Immobilized enzyme-based enzyme electrode biosensors, characterized by high sensitivity and efficiency, strong specificity, and compact size, demonstrate broad application prospects in life science research, disease diagnosis and monitoring, etc. Immobilization of enzyme is a critical step in determining the performance (stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility) of the biosensors. Random immobilization (physical adsorption, covalent cross-linking, etc.) can easily bring about problems, such as decreased enzyme activity and relatively unstable immobilization. Whereas, directional immobilization utilizing amino acid residue mutation, affinity peptide fusion, or nucleotide-specific binding to restrict the orientation of the enzymes provides new possibilities to solve the problems caused by random immobilization. In this paper, the principles, advantages and disadvantages and the application progress of enzyme electrode biosensors of different directional immobilization strategies for enzyme molecular sensing elements by specific amino acids (lysine, histidine, cysteine, unnatural amino acid) with functional groups introduced based on site-specific mutation, affinity peptides (gold binding peptides, carbon binding peptides, carbohydrate binding domains) fused through genetic engineering, and specific binding between nucleotides and target enzymes (proteins) were reviewed, and the application fields, advantages and limitations of various immobilized enzyme interface characterization techniques were discussed, hoping to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the creation of high-performance enzyme sensing elements and the manufacture of enzyme electrode sensors.

Objective To analyze the research status,hotspots,and trends of wearable devices in nursing applications both domestically and internationally.Methods Using China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform,and Embase core databases as data sources,VOSviewer was used to visualize and analyze the publication time,keywords,and other relevant literature.Results Total of 428 articles were included,including 196 Chinese articles and 232 English articles.The overall publication volume showed an upward trend.Domestic research focuses on chronic diseases,artificial intelligence,and nursing,with the main research subjects being the elderly;Foreign research focuses on smart devices,self-monitoring,and quality of life,with the main research subjects being adults.Conclusion Currently,the number of publications on the application of wearable devices in nursing is relatively small,but the overall research heat is on the rise,mainly used for chronic diseases and self-monitoring.In the future,the application scope of wearable devices should be expanded and their potential value should be explored to promote the innovation and progress of nursing models.

Objective:To compare the differences in breastfeeding rates and the incidence of clinical complications in very/extremely low birth weight infants with and without the use of donor milk banks.Methods:Before and after the establishment of the donor milk bank,a total of 279 very/extremely low birth weight infants who were hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit in a tertiary hospital in Beijing were selected.In the study,136 infants who did not receive donated breast-feeding were included in con-trol group and 143 infants who received donated breast-feeding were included in observation group.The clinical data of mothers and their infants were collected.The mother's information included gestational age,maternal comorbidities,and mode of delivery.Infant information includes gender,weight,gesta-tional age,duration of breastfeeding,total enteral feeding time,hospitalization time and incidence of complications(feeding intolerance,necrotizing enterocolitis,retinopathy of prematurity).Results:The maternal ages were(33.5±4.2)years in the observation group and(32.5±3.9)years in the con-trol group.Cesareans were performed in 95 cases(70.4％)and 81 cases(66.9％),respectively.The gestational ages of preterm infants were(29.2±2.1)weeks and(29.1±2.2)weeks,with birth weights of(1 140.5±247.1)g and(1 169.4±228.6)g,respectively.Newborn boys accounted for 72 cases(50.3％)in the observation group and 63 cases(46.3％)in the control group.No statistically significant differences were found in baseline characteristics between the two groups(all P＞0.05).After the use of donor milk banks,the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in very/low birth weight infants increased from 3.1％to 10.5％(x2=5.778,P=0.016)during hospitalization,the time to full enteral feeding was shortened from 13dto10d(Z=-4.567,P＜0.001),the first breastfeeding time was shortened from the third day of admission to the first day of admission(Z=-11.812,P＜0.001),the first breastfeeding of mother's own milk was extended from the third day of admission to the fourth day of admission(Z=-4.652,P＜0.001),and the incidence of feeding intolerance during hospitalization was reduced from 34.0％to 10.0％(x2=17.015,P＜0.001).There were no significant differences in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis,late-onset sepsis,retinopathy of prematurity and total length of hospital stay(P＞0.05).Conclusion:The use of donor milk bank can improve the breastfeeding rate,shorten the time to first breastfeeding,and reduce the incidence of feeding intolerance in very/extremely low birth weight infants,which provides a reference for the clinical treatment of very/extremely low birth weight infants.

