Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal distribution of hepatitis C in Henan province from 2012 to 2022.Methods:The case report data on hepatitis C from counties and districts in Henan between 2012 and 2022 were collected. The distribution characteristics were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods, and GeoDa1.2 software was used to perform spatial autocorrelation analysis. The spatiotemporal epidemiological analysis was conducted using SaTScan 10.1 software.Results:A total of 274 485 hepatitis C cases were reported in Henan from 2012 to 2022. The reported annual average incidence rate was 25.84/100 000 and showed an overall downward trend from 2012 to 2022 ( Z=-4.05, P<0.001). More cases were reported in women. The cases were mainly aged 40-69 years and farmers. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the reported cases of hepatitis C present spatial clustering during 2012—2022, and the areas with high incidence were mainly distributed in counties or districts of Zhengzhou, Zhumadian, Xuchang, Zhoukou, and Nanyang. One class I clustering area was detected by spatiotemporal scanning, which mainly covered Xuchang, Pingdingshan and the surrounding counties ( LLR=16 117.73, RR=1.81, P<0.001). Conclusion:The reported cases of hepatitis C in Henan Province show an overall downward trend from 2012 to 2022 and present spatiotemporal clustering. The seasonal regularity of the hepatitis C epidemic is not obvious. People aged 40-69 years old and farmers are the key population for prevention and control.

Objective:To measure the length and width of maxillary nodules in patients with different bony malocclusions in Uyghurs and to investigate the limits of distal displacement of maxillary molars in patients with different bony malocclusions in Uyghurs.Methods:60 adult Uyghur patients with bony Class Ⅰ(n=21),Class Ⅱ(n=21),and Class Ⅲ(n=18)malocclusion with 120 lateral maxillary tubercle CBCT images were analyzed,and the length(L:left,R:right)and width(W)of the maxillary tubercle area at different locations were measured on the designated sagittal and axial sections.The length and width of maxillary tuberosities in patients with different bony malocclusion were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 software,and the data were compared among the 3 groups.Results:The length and width of maxillary nodules in Uyghur patients with skeletal type Ⅲ were significantly smaller than those in the other 2 groups at measurement levels of 3.0,6.0 and 9.0 mm from the cemento-enamel junction of the maxillary second molar towards the root apex(L3,L6,L9),W6 and W9(P＜0.05).No significant difference was seen between the length and width of the maxillary tuberosity in osseous category Ⅰ and osseous category Ⅱ subjects.The widest maxillary nodule was loca-ted at the W3 level(12.52±2.07)mm and the narrowest at the W9 level(6.73±3.35)mm.The longest maxillary nodule was loca-ted at the L9 level(8.64±2.70)mm and the shortest at the L3 level(7.62±2.15)mm.Conclusion:The length and width of the maxillary tubercle in Uyghur patients with bony Class Ⅲ malocclusion are smaller than those of bony Class Ⅰ and bony Class Ⅱ.When pushing the distal displacement of maxillary molars,attention should be focused on the anatomical morphology of the maxillary tubercle to determine the limits of distal displacement of the maxillary dentition.

