In recent years, cardiovascular disease has become a common disease. With the development of machine learning and big data technologies, the processing ability of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals has been greatly enhanced through new computer technologies, enabling the auxiliary diagnosis technology for cardiovascular disease (CVD) to achieve new improvements. This article discusses the application of machine learning in ECG processing, especially in the auxiliary diagnosis of diseases. Firstly, the conventional signal preprocessing methods are introduced, and then the EEG signal processing methods based on feature extraction and fuzzy classification are explored. Secondly, the application of auxiliary diagnosis in CVD is further summarized. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are analyzed, and based on this, a design of an auxiliary diagnostic system compatible with the two methods is proposed, providing a new perspective for similar applied researches in the future.
Machine Learning ; Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis* ; Humans ; Electrocardiography ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted ; Fuzzy Logic ; Electroencephalography

In May 2023, the Chinese Stomatological Association promulgated the group standard of "Clinical Practice Specifications for Permanent Tooth Extraction". These specifications were formulated after repeated discussions and revisions guided by relevant literature and the opinions of well-known experts in the field across the country. However, the content of the group standard is not elaborated and is limited to its writing form and requirements. As a consequence, medical workers might not easily understand and comprehend its content and knowledge points, which also limits its dissemination and wide use in primary medical units. This study aims to sort out and interpret the content of the 2023 edition of the "Clinical Practice Specification for Permanent Tooth Extraction" to help medical staff understand and apply it in clinical practice.
Tooth Extraction/standards* ; Humans ; China ; Dentition, Permanent ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

Osteoarthritis （OA） is a common chronic， highly prevalent， painful， and disabling degenerative joint disease. It has imposed a heavy burden on social healthcare and patients' psychology and economy due to its clinical symptoms such as impaired joint mobility and severe joint pain and the immature therapies. Studies have shown that OA is closely associated with articular cartilage dysfunction， synthesis and degradation disorders of chondrocyte extracellular matrix （ECM）， and joint inflammation. Moderate autophagy can restore the function of damaged chondrocytes， regulate chondrocyte apoptosis， and promote the synthesis and metabolism of ECM to alleviate the inflammation of joints and delay the onset and progression of OA. According to the clinical symptoms， OA can be classified into the category of impediment in traditional Chinese medicine. With the theories of holistic conception， treatment based on syndrome differentiation， and individualised diagnosis and treatment， traditional Chinese medicine has demonstrated definite effects in the treatment of OA in thousands of years of practice. Moreover， traditional Chinese medicine causes mild adverse reactions， and the patients have high tolerance and acceptance. This paper briefly explains the roles of autophagy and the related regulatory proteins， such as Unc-51-like autophagy-activated kinase 1 （ULK1）， Beclin-1， and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 （LC3）， and details the latest research achievements in the prevention and control of OA by traditional Chinese medicines and its related markers via the regulation of autophagy， so as to provide a idea for the in-depth research in this field and the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine in preventing and treating OA.

ObjectiveTo identify the prototypical components and metabolites absorbed into blood and cerebrospinal fluid of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus（SCF） based on sequential metabolism combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MethodBlood and cerebrospinal fluid samples of integrated metabolism， intestinal metabolism and hepatic metabolism were collected from male SD rats after gavage and in situ intestinal perfusion administration， and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS） was used to analyze and compare the differences in the spectra of SCF extract， blank plasma， administered plasma， blank cerebrospinal fluid and administered cerebrospinal fluid with ACQUITY UPLC BEH Shield RP18 column（2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.7 µm）， the mobile phase was acetonitrile（A）-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution（B） for gradient elution（0-7 min， 95%B； 7-12 min， 95%-35%B； 12-17 min， 35%-15%B； 17-20 min， 15%-12%B； 20-22 min， 12%-5%B； 22-23 min， 5%B； 23-25 min， 5%-95%B； 25-28 min， 95%B）. And heated electrospray ionization（HESI） was used with positive and negative ion modes， the scanning range was m/z 100-1 500. The prototypical constituents and their metabolites absorbed into blood and cerebrospinal fluid of SCF were identified according to the retention time， characteristic fragments， molecular formulae and the information of reference substances. ResultA total of 42 chemical components were identified in the extract of SCF， including lignans， flavonoids， amino acids， tannins， and others， of which lignans were the main ones. A total of 27 prototypical components and 14 metabolites were identified in plasma samples from different sites. A total of 15 prototypical components and 9 metabolites were identified in cerebrospinal fluid. The main metabolic reactions involved in the formation of metabolites were mainly demethylation， methylation， demethoxylation and hydroxylation. ConclusionThrough the systematic identification of the prototypical components and metabolites of SCF in rats， it provides data support for further better exploring the material basis of SCF in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.