Evidence mapping was used to systematically analyze the clinical research evidence of oral Chinese patent medicines in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH), thus revealing the distribution and quality of evidence in this field. The relevant articles were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to July 5, 2024. The distribution characteristics of evidence were presented numerically and graphically. A total of 35 Chinese patent medicines were identified, involving 261 articles. The basic information of the 35 Chinese patent medicines, publication trend, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndromes, interventions, and outcome indicators were compared and analyzed, and the methodological quality of the articles was evaluated. The results indicated that the clinical scope of Chinese patent medicines in the treatment of ICH was broad. However, the available studies inadequately emphasized the advantages and characteristics of TCM, lacked the safety information and the standards for evaluating outcome indicators, and paid insufficient attention to cognitive ability and neuropsychology. In addition, these articles demonstrated low quality. It is recommended that follow-up clinical research should be standardized and highlight the characteristics of TCM. In the analysis of outcome indicators, TCM syndrome evaluation should be taken as an important outcome indicator, and the evaluation criteria should be unified. Moreover, more attention should be paid to patients' cognitive ability and neuropsychology. The holder of marketing license of Chinese patent medicines should standardize the clinical position and improve the safety information in the medicine instructions according to the relevant requirements of the National Medical Products Administration. Additionally, the proportion of Chinese patent medicines in the category A list of medical insurance should be increased, and the limited medical resources should be rationally allocated.
Cerebral Hemorrhage/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Nonprescription Drugs/administration & dosage* ; Administration, Oral

This study employed the "disease-medicine-dose" pattern to mine the medication rules of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) prescriptions containing Astragali Radix in ancient Chinese medical books, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of Astragali Radix and the development of new medicines. The TCM prescriptions containing Astragali Radix were retrieved from databases such as Chinese Medical Dictionary and imported into Excel 2020 to construct the prescription library. Statical analysis were performed for the prescriptions regarding the indications, syndromes, medicine use frequency, herb effects, nature and taste, meridian tropism, dosage forms, and dose. SPSS statistics 26.0 and IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0 were used for association rules analysis and cluster analysis. A total of 2 297 prescriptions containing Astragali Radix were collected, involving 233 indications, among which sore and ulcer, consumptive disease, sweating disorder, and apoplexy had high frequency(>25), and their syndromes were mainly Qi and blood deficiency, Qi and blood deficiency, Yin and Yang deficiency, and Qi deficiency and collateral obstruction, respectively. In the prescriptions, 98 medicines were used with the frequency >25 and they mainly included Qi-tonifying medicines and blood-tonifying medicines. Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium were frequently used. The medicines with high frequency mainly have warm or cold nature, and sweet, pungent, or bitter taste, with tropism to spleen, lung, heart, liver, and kidney meridians. In the treatment of sore and ulcer, Astragali Radix was mainly used with the dose of 3.73 g and combined with Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma to promote granulation and heal up sores. In the treatment of consumptive disease, Astragali Radix was mainly used with the dose of 37.30 g and combined with Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma to tonify deficiency and replenish Qi. In the treatment of sweating disorder, Astragali Radix was mainly used with the dose of 3.73 g and combined with Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma to consolidate exterior and stop sweating. In the treatment of apoplexy, Astragali Radix was mainly used with the dose of 7.46 g and combined with Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma to dispell wind and stop convulsions. Astragali Radix can be used in the treatment of multiple system diseases, with the effects of tonifying Qi and ascending Yang, consolidating exterior and stopping sweating, and expressing toxin and promoting granulation. According to the manifestations of different diseases, when combined with other medicines, Astragali Radix was endowed with the effects of promoting granulation and healing up sores, tonifying deficiency and Qi, consolidating exterior and stopping sweating, and dispelling wind and replenishing Qi. The findings provide a theoretical reference and a scientific basis for the clinical application of Astragali Radix and the development of new medicines.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/history* ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/history* ; History, Ancient ; Astragalus Plant/chemistry* ; China ; Astragalus propinquus

OBJECTIVES: To study the clinical characteristics of pediatric Behçet syndrome (BS). METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on the medical records of children hospitalized in the Department of Pediatrics at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University between December 2014 and December 2024 who met diagnostic criteria for BS. RESULTS: Among 45 children with BS, 26 (58%) were male. Oral aphthous ulcers were the most common manifestation (43/45, 96%), followed by genital ulcers (23/45, 51%) and gastrointestinal involvement (18/45, 40%). Genital ulcers were more frequent in girls, whereas ocular involvement was more common in boys (P<0.05). The pathergy test was positive in 10 (22%), and HLA-B51 was positive in 13 (29%). Fecal calprotectin (FC) was elevated in 16 (36%); gastrointestinal involvement was more frequent in children with elevated FC than in those with normal FC (P<0.05). According to the respective criteria, 17 (38%) patients met the International Study Group criteria (1990), 33 (73%) met the International Criteria for Behçet Disease (2014), and 13 (29%) met the Pediatric Behçet Disease criteria (2015). CONCLUSIONS Pediatric BS shows marked clinical heterogeneity. HLA-B51 is associated with disease susceptibility.
Humans ; Behcet Syndrome/genetics* ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Retrospective Studies ; Adolescent ; Child, Preschool ; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/analysis* ; HLA-B51 Antigen

