Hygroscopicity research has long been a key focus and hot topic in Chinese materia medica（CMM）. Elucidating hygroscopic mechanisms plays a vital role in formulation design， process optimization， and storage condition selection. Hygroscopic models serve as essential tools for characterizing CMM hygroscopic mechanisms， with various types available. The double exponential model is a kinetic mathematical model constructed based on the law of conservation of energy and Fick's first law of diffusion， tailored to the physical properties of CMM extracts. In recent years， this model has been extensively applied to simulate the dynamic moisture absorption behavior of CMM extracts and solid dosage forms under varying humidity conditions. It has revealed the correlation between moisture absorption kinetic parameters and material properties， offering a new perspective for characterizing the moisture uptake behavior of CMM. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of this model in the field of CMM， analyzes its advantages， disadvantages， and challenges in this domain， and explores its potential application trends in other fields. It aims to provide references for elucidating the moisture absorption mechanisms of CMM and researching moisture-proofing technologies， while also offering insights for its broader application in food and polymer materials.

Objective To elucidate the changes in the gut microbiota and molecular mechanism of huaier in enhancing the efficacy of oxaliplatin (OXA) chemotherapy in gastric cancer (GC). Methods The effects of huaier on the gut microbiota structure and intestinal barrier function in MKN45-bearing mice were analyzed by using 16S rRNA sequencing, RT-qPCR, and IHC. UPLC-MS and network pharmacology, as well as in vivo experimental approaches, were employed to investigate the key bioactive constituents of huaier systematically and elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which huaier exerts therapeutic effects against GC. The expression of the PI3K/AKT/SREBP pathway was detected in cancer cells and tissues via Western blot analysis. The safety profile of huaier combined with OXA was verified through serum biochemistry and HE-stained tissue section analyses. Results Huaier inhibited the PI3K/AKT/SREBP pathway by increasing the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, reduced lipid droplet deposition, and ultimately enhanced the sensitivity to OXA in the treatment of GC. Conclusion This study demonstrates the value of huaier in gastric cancer treatment by enhancing chemosensitivity and provides novel insights into its systemic therapeutic effects through molecular mechanisms and gut microbiota modulation.

ObjectiveTo explore the regulatory effects and mechanisms of Astragali Radix polysaccharide （APS） on inhibitor of differentiation1 （ID1） and protein kinase B （Akt） in gastric cancer. MethodsImmunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of ID1 and Akt in 61 gastric cancer tissue samples and 20 adjacent normal gastric tissue samples. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the localization of ID1 and Akt. The effects of APS at the concentrations of 0.625， 1.25， 2.5， 5， 10， 20 mg·L^-1 on the proliferation of gastric cancer MGC-803 cells were examined by the cell counting kit-8（CCK-8） method and the colony formation assay. The target information of APS was retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and Analysis Platform and Swiss Target Prediction. Keywords such as gastric cancer， gastric tumor， and stomach cancer were searched against GeneCards， UniProt， DisGeNET， and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man （OMIM） for the screening of gastric cancer-related targets. The online tool jvenn was used to create the Venn diagram to identify the common targets， and STRING and Cytoscape were used to construct the protein-protein interaction network. Gene Ontology （GO） and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analyses were conducted via R 4.2.2 to predict the potential roles of APS in the development of gastric cancer. The cell scratch assay was employed to assess the effect of APS on the migration of MGC-803 cells. The protein and mRNA levels of ID1 and Akt in the cells treated with APS were determined by Western blot and Real-time PCR， respectively. ResultsCompared with the adjacent normal gastric tissue， the gastric adenocarcinoma tissue showed increased positive expression of ID1 （χ² =81.00， P<0.01）. Immunofluorescence detection showed that ID1 and Akt were mainly located in the cytoplasm of gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Bioinformatics analysis identified 14 common genes shared between APS and gastric cancer. The average degree of protein-protein interaction network nodes was 14.29. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment results showed that ID1 and Akt were significantly enriched in the Rap1 and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase （PI3K） /Akt signaling pathways. Cell experiments demonstrated that 5-fluorouracil （0.1 mg·L^-1） and APS （10， 20 mg·L^-1） groups showed decreased cell proliferation， migration， and colony formation. Compared with the control group， 10， 20 mg·L^-1 APS inhibited the proliferation of MGC-803 cells （P<0.01）， with 10 mg·L^-1 APS demonstrating stronger inhibitory effect. In addition， APS at 10， 20 mg·L^-1 inhibited the migration （P<0.01） and colony formation （P<0.05， P<0.01） of MGC-803 cells. Compared with the control group， APS at 10， 20 mg·L^-1 down-regulated the protein levels of ID1 （P<0.01） and Akt （P<0.05） and the mRNA levels of ID1 （P<0.05， P<0.01） and Akt （P<0.05， P<0.01） in MGC-803 cells. ConclusionID1 and Akt are highly expressed in the gastric adenocarcinoma tissue， which may be related to the development of gastric cancer. APS can down-regulate the protein and mRNA levels of ID1 and Akt to exert anti-tumor effects， which is expected to provide new therapeutic targets for gastric cancer treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the differences in perioperative clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with different pathological types of prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy, and to analyze the influencing factors that may affect the extraglandular invasion of ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate. METHODS: Retrospective collection was made of the radical prostatectomy patients who were admitted to Peking University Third Hospital from December 2011 to April 2021. The patients were screened based on inclusion criteria to obtain basic clinical features and postoperative pathological results. According to the pathological results, the patients were divided into ductal adenocarcinoma group (mixed with ductal adenocarcinoma) and acinar adenocarcinoma group, and a 1 ∶1 propensity score matching was performed to compare the differences in clinical characteristics between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the factors related to extraglandular invasion were performed in the matched ductal adenocarcinoma groups. RESULTS: A total of 764 patients with prostate cancer were enrolled in this study, of which 62 patients were confirmed to have ductal adenocarcinoma components by postoperative pathology. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of the patients with a history of diabetes in baseline characteristics between the two groups before propensity score matching (29.5% vs. 17.7%, P=0.027). A total of 61 patients with simple acinar adenocarcinoma were successfully matched with the patients with ductal adenocarcinoma, and there was no statistically significant difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups after matching (P>0.05). The comparison of perioperative clinical and pathological features showed that International Society of Urology Pathology (ISUP) grade (P=0.003), pT stage (P=0.004), extraglandular invasion rate (P=0.018) and vascular thrombus rate (P=0.019) in ductal adenocarcinoma group were significantly higher than those in simple acinous adenocarcinoma group. Univariate analysis of the influence factors of extraglandular invasion showed that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, prostate volume, ISUP grade, seminal vesicle invasion and perineural invasion might be the influencing factors of extraglandular invasion (P < 0.10). Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that perineural invasion was an independent factor of extraglandular invasion (OR=11.78, 95%CI: 1.97-70.56, P=0.007). CONCLUSION Prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma has a worse prognosis than simple acinar adenocarcinoma. Perineural invasion is the influencing factor of extraglandular invasion of ductal adenocarcinoma.
Humans ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Prostatectomy ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Ductal/surgery* ; Propensity Score ; Adenocarcinoma/surgery*