Objective:To study the morphological characteristics and ethnic differences of the chin soft and hard tissue of Han and Uyghur adult females of class Ⅱ 1.Methods:90 Uyghur and Han female subjects of class Ⅱ 1 aged 18-35 years old were enrolled and respectively divided into 3 groups according to the vertical skeletal types:high,average and low angle groups(n=30).The various indexes of the chin soft and hard tissue of the subjects were measured by X-ray lateral cephalic radiographs.The data were statisti-caly analyzed.Results:(1)The Po-Pos of the Han subjects with high angle was higher than that of those with low and average an-gle;the minimum chin thickness,the ratio of the chin thickness to the chin height,the ratio of the minimum chin thickness to the chin thickness and the angle of chin in the high angle group were smaller than those in the average angle group and the low angle group(P＜0.05).The chin height,the chin depression and the cervical-mandibular angle of the Uyghur subjects with high angle were higher than those of the Uyghur subjects with low angle and average angle;the minimum chin thickness,the ratio of the chin thickness to the chin height and the ratio of the minimum chin thickness to the chin thickness in the high angle group were smaller than those in the average and the low angle groups(P＜0.05).(2)In the low angle group,there were significant differences in the angle of chin,cervical-mandibular angle,soft tissue chin angle and Me-Mes between the 2 ethnic groups(P＜0.05).In the average angle group,there were significant differences in the height of chin,LI-LL and Me-Mes between the 2 ethnic groups(P＜0.05).In the high angle group,there were significant differences in the ratio of anterior to posterior chin thickness,in the angle of chin,LL-Pos and Po-Pos between the 2 ethnic groups(P＜0.05).(3)The positive correlation between FH/MP and Po-Pos,cervical-mandib-ular angle,chin depression,chin lip angle,chin height,ratio of anterior and posterior chin thickness and LL-Pos were found in Han and Uyghur subjects(P＜0.05).Mentolabial sulcus,the chin thickness,the ratio of the chin thickness to the chin height,the angle of chin and the ratio of the minimum chin thickness to the chin thickness were negatively correlated with FH/MP in both ethnic groups(P＜0.05).Conclusion:Han and Uy-ghur adult females of class Ⅱ 1 have different chin soft and hard tissue morphology in different vertical skeletal types with certain differences between the ethnic groups in the same vertical skeletal types,and there is a correlation between the chin soft and hard tis-sue morphology of different vertical skeletal types and the vertical skeletal types in Han and Uyghur adult females of class Ⅱ 1.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal distribution of hepatitis C in Henan province from 2012 to 2022.Methods:The case report data on hepatitis C from counties and districts in Henan between 2012 and 2022 were collected. The distribution characteristics were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods, and GeoDa1.2 software was used to perform spatial autocorrelation analysis. The spatiotemporal epidemiological analysis was conducted using SaTScan 10.1 software.Results:A total of 274 485 hepatitis C cases were reported in Henan from 2012 to 2022. The reported annual average incidence rate was 25.84/100 000 and showed an overall downward trend from 2012 to 2022 ( Z=-4.05, P<0.001). More cases were reported in women. The cases were mainly aged 40-69 years and farmers. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the reported cases of hepatitis C present spatial clustering during 2012—2022, and the areas with high incidence were mainly distributed in counties or districts of Zhengzhou, Zhumadian, Xuchang, Zhoukou, and Nanyang. One class I clustering area was detected by spatiotemporal scanning, which mainly covered Xuchang, Pingdingshan and the surrounding counties ( LLR=16 117.73, RR=1.81, P<0.001). Conclusion:The reported cases of hepatitis C in Henan Province show an overall downward trend from 2012 to 2022 and present spatiotemporal clustering. The seasonal regularity of the hepatitis C epidemic is not obvious. People aged 40-69 years old and farmers are the key population for prevention and control.

Antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs)represent a major breakthrough in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER-2)-positive breast cancer as they are responsible for significantly improving clinical outcomes.However,their widespread use is accom-panied by severe adverse effects that not only impact the quality of life of patients and treatment adherence but also life-threatening,ulti-mately leading to treatment discontinuation.This article systematically reviews the underlying mechanisms and management strategies for ADC-related toxicities in HER-2-positive breast cancer.Additionally,it focuses on key adverse events,including thrombocytopenia,interstitial lung disease,and cardiotoxicity,that are induced by ADCs such as trastuzumab emtansine(T-DM1)and trastuzumab deruxtecan(T-DXd).Based on the clinical evidence,we proposed early monitoring and standardized intervention measures,emphasizing the importance of timely recognition and systematic management to mitigate risks.Furthermore,we explored future directions for optimizing ADC design to reduce their toxicity and provide valuable insights into their safe clinical application.

