AIM: To compare and analyze the efficacy of femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)with small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)in the treatment of moderate myopia.METHODS:Retrospective study. A total of 100 patients(100 eyes)with moderate myopia admitted to our hospital from August 2022 to October 2024 were selected(all the data of the right eye were taken for study). The 52 cases in FS-LASIK group received FS-LASIK, while the 48 cases in SMILE group received SMILE. The patients were followed up for 6 mo, the visual recovery, spherical equivalent, corneal curvature, corneal Q value, central corneal thickness, corneal volume, high-order aberrations, corneal biomechanical parameters and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups.RESULTS: At 3 and 6 mo after surgery, the uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)and spherical equivalent of both groups increased compared to before surgery(all P<0.05). At 6 mo after surgery, both groups showed a decrease in corneal curvature, central corneal thickness, and corneal volume, with the FS-LASIK group having a lower corneal volume; both groups showed a great increase in Q values, with the FS-LASIK group having a higher Q value(all P<0.001); the total high-order aberration, spherical aberration, and trefoil aberration all increased in both groups, with higher values observed in the FS-LASIK group(all P<0.001); the integrated radius(IR), inverse concave radius(ICR)and deformation amplitude ratio 2(DAR2)were all increased, while the stiffness parameter at first applanation(SP-A1), the highest concavity radius(HC-Radius)and the ambrosio's relational thickness to the horizontal profile(ARTh)were all decreased in both groups(all P<0.001). There was no statistical difference in the incidence of complications between two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Both FS-LASIK and SMILE can help improve the visual quality of patients with moderate myopia, and their early postoperative corneal morphological changes have their own characteristics. In addition, patients who receive FS-LASIK have larger corneal Q value and high-order aberrations after surgery.

OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with bloodstream in-fection(BSI)and to summarize the risk factors for death in these patients.METHODS Clinical data of 528 patients with BSI admitted to Xijing Hospital,the Fourth Military Medical University from Jul.2018 to Feb.2023 were collected.The clinical characteristics,pathogens,antibacterial drug therapy and 28-day case-fatality rate of the pa-tients with BSI were analyzed.RESULTS Among the 528 patients with BSI,there were 139 patients with commu-nity-associated infection,69 patients with health care-associated infection,and 320 patients with hospital-associat-ed infection.The predominant pathogens isolated from patients with community-associated infection and health care-associated infection were Escherichia coli(53.96％and 42.03％,respectively),while Klebsiella pneumoni-ae was the main pathogen in patients with hospital-associated infection(24.38％),with a wide variety of major pathogens identified.The drug resistance profiles of E.coli and K.pneumoniae isolated from patients with health care-associated infection were similar to those isolated from patients with hospital-associated infection but were significantly low compared to those isolated from patients with community-associated infection.Compared to pa-tients with community-associated infection,those with health care-associated infection and hospital-associated in-fection had high 28-day case-fatality rates.Thrombocytopenia(HR=1.764,95％CI:1.275-2.440,P=0.001),hypoalbuminemia(HR=2.320,95％CI:1.595-3.374,P＜0.001),coagulation dysfunction(HR=1.605,95％CI:1.141-2.258,P=0.007),procalcitonin＞2.0 ng/ml(HR=3.747,95％CI:1.339-10.485,P=0.012),Charlson comorbidity index ≥5(HR=1.578,95％CI:1.110-2.244,P=0.011)and central ve-nous catheterization(HR=1.848,95％CI:1.322-2.583,P＜0.001)were risk factors for 28-day mortality,while appropriate targeted antibacterial drug therapy(HR=0.399,95％CI:0.291-0.546,P＜0.001)was a protective factor.CONCLUSION Antibacterial drug therapy for patients with health care-associated infection should be guided by their unique pathogens and resistance profiles,and individualized regimens should be devel-oped based on the site and source of infection,regional microbiological characteristics and disease severity to re-duce unnecessary use of antibacterial drug.