Osteoarthritis （OA）， rheumatoid arthritis （RA）， gouty arthritis （GA）， and intervertebral disc degeneration （IVDD） are the most common bone and joint-related diseases in clinical practice. They can all affect related joints， leading to joint pain， swelling， dysfunction， and other symptoms. The difference is that OA is mainly caused by joint wear and age-related degradation and is manifested as joint pain， stiffness， and limited movement. RA is an autoimmune disease， manifested as joint pain， swelling， morning stiffness， and systemic symptoms. GA is caused by abnormal uric acid metabolism， manifested as acute arthritis， and IVDD is caused by intervertebral disc degeneration. Studies have shown that the mechanism of the occurrence and development of these bone and joint diseases is extremely complex. Pyroptosis is closely related to these bone and joint-related diseases by participating in bone and joint inflammation， cartilage metabolism imbalance， extracellular matrix degradation， and pathological damage of bone and joint. Inhibition of bone and joint-related pyroptosis will effectively prevent and treat bone and joint-related diseases. At the same time， many studies have confirmed that traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has a prominent curative effect and obvious advantages in the prevention and treatment of bone and joint-related diseases. TCM can reduce the inflammatory reaction of bone and joints， improve the pathological damage of bone and joint diseases， and relieve bone and joint pain by inhibiting pyroptosis. Therefore， this article aims to briefly explain the relationship between pyroptosis and the occurrence and development of bone and joint-related diseases and summarize the latest research reports on the intervention of pyroptosis in the treatment of bone and joint-related diseases by TCM monomers， TCM extracts， and TCM compounds. It offers new ideas for the in-depth study of the pathogenesis and drug treatment of bone and joint diseases and provides a basis for the clinical use of TCM to prevent and treat bone and joint diseases.

ObjectiveTo examine the inhibitory effects of berberine compounds， including columbamine， on acetylcholinesterase from the perspectives of drug-target binding affinity and kinetics and explore the blood-brain barrier （BBB） permeability of these compounds in different multi-component backgrounds. MethodThe median inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） of acetylcholinesterase by berberine compounds including columbamine was measured using the Ellman-modified spectrophotometric method. The binding kinetic parameters （K_off） of these compounds with acetylcholinesterase were determined using the enzyme activity recovery method. A qualitative analysis of the ability of these components to penetrate the BBB and arrive at the brain tissue in diverse multi-component backgrounds （including medicinal herbs and compound formulas） was conducted using ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry （UPLC-HRMS）. ResultBerberine compounds， including columbamine， exhibited strong inhibition of acetylcholinesterase， with IC₅₀ values in the nanomolar range. Moreover， they displayed better drug-target binding kinetics characteristics （with smaller K_off values） than the positive control of donepezil hydrochloride （P<0.01）， indicating a longer inhibition duration of acetylcholinesterase. Berberine components such as columbamine could penetrate the BBB to arrive at brain tissue in the form of a monomer， as well as in the multi-component backgrounds of Coptis and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex medicinal extracts and the compound formula Huanglian Jiedutang. ConclusionThese berberine compounds such as columbamine exhibit a strong inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase and can arrive at brain tissue in multi-component backgrounds. In the level of pharmacological substance， this supports the clinical efficacy of compound Huanglian Jiedutang in improving Alzheimer's disease， providing data support for elucidating the pharmacological basis of compound Huanglian Jiedutang.