Objective: To investigate the attention cognitive function and symptom correlations of school aged children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)using event related potential (ERP) technology, so as to provide references for the early diagnosis of children with ADHD. Methods: A total of 52 school aged children diagnosed with ADHD at the outpatient department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from September 2022 to September 2024 and 50 age /sex matched healthy controls were selected. The ERP experiment adopted the auditory Oddball task to conduct comparative analyses of the amplitude and latency of the mismatch negative(MMN) at the Fz, Cz, and Pz points of the scalp electrode and the P3a component respectively. The symptom assessment scales adopted the Swanson,Nolan,and Pelham-Ⅳ Rating Scale (SNAP-Ⅳ) and the Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ), which were filled out by the parents. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between ERP components and symptoms in schoolaged children with ADHD. Results: The latency of MMN components in the healthy control group on the Fz lead was (188.30±2.06)ms, and the amplitude was (-15.54±1.35)μV; the latency of the P3a component on the Pz lead was (312.82±7.80)ms, and the amplitude was (3.80±0.18)μV. The latency of MMN components in the ADHD group on the Fz lead was (188.94±1.39)ms, and the amplitude was (-14.78±1.40)μV; the latency of the P3a component on the Pz lead was (317.21±5.65)ms, and the amplitude was (3.70±0.13)μV. Compared with normal children, the MMN of children with ADHD had smaller amplitudes in the Fz and Cz leads, and the P3a had greater latency and smaller amplitudes in the Cz and Pz leads ( t =2.79,2.20；-2.04，-3.25；2.35,3.21， P <0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the latency of MMN in children with ADHD was positively correlated with the inattention score in the SNAP-Ⅳ( r =0.22), and the amplitude of MMN was negatively correlated with the inattention score in the SNAP-Ⅳ and the learning problem score in PSQ ( r = -0.26 , -0.34)( P <0.05). The latency of P3a was positively correlated with the scores of inattention in the SNAP-Ⅳ and the score of learning problems in the PSQ ( r =0.26 ,0.24); the amplitude of P3a was negatively correlated with the scores of attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity in the SNAP-Ⅳ and the scores of learning problems and impulsivity/hyperactivity in the PSQ( r = -0.26 , -0.22, -0.25,-0.32)( P <0.05). Conclusions School aged ADHD children exhibit abnormal MMN/P3a components, indicating attention related cognitive dysfunction. Symptoms such as inattention, learning problems and hyperactivity/impulsivity in children with ADHD are related to abnormal components of MMN and P3a.

Objective:To measure the length and width of maxillary nodules in patients with different bony malocclusions in Uyghurs and to investigate the limits of distal displacement of maxillary molars in patients with different bony malocclusions in Uyghurs.Methods:60 adult Uyghur patients with bony Class Ⅰ(n=21),Class Ⅱ(n=21),and Class Ⅲ(n=18)malocclusion with 120 lateral maxillary tubercle CBCT images were analyzed,and the length(L:left,R:right)and width(W)of the maxillary tubercle area at different locations were measured on the designated sagittal and axial sections.The length and width of maxillary tuberosities in patients with different bony malocclusion were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 software,and the data were compared among the 3 groups.Results:The length and width of maxillary nodules in Uyghur patients with skeletal type Ⅲ were significantly smaller than those in the other 2 groups at measurement levels of 3.0,6.0 and 9.0 mm from the cemento-enamel junction of the maxillary second molar towards the root apex(L3,L6,L9),W6 and W9(P＜0.05).No significant difference was seen between the length and width of the maxillary tuberosity in osseous category Ⅰ and osseous category Ⅱ subjects.The widest maxillary nodule was loca-ted at the W3 level(12.52±2.07)mm and the narrowest at the W9 level(6.73±3.35)mm.The longest maxillary nodule was loca-ted at the L9 level(8.64±2.70)mm and the shortest at the L3 level(7.62±2.15)mm.Conclusion:The length and width of the maxillary tubercle in Uyghur patients with bony Class Ⅲ malocclusion are smaller than those of bony Class Ⅰ and bony Class Ⅱ.When pushing the distal displacement of maxillary molars,attention should be focused on the anatomical morphology of the maxillary tubercle to determine the limits of distal displacement of the maxillary dentition.

Objective:To study the morphological characteristics and ethnic differences of the chin soft and hard tissue of Han and Uyghur adult females of class Ⅱ 1.Methods:90 Uyghur and Han female subjects of class Ⅱ 1 aged 18-35 years old were enrolled and respectively divided into 3 groups according to the vertical skeletal types:high,average and low angle groups(n=30).The various indexes of the chin soft and hard tissue of the subjects were measured by X-ray lateral cephalic radiographs.The data were statisti-caly analyzed.Results:(1)The Po-Pos of the Han subjects with high angle was higher than that of those with low and average an-gle;the minimum chin thickness,the ratio of the chin thickness to the chin height,the ratio of the minimum chin thickness to the chin thickness and the angle of chin in the high angle group were smaller than those in the average angle group and the low angle group(P＜0.05).The chin height,the chin depression and the cervical-mandibular angle of the Uyghur subjects with high angle were higher than those of the Uyghur subjects with low angle and average angle;the minimum chin thickness,the ratio of the chin thickness to the chin height and the ratio of the minimum chin thickness to the chin thickness in the high angle group were smaller than those in the average and the low angle groups(P＜0.05).(2)In the low angle group,there were significant differences in the angle of chin,cervical-mandibular angle,soft tissue chin angle and Me-Mes between the 2 ethnic groups(P＜0.05).In the average angle group,there were significant differences in the height of chin,LI-LL and Me-Mes between the 2 ethnic groups(P＜0.05).In the high angle group,there were significant differences in the ratio of anterior to posterior chin thickness,in the angle of chin,LL-Pos and Po-Pos between the 2 ethnic groups(P＜0.05).(3)The positive correlation between FH/MP and Po-Pos,cervical-mandib-ular angle,chin depression,chin lip angle,chin height,ratio of anterior and posterior chin thickness and LL-Pos were found in Han and Uyghur subjects(P＜0.05).Mentolabial sulcus,the chin thickness,the ratio of the chin thickness to the chin height,the angle of chin and the ratio of the minimum chin thickness to the chin thickness were negatively correlated with FH/MP in both ethnic groups(P＜0.05).Conclusion:Han and Uy-ghur adult females of class Ⅱ 1 have different chin soft and hard tissue morphology in different vertical skeletal types with certain differences between the ethnic groups in the same vertical skeletal types,and there is a correlation between the chin soft and hard tis-sue morphology of different vertical skeletal types and the vertical skeletal types in Han and Uyghur adult females of class Ⅱ 1.

Antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs)represent a major breakthrough in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER-2)-positive breast cancer as they are responsible for significantly improving clinical outcomes.However,their widespread use is accom-panied by severe adverse effects that not only impact the quality of life of patients and treatment adherence but also life-threatening,ulti-mately leading to treatment discontinuation.This article systematically reviews the underlying mechanisms and management strategies for ADC-related toxicities in HER-2-positive breast cancer.Additionally,it focuses on key adverse events,including thrombocytopenia,interstitial lung disease,and cardiotoxicity,that are induced by ADCs such as trastuzumab emtansine(T-DM1)and trastuzumab deruxtecan(T-DXd).Based on the clinical evidence,we proposed early monitoring and standardized intervention measures,emphasizing the importance of timely recognition and systematic management to mitigate risks.Furthermore,we explored future directions for optimizing ADC design to reduce their toxicity and provide valuable insights into their safe clinical application.

Objective : To investigate the protective effect of melatonin (MT) on formaldehyde (FA) inhalation-in- duced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats and its mechanism through the regulation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway． Methods : Fifty female Wistar rats were randomly divided into Control group ，FA group，FA + MT 5 mg / kg group，FA + MT 10 mg / kg group and FA + MT 20 mg / kg group，with 10 rats in each group．Except for the Control group，all other groups inhaled 3 mg / m3 FA daily for 21 d consecutively to construct the tainted model，and then treated with different MT doses for 14 d．The tainting was continued during the MT treatment．Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in lung tissue，lung water content and lung coefficient were weighed and measured，glutathione ( GSH) ，superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine ( 8-OHdG) levels were measured by absorbance photometric method ，and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to measure the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) ，in- terleukin (IL) -6，and IL-1 β concentrations，Western blot to detect the protein expression levels of Nrf2，heme ox- ygenase-1 (HO-1) ，nuclear factor-κB ( NF-κB) ，and phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB ( p-NF-κB) in lung tis- sues，and quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR) to detect the Nrf2，HO-1，and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) mRNA expression levels. Results : Compared with the control group，lung injury was obvious in rats in the FA group ; lung tissue GSH and SOD levels were reduced ，and 8-OHdG levels were elevated ( P < 0. 05) ; alveolar lavage fluid TNF-α , IL-6，and IL-1 β levels were elevated (P＜0. 05) ; Nrf 2 and HO-1 protein expression levels were reduced in the lung tissue (P＜0. 05) ，and p-NF-κB protein expression levels were was ele- vated (P＜0. 05) ; the relative mRNA expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in lung tissue was decreased，and the relative mRNA expression of Keap1 was elevated (P＜0. 05) ．Compared with the FA group，the lung injury of rats in the MT group was improved ; the levels of GSH and SOD in the lung tissue were increased (P＜0. 05) ，and the level of 8-OHdG was decreased (P＜0. 05) ; the levels of TNF-α , IL-6，and IL-1 β in the alveolar lavage fluid were de- creased (P＜0. 05) ; and the expression levels of the Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in the lung tissue were increased (P ＜0. 05) ．p-NF-κB protein expression level was decreased (P ＜0. 05) ; the relative mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 in lung tissues were increased (P＜0. 05) ，and the relative mRNA expression level of Keap1 was decreased (P＜0. 05) in lung tissues，and all of them were in a dose-dependent manner． Conclusion MT can al- leviate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses and mitigate FA exposure-induced acute lung injury by regula- ting the Nrf2 / Keap1 / HO-1 signaling pathway.