Objective:To measure the cerebral cortical activity by the functional near-infrared spectroscopy,fNIRS during the bilateral single-leg standing in population with chronic ankle instability(CAI)and healthy controls.Method:Sixteen healthy participants without any sprains and 16 participants with unilateral CAI were recruit-ed.The fNIRS was used to collect the brain function signals during the bilateral single-leg standing task.Based on the concentration of oxyhemoglobin(HbO2),the functional activation(β value)of each brain region of the two groups was calculated,and the differences between the groups during the tasks were compared in nine brain regions,including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC),primary sensory area(S1),supplemen-tary motor area(SMA),and middle temporal gyrus(MTG).Result:Compared to healthy participants,CAI participants exhibited significantly increased cortical activity based on the β value in right SMA(ch28)and left Wernicke's area(ch51)during the single-leg standing on the injured side.During the single-leg standing on the uninjured side,CAI participants exhibited significantly increased cortical activity in the right side of DLPFC(ch15),S1(ch33)and MTG(ch40).Conclusion:The cerebral cortex activation in patients with CAI is different from that in healthy people,ac-cording to the neural mechanism of posture control.There is a higher activation of DLPFC,S1,MTG,SMA,and Wernicke's area in CAI patients during the state of postural control.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of autophagy induced by House dust mites(HDM)on airway epithelial tight junction through β-catenin-Snail signaling pathway.Methods Human bronchial epithelial cells(16HBE)were stimulated with HDM at different time points(0,3,6,12,24,48 h)and different concen-trations(0,40,100,200 μg/mL)to screen the appropriate stimulation concentration and stimulation time.16HBE cells were treated with oxidative stress inhibitor N-acetylcysteine(NAC),autophagy inhibitor 3-methylad-enine(3-MA),HDM,and their combinations.Cells were transfected with mCherry-EGFP-LC3B,Beclin-1-siRNA,and ATG14-siRNA lentivirus and then stimulated with NAC and HDM.Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression levels of autophagy-related protein LC3B,tight junction-related proteins Occludin,and ZO-1 in airway epithelial cells.The level of reactive oxygen species(ROS)was detected by using DCFH-DA in each group.The protein expression levels of Occludin,ZO-1,LC3B,Beclin-1,ATG5,ATG14,P62,Snail,β-catenin and p-β-catenin were detected by Western blot method.Results Immunofluorescence results showed that compared with the control group,200 μg/mL HDM stimulation induced cellular autophagy,increased the expression level of LC3B protein,and promoted the level of ROS,all with statistical significances(all P<0.05).Compared with the HDM group,the HDM+3-MA,HDM+ATG14-si,and HDM+Beclin-1-si groupsall showed significantincreases in the expression levels of tight junction-related proteins Occludin and ZO-1(P<0.05).The HDM+NAC group demonstrated significant decreases both in the level of ROS andin the expression level of LC3B protein.Western blot results revealed that compared with HDM,3-MA and autophagy protein low-expression beads(Beclin-1-si,ATG14-si)attenuated HDM-induced cellular autophagy(P<0.05),inhibited HDM-induced upregulation of Snail and p-β-catenin expression,and improved HDM-induced decreases in Occludin and ZO-1(P<0.05).Moreover,compared with the HDM group,the NAC+HDM group exhibited significant decreases both in the conversion of LC3BⅠ to LC3BⅡ(P<0.001)in the protein levels of Snail,p-β-catenin,Beclin-1 and ATG14(P<0.01),but significant increases in the protein levels of Occludin and ZO-1(P<0.05).Conclusion HDM affects the tight connections between airway epithelial cells by inducing autophagy,which may be attributed to the β-catenin-Snail signaling pathway.