Animals ; Coronary Vessels ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; Rats

NVP-BEZ235 is a newly developed dual phosphatidyl linositol kinase 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor.Studies have revealed that NVP-BEZ235 combinate with other drugs were effective in the treatment of lung cancer.NVP-BEZ235 might have a potential application value for the treatment of lung cancer of EGFR mutation subtype and KRAS mutation subtype.

Objective To study the effects of Poly(I:C) on lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells viability and illuminate the mechanism of Poly (I:C)-induced apoptosis in A549 cells.Methods A549 cells were transfected with the complex of Poly(I:C) and lipofectamine 3000.The viability of A549 cells was tested by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTF) method.The apoptotic cells were tested by flow cytometry.The caspase proteins were tested by Western blotting and the expressions of interferon-β (IFN-β) and CXCL-10 were assayed by real-time PCR.After employing the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK and caspase-8 inhibitor Z-IETD-FMK,the variation of Poly (I:C) proapoptosis in A549 cells was observed.RNA interfering experiments were employed to knock down melanoma differentiation related antigen 5 (MDA5) or retinoic acidinduced gene Ⅰ (RIG-Ⅰ),and the above indexes were tested.Results The viability of A549 cells was significantly reduced to 74.92％ ±--6.24％ after 200 ng/ml Poly (I:C) transfection compared with that before transfection (95.32％ ± 3.05％,t =2.883,P =0.041).The apoptotic rates induced by 100,200,400 ng/ml Poly(I:C) were 9.97％-± 0.88％,23.63％-± 1.41％,32.57％-± 2.39％,respectively.All of them were higher than that in the control group (0.74％-± 0.15％),with significant differences (t =4.489,P =0.002;t =11.616,P =0.000;t =16.932,P =0.000).Besides,the death receptor pathway proteins such as TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL),cleaved-caspase-8 and cleaved-caspase-3 increased obviously.MDA5/RIG-Ⅰ pathway was also activated dramatically and the expressions of IFN-β,CXCL-10 were significantly up-regulated.The apoptotic rates reduced to 3.17％ ± 0.66％,5.35％ ± 0.64％ with pancaspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK and caspase-8 inhibitor Z-IETD-FMK pretreatment,compared with the control group (15.87％ ±0.93％),and the differences were statistically significant (t =8.643,P =0.001;t =6.824,P =0.002).Moreover,the expressions of TRAIL,IFN-β and CXCL-10 induced by Poly (I:C) were inhibited with MDA5 or RIG-Ⅰ depletion.Conclusion Poly(I:C) can reduce the survival rate of A549 cells and promote the apoptosis mainly by activating the death-receptor pathway mediated by MDA5/RIG-Ⅰ probably,which may involve in IFN-β,CXCL-10.

Objective To compare the effects of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) induced chemical hypoxia and hypoxia environment on the proliferation,migration and phenotype transformation of rat primary pulmonary artery fibroblasts (PAFs).Methods Primary PAFs were isolated and cultured.Cells were stimulated by CoCl2,or hypoxia cell culture (1% O2) was used to stimulate and induce PAFs.Then the effects of CoCI2 and hypoxia environment on PAFs were compared by CCK-8 assay,scratch assay,transwell assay,phenotype marker protein expression and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway protein expression.Results Compared with the control group,100 μmol/mL CoCl2 stimulation had no significant effect on the cell proliferation activity,cell migration ability and phenotype transformation ability of PAFs (P>0.05);while 1% O2 could significantly improve the cell proliferation and migration activities of PAFs as well as the upregulation of α-SMA expression (P<0.05).Conclusion There exist differences of effects between CoCl2 induced chemical hypoxia and hypoxia environment on promoting cell proliferation, cell migration and phenotype transformation in PAFs.