease(ESRD)and severely affect their quality of life.As the most effective treatment for ESRD,kidney transplantation can significantly improve renal function and prolong survival of patients.However,clinical observations have found that 19.3%to 78.0%of kidney transplant recipients still experience persistent various sleep disorders,such as insomnia,sleep-related breathing disorders and sleep-related movement disorders after surgery.These sleep disorders not only lead to impaired daytime function but are also closely related to adverse outcomes such as cardiovascular complications and increased infection risks.Currently,research on the pathogenesis of sleep disorders in kidney transplant recipients is still insufficient,and clinical diagnosis and treatment face many challenges.This article systematically reviews the epidemiological characteristics,pathophysiological mechanisms,clinical impacts,and new developments in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders in kidney transplant recipients.It aims to provide evidence-based support for clinicians and promote the establishment of more comprehensive early screening and individualized treatment plans to improve the long-term prognosis of recipients.

Renal cell carcinoma(RCC)is a highly aggressive malignant tumor,for which traditional 18F-FDG positron emission computed tomography/computed tomography(PET/CT)exhibits insufficient sensitivity in diagnosing primary lesions.This article reviews the recent advances in novel PET/CT tracers for the diagnosis and treatment of RCC,focusing on tracers targeting carbonic anhydrase Ⅸ(CAⅨ),prostate-specific membrane antigen(PSMA),fibroblast activation protein(FAP),somatostatin receptor(SSTR),and C-methionine(c-MET).This article aims to provide reference for the early diagnosis and optimization of treatment strategies for RCC,so as to drive innovations in the field of oncologic imaging.These novel tracers demonstrate significant advantages in improving the sensitivity and specificity of detecting primary and metastatic RCC lesions,as well as in assessing treatment response,thereby addressing the limitations of traditional 18F-FDG PET/CT.Although these novel PET/CT tracers show great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of RCC,their efficacy and safety require further validation through large-scale trials.In the future,the development of multi-target tracers combined with artificial intelligence is expected to achieve precise diagnosis and individualized treatment of RCC.

Sleep disorders have a high incidence rate in patients with end-stage renal disease(ESRD)and severely affect their quality of life.As the most effective treatment for ESRD,kidney transplantation can significantly improve renal function and prolong survival of patients.However,clinical observations have found that 19.3%to 78.0%of kidney transplant recipients still experience persistent various sleep disorders,such as insomnia,sleep-related breathing disorders and sleep-related movement disorders after surgery.These sleep disorders not only lead to impaired daytime function but are also closely related to adverse outcomes such as cardiovascular complications and increased infection risks.Currently,research on the pathogenesis of sleep disorders in kidney transplant recipients is still insufficient,and clinical diagnosis and treatment face many challenges.This article systematically reviews the epidemiological characteristics,pathophysiological mechanisms,clinical impacts,and new developments in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders in kidney transplant recipients.It aims to provide evidence-based support for clinicians and promote the establishment of more comprehensive early screening and individualized treatment plans to improve the long-term prognosis of recipients.

Objective To investigate the pathomorphological features of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)lymphoma of the lacrimal gland and the expression and significance of BCL10 and MALT1 in tumor tissues.Methods Diseased lacrimal gland tissue specimens from 19 patients with lacrimal gland MALT lymphoma(19 eyes,including nine right eyes and ten left eyes)were selected as the experimental group,and normal lacrimal gland tissue specimens from eight patients with orbital content removal(eight eyes,including three right eyes and five left eyes)were selected as the control group.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was performed to observe the mor-phological characteristics of the lacrimal gland tissues,and immunohistochemical(IHC)staining was performed to observe the expression of BCL10 and MALT1 in the lacrimal gland tissues.Results In the experimental group,marginal B cells,monocyte-like tumor cells,small lymphocyte-like tumor cells,and plasma cell-like tumor cells appeared in the marginal zone.Large cells were occasionally distri-buted among these cells.The tumor cells invaded the lymphoid follicles and epithelium,destroyed normal tissue structure,and formed follicular colonization and lymphoepithelial lesions.The positive expression area of BCL10 and MALT1 in the experimental group was sig-nificantly larger than that in the control group(Z=-2.177,P=0.029;t=3.237,P=0.003).Conclusion Lacrimal gland MALT lymphoma shows pathological changes in diffusely distributed marginal B cells and tumor cells with diverse morphology,acquired lymphoid follicles,and scattered distribution of large cells.This may be related to apoptosis blockage caused by the upregulation of BCL10 and MALT1 expression.