Objective:To measure the cerebral cortical activity by the functional near-infrared spectroscopy,fNIRS during the bilateral single-leg standing in population with chronic ankle instability(CAI)and healthy controls.Method:Sixteen healthy participants without any sprains and 16 participants with unilateral CAI were recruit-ed.The fNIRS was used to collect the brain function signals during the bilateral single-leg standing task.Based on the concentration of oxyhemoglobin(HbO2),the functional activation(β value)of each brain region of the two groups was calculated,and the differences between the groups during the tasks were compared in nine brain regions,including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC),primary sensory area(S1),supplemen-tary motor area(SMA),and middle temporal gyrus(MTG).Result:Compared to healthy participants,CAI participants exhibited significantly increased cortical activity based on the β value in right SMA(ch28)and left Wernicke's area(ch51)during the single-leg standing on the injured side.During the single-leg standing on the uninjured side,CAI participants exhibited significantly increased cortical activity in the right side of DLPFC(ch15),S1(ch33)and MTG(ch40).Conclusion:The cerebral cortex activation in patients with CAI is different from that in healthy people,ac-cording to the neural mechanism of posture control.There is a higher activation of DLPFC,S1,MTG,SMA,and Wernicke's area in CAI patients during the state of postural control.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of autophagy induced by House dust mites(HDM)on airway epithelial tight junction through β-catenin-Snail signaling pathway.Methods Human bronchial epithelial cells(16HBE)were stimulated with HDM at different time points(0,3,6,12,24,48 h)and different concen-trations(0,40,100,200 μg/mL)to screen the appropriate stimulation concentration and stimulation time.16HBE cells were treated with oxidative stress inhibitor N-acetylcysteine(NAC),autophagy inhibitor 3-methylad-enine(3-MA),HDM,and their combinations.Cells were transfected with mCherry-EGFP-LC3B,Beclin-1-siRNA,and ATG14-siRNA lentivirus and then stimulated with NAC and HDM.Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression levels of autophagy-related protein LC3B,tight junction-related proteins Occludin,and ZO-1 in airway epithelial cells.The level of reactive oxygen species(ROS)was detected by using DCFH-DA in each group.The protein expression levels of Occludin,ZO-1,LC3B,Beclin-1,ATG5,ATG14,P62,Snail,β-catenin and p-β-catenin were detected by Western blot method.Results Immunofluorescence results showed that compared with the control group,200 μg/mL HDM stimulation induced cellular autophagy,increased the expression level of LC3B protein,and promoted the level of ROS,all with statistical significances(all P<0.05).Compared with the HDM group,the HDM+3-MA,HDM+ATG14-si,and HDM+Beclin-1-si groupsall showed significantincreases in the expression levels of tight junction-related proteins Occludin and ZO-1(P<0.05).The HDM+NAC group demonstrated significant decreases both in the level of ROS andin the expression level of LC3B protein.Western blot results revealed that compared with HDM,3-MA and autophagy protein low-expression beads(Beclin-1-si,ATG14-si)attenuated HDM-induced cellular autophagy(P<0.05),inhibited HDM-induced upregulation of Snail and p-β-catenin expression,and improved HDM-induced decreases in Occludin and ZO-1(P<0.05).Moreover,compared with the HDM group,the NAC+HDM group exhibited significant decreases both in the conversion of LC3BⅠ to LC3BⅡ(P<0.001)in the protein levels of Snail,p-β-catenin,Beclin-1 and ATG14(P<0.01),but significant increases in the protein levels of Occludin and ZO-1(P<0.05).Conclusion HDM affects the tight connections between airway epithelial cells by inducing autophagy,which may be attributed to the β-catenin-Snail signaling pathway.

Objective To analyze the current status and emerging technology trends in domestic medical drainage tube patents,so as to explore possible factors for low patent conversion rates.Methods Patents associated with"drainage tube","medical drainage tube","surgical drainage tube"and related terms were retrieved from the National Intellectual Property Administration Database and the Innojoy Patent Search Engine,covering the period from 2010 to 2020.Screening and visual analysis were conducted using Excel and SPSS 27.0.Results A total of 2 895 relevant patents were identified,comprising 2 489 utility model patents,367 invention patents and 39 design patents.The number of patent applications demonstrated a year-on-year growth trend,with a higher concentration in eastern coastal regions and provinces housing numerous top-tier hospitals and medical institutions.Approximately 49.26％of the patents filed by individuals were affiliated with hospitals,universities,or enterprises.Innovation hotspots included the design,functionality,performance,and safety aspects of drainage tubes and probes.Of the patents,72.61％were invalid,and 61.73％had a survival period of three years or less.Only 5.15％were commercially utilized through transfers,pledges,or licensing.Conclusion Domestic patent applications for medical drainage tubes have seen rapid growth,with a focus on enhancing tube structures such as sleeves,balloons,drainage holes,and threaded designs.However,the unsatisfactory situation of patent conversion and operation have been mainly limited by factors such as weak core technology of patents,insufficient awareness of achievements conversion,poor operation of patent conversion mechanism,insufficient market promotion,and insufficient integration of industry,academia,and research.To address this issue,enhancing intellectual property protection,revitalizing valid patents,and expanding transformation channels would benefit patients and facilitate hospitals'high-quality development,injecting new vitality into the health industry.

OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with bloodstream in-fection(BSI)and to summarize the risk factors for death in these patients.METHODS Clinical data of 528 patients with BSI admitted to Xijing Hospital,the Fourth Military Medical University from Jul.2018 to Feb.2023 were collected.The clinical characteristics,pathogens,antibacterial drug therapy and 28-day case-fatality rate of the pa-tients with BSI were analyzed.RESULTS Among the 528 patients with BSI,there were 139 patients with commu-nity-associated infection,69 patients with health care-associated infection,and 320 patients with hospital-associat-ed infection.The predominant pathogens isolated from patients with community-associated infection and health care-associated infection were Escherichia coli(53.96％and 42.03％,respectively),while Klebsiella pneumoni-ae was the main pathogen in patients with hospital-associated infection(24.38％),with a wide variety of major pathogens identified.The drug resistance profiles of E.coli and K.pneumoniae isolated from patients with health care-associated infection were similar to those isolated from patients with hospital-associated infection but were significantly low compared to those isolated from patients with community-associated infection.Compared to pa-tients with community-associated infection,those with health care-associated infection and hospital-associated in-fection had high 28-day case-fatality rates.Thrombocytopenia(HR=1.764,95％CI:1.275-2.440,P=0.001),hypoalbuminemia(HR=2.320,95％CI:1.595-3.374,P＜0.001),coagulation dysfunction(HR=1.605,95％CI:1.141-2.258,P=0.007),procalcitonin＞2.0 ng/ml(HR=3.747,95％CI:1.339-10.485,P=0.012),Charlson comorbidity index ≥5(HR=1.578,95％CI:1.110-2.244,P=0.011)and central ve-nous catheterization(HR=1.848,95％CI:1.322-2.583,P＜0.001)were risk factors for 28-day mortality,while appropriate targeted antibacterial drug therapy(HR=0.399,95％CI:0.291-0.546,P＜0.001)was a protective factor.CONCLUSION Antibacterial drug therapy for patients with health care-associated infection should be guided by their unique pathogens and resistance profiles,and individualized regimens should be devel-oped based on the site and source of infection,regional microbiological characteristics and disease severity to re-duce unnecessary use of antibacterial drug.

Objective: To systematically analyze the revisions content and technological development trends of microbiological standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP) 2025 Edition, and explore its novel requirements in risk-based pharmaceutical product lifecycle management.
Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted on 26 microbiological-related standards to summarize the revision directions and scientific implications from perspectives including the revision overview, international harmonization of microbiological standards, risk-based quality management system, and novel tools and methods with Chinese characteristics.
Results: The ChP 2025 edition demonstrates three prominent features in microbiological-related standards: enhanced international harmonization, introduced emerging molecular biological technologies, and established a risk-based microbiological quality control system.
Conclusion: The new edition of the Pharmacopoeia has systematically constructed a microbiological standard system, which significantly improves the scientificity, standardization and applicability of the standards, providing a crucial support for advancing the microbiological quality control in pharmaceutical industries of China.

Meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)is a chronic, diffuse disorder of the meibomian glands characterized by obstruction of the terminal ducts of the meibomian glands and/or qualitative and/or quantitative abnormalities in glandular secretion. It can lead to tear film changes, symptoms of recurrent eye irritation and/or foreign body sensation, and in severe cases, vision loss, which greatly affects the quality of life and daily work of patients. Although, there are various traditional protocols for the clinical treatment of MGD, which are classified as artificial tears, hot compresses on the eyelids, blepharoplasty massage, and eyelid cleansing, etc., the limitations of traditional treatment protocols that require repetitive manipulation, the tendency for ocular discomfort to recur in some patients after treatment, and the possibility of symptom exacerbation in a few patients have greatly decreased patient compliance, coupled with the fact that there is no unified guideline standard for treatment protocols regarding MGD both at home and abroad at this point in time. Therefore, the disease faces severe challenges in clinical treatment. In recent years, with the deepening of the understanding of the pathogenesis of MGD and research, certain breakthroughs have been made in the field of MGD treatment, and emerging therapeutic approaches have emerged and gradually gained attention and importance. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current progress of emerging MGD treatment and provide reference for the clinical treatment of MGD.