BACKGROUND: Based on the China-VHD database, this study sought to develop and validate a Valvular Heart Disease- specific Age-adjusted Comorbidity Index (VHD-ACI) for predicting mortality risk in patients with VHD. METHODS & RESULTS: The China-VHD study was a nationwide, multi-centre multi-centre cohort study enrolling 13,917 patients with moderate or severe VHD across 46 medical centres in China between April-June 2018. After excluding cases with missing key variables, 11,459 patients were retained for final analysis. The primary endpoint was 2-year all-cause mortality, with 941 deaths (10.0%) observed during follow-up. The VHD-ACI was derived after identifying 13 independent mortality predictors: cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary artery hypertension, low body weight, anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, renal insufficiency, moderate/severe hepatic dysfunction, heart failure, cancer, NYHA functional class and age. The index exhibited good discrimination (AUC, 0.79) and calibration (Brier score, 0.062) in the total cohort, outperforming both EuroSCORE II and ACCI (P < 0.001 for comparison). Internal validation through 100 bootstrap iterations yielded a C statistic of 0.694 (95% CI: 0.665-0.723) for 2-year mortality prediction. VHD-ACI scores, as a continuous variable (VHD-ACI score: adjusted HR (95% CI): 1.263 (1.245-1.282), P < 0.001) or categorized using thresholds determined by the Yoden index (VHD-ACI ≥ 9 vs. < 9, adjusted HR (95% CI): 6.216 (5.378-7.184), P < 0.001), were independently associated with mortality. The prognostic performance remained consistent across all VHD subtypes (aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid valve disease, mixed aortic/mitral valve disease and multiple VHD), and clinical subgroups stratified by therapeutic strategy, LVEF status (preserved vs. reduced), disease severity and etiology. CONCLUSION The VHD-ACI is a simple 13-comorbidity algorithm for the prediction of mortality in VHD patients and providing a simple and rapid tool for risk stratification.

Objective:To compare the differences in breastfeeding rates and the incidence of clinical complications in very/extremely low birth weight infants with and without the use of donor milk banks.Methods:Before and after the establishment of the donor milk bank,a total of 279 very/extremely low birth weight infants who were hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit in a tertiary hospital in Beijing were selected.In the study,136 infants who did not receive donated breast-feeding were included in con-trol group and 143 infants who received donated breast-feeding were included in observation group.The clinical data of mothers and their infants were collected.The mother's information included gestational age,maternal comorbidities,and mode of delivery.Infant information includes gender,weight,gesta-tional age,duration of breastfeeding,total enteral feeding time,hospitalization time and incidence of complications(feeding intolerance,necrotizing enterocolitis,retinopathy of prematurity).Results:The maternal ages were(33.5±4.2)years in the observation group and(32.5±3.9)years in the con-trol group.Cesareans were performed in 95 cases(70.4％)and 81 cases(66.9％),respectively.The gestational ages of preterm infants were(29.2±2.1)weeks and(29.1±2.2)weeks,with birth weights of(1 140.5±247.1)g and(1 169.4±228.6)g,respectively.Newborn boys accounted for 72 cases(50.3％)in the observation group and 63 cases(46.3％)in the control group.No statistically significant differences were found in baseline characteristics between the two groups(all P＞0.05).After the use of donor milk banks,the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in very/low birth weight infants increased from 3.1％to 10.5％(x2=5.778,P=0.016)during hospitalization,the time to full enteral feeding was shortened from 13dto10d(Z=-4.567,P＜0.001),the first breastfeeding time was shortened from the third day of admission to the first day of admission(Z=-11.812,P＜0.001),the first breastfeeding of mother's own milk was extended from the third day of admission to the fourth day of admission(Z=-4.652,P＜0.001),and the incidence of feeding intolerance during hospitalization was reduced from 34.0％to 10.0％(x2=17.015,P＜0.001).There were no significant differences in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis,late-onset sepsis,retinopathy of prematurity and total length of hospital stay(P＞0.05).Conclusion:The use of donor milk bank can improve the breastfeeding rate,shorten the time to first breastfeeding,and reduce the incidence of feeding intolerance in very/extremely low birth weight infants,which provides a reference for the clinical treatment of very/extremely low birth weight infants.