Objective:To explore the value of conventional ultrasonography combined with cervical compression in the diagnosis of orbital venous malformation (OVM).Methods:A total of 43 patients with suspected OVM were admitted in sequentially from January 2019 to July 2022 in the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital. All patients were examined by ultrasonography combined with cervical compression and demonstrated by operation or digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The conventional ultrasound features of OVM were summarized, and the value of conventional ultrasonography combined with cervical compression in the diagnosis of OVM was discussed.Results:The features of the conventional ultrasound combined with cervical compression for diagnosis of OVM were as follows: the interior of lesion was mainly tubular structure, and the compression test was positive. After cervical compression, the lesion enlarged and the inner diameter of the internal tubular structure widened. Doppler flow imaging showed that the interior of lesion was mainly venous blood flow. Compared with the results of postoperative pathology or DSA, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and positive predictive value of ultrasonography combined with cervical compression were 0.952, 1.000, 95.3% and 100%, respectively. The results of Fisher exact diagnosis showed that there was no significant difference between ultrasonography and operation or DSA of OVM( P>0.05). Conclusions:Conventional ultrasound combined with cervical compression can be used as an effective method for the diagnosis of OVM.

Objective:To investigate the association between skin advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and carotid atherosclerosis (AS) in subjects with normal glucose regulation (NGR).Methods:This was a cross-sectional study. Data from the Health Management Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology between January 2019 to June 2019 were collected. A total of 902 NGR subjects aged 40-79 were enrolled and categorized into control group (530 cases), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) thickening group (150 cases), and carotid atherosclerosis plaque group (222 cases) based on the carotid ultrasound results. Data as follows were collected, gender, age, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c) and skin AGEs. Comparison via ANOVA analysis were carried out among the 3 groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the independent influencing factors of carotid atherosclerosis plaque. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between AGEs and other parameters, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the efficiency of skin AGEs in predicting carotid atherosclerosis plaque in NGR subjects. Results:Among the control group, IMT thickening group and carotid atherosclerosis plaque group, gender, age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), TC, LDL-C, FPG, HbA 1c, AGEs were significantly different (all P<0.05). Compared with IMT thickening group, the age, SBP and AGEs of carotid atherosclerotic plaque group were higher [55 (50, 60) vs 53 (49, 56) year; 132 (122, 141) vs 126 (115, 142) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa); 74 (67, 81) vs 72 (67, 78) AU] (all P<0.001); compared with the control group, age, LDL-C, HbA 1c and AGEs of IMT thickening group were higher [53 (49, 56) vs 48 (45, 52) year; (2.8±0.7) vs (2.7±0.7) mmol/L; 5.4% (5.2, 5.6)% vs 5.4% (5.1, 5.6)%; 72 (67, 78) vs 70 (66, 76)] (all P<0.05). Age ( OR=1.179, 95% CI: 1.107-1.255), SBP ( OR=1.045, 95% CI: 1.013-1.077), LDL-C ( OR=2.028, 95% CI: 1.036-3.969), AGEs ( OR=1.049, 95% CI: 1.000-1.100) were independent influencing factors of carotid atherosclerotic plaque in population with normal glucose regulated (all P<0.05). AGEs was positively correlated with age, HbA 1c and carotid atherosclerosis plaque ( r=0.407, 0.092, 0.172) (all P<0.01). The area under the ROC curve of skin AGEs for identifying carotid atherosclerotic plaque in NGR population was 0.650 (95% CI 0.601-0.698), the best cutoff value was 70.5, the sensitivity was 65.8%, and the specificity was 56.9%. Conclusion:Skin AGEs level is closely associated with the occurrence of carotid atherosclerosis in NGR subjects.

Objective To evaluate the dose response and prognosis of patients with stage ⅠE primary ocular adnexal mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (POAml) treated with radiotherapy.Methods Clinical date of 93 patients (117 eyes) with stage ⅠE POAml treated from November 2003 to July 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.The dose response was evaluated by observing the ocular changes in exophthalmos.The survival rate was calculated by using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.The log-rank test and univariate analysis were used for prognostic analysis.Results For patients treated with a dose of ≥ 27 Gy,the response rate of exophthalmos was 69.0％(29/42).The median response dose was 7.2 Gy (5.4-19.8 Gy).For all patients,the local control rate was 100％.The 5-and 10-year overall survival (OS) rates were 92％ and 82％.The 5-and 10-year cause-specific survival (CSS) rates were equally 98％.The 5-and 10-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate were 90％ and 88％.The univariate prognostic analysis demonstrated that the International Prognostic Index (IPI) score and age were the prognostic factors of PFS rate (both P=0.04).Conclusions POAml is sensitive to radiation therapy.Radiotherapy alone can yield excellent local control and long-term survival in POAml patients.A prescription dosage of 18 Gy dose can obtain favorable clinical efficacy.

Objective To evaluate the application of multiattribute utility theory(MAUT) in pharmacoeco-nomic evaluation of anti - inflammatory and hepatoprotective therapy for chronic hepatitis B ( CHB). Methods During year 2014 - 2016,214 patients with mild to moderate CHB were selected. The patients were divided into three groups: A,B and C according to the therapeutic regimen,and they were given compound glycyrrhizin,tiopronin and polyene phosphatidylcholine to prevent inflammation and protect liver. MAUT model was constructed,the evaluation factors were determined and appropriate weight was given to each element parameter,the specific utility values for each factor were calculated,and by calculating the total utility value of final results quantitatively demonstrated the three regimens in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Results The total effective rates of A,B,C three groups were 78. 38％ ,69. 44％ ,79. 41％ ,respectively,the difference was statistically significant( χ2 = 5. 559,P < 0. 05). The incidence rates of adverse reaction of A,B,C three groups were 16. 22％ ,8. 33％ ,5. 88％ ,respectively. As to direct cost,group B(1430. 45 yuan) was better than group C(1494. 04 yuan) and group A (1515. 92 yuan). The hospital days of A,B,C three groups were (11. 3 ± 4. 8) d,(10. 9 ± 10. 6) d,(12. 5 ± 6. 4) d,respectively. The results of MAUT comprehensive evaluation showed that the total score value in polyene phosphatidylcholine group was the highest,and was the optimal treatment in the study. Conclusion Application of MAUT in the study of pharmacoeco-nomics is comprehensive,intuitive and flexible.

Objective:To study the clinicopathologic characteristic of the primary extranodular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in head and neck.Method:Clinical manifestation and the characteristic of clinicopathology of 216 extranodular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients in head and neck were analyzed retrospectively.Result:The age of thirty-one to sixty and seventy-one to eighty years old were more common age range in the group of patients. Nasal cavity was the most commonly primary involved site(95 cases, 44.0% ) , secondly was tonsil ( 47 cases, 21.8%). The most common histologic subtype was NK/T cell lymphoma, which accounted for 49.5%(107 cases)of cases, secondly was diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL, 58 cases, 26.7%). The most common histologic subtype in different swtach groups respectively is: NK/T cell lymphoma in nasal cavity(74 cases,77.9%), DLBCL in paranasal sinus(6 cases,50.0%), DLBCL in tonsil(27 cases,57.4%),NK/T cell lymphoma in nasopharynx(17 cases,44.7%), and DLBCL in lingual root(5 cases,45.4%).Conclusion:We conclude that primary extranodular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is common in head and neck patients. There is characteristic in age, primary involved site and histologic subtype, which is helpful to understand these characteristic for pathologic diagnosis.