Objective:To analyze the data changes of tertiary hospitals,secondary hospitals and primary healthcare institutions in Shandong before and after the reform of Dignosis Related Group(DRG)/Diagnosis-Intervention Packet(DIP)payment method,and to explore the impact of the reform of DRG/DIP payment method on the effect of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment.Methods:Data were collected from 16 cities in Shandong Province for a total of 18 quarters in the first half of 2019-2023,including the percentage of expenditure of the health insurance fund,the percentage of discharges,and the sub-average hospitalization cost.Spatial panel models were constructed to conduct σ-convergence and absolute β-convergence analyses.Results:The convergence analysis showed that the inter-regional differences in the percentage of discharges,the percentage of fund expenditure and the average hospitalization cost of tertiary medical institutions were reduced;the regression coefficients of the three indicators in the absolute convergence analysis were significantly negative(β＜0,P＜0.01),indicating that the level of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment in various cities and regions has been equalized.Conclusion:The reform of DRG/DIP payment method reform has effectively optimized the allocation of medical resources in Shandong and reduced regional differences.It is needed to strengthen the effect of the payment method reform,reinforced the incentive of primary care and construct a full-cycle health management-oriented health insurance system in the future.

Objective:To analyze the data changes of tertiary hospitals,secondary hospitals and primary healthcare institutions in Shandong before and after the reform of Dignosis Related Group(DRG)/Diagnosis-Intervention Packet(DIP)payment method,and to explore the impact of the reform of DRG/DIP payment method on the effect of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment.Methods:Data were collected from 16 cities in Shandong Province for a total of 18 quarters in the first half of 2019-2023,including the percentage of expenditure of the health insurance fund,the percentage of discharges,and the sub-average hospitalization cost.Spatial panel models were constructed to conduct σ-convergence and absolute β-convergence analyses.Results:The convergence analysis showed that the inter-regional differences in the percentage of discharges,the percentage of fund expenditure and the average hospitalization cost of tertiary medical institutions were reduced;the regression coefficients of the three indicators in the absolute convergence analysis were significantly negative(β＜0,P＜0.01),indicating that the level of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment in various cities and regions has been equalized.Conclusion:The reform of DRG/DIP payment method reform has effectively optimized the allocation of medical resources in Shandong and reduced regional differences.It is needed to strengthen the effect of the payment method reform,reinforced the incentive of primary care and construct a full-cycle health management-oriented health insurance system in the future.

Objective To analyze the relationship between clinical drug utilization and the risk of nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients,and provide evidence for the prevention and control of nosocomial infections.Methods This study adopted a retrospective case-control design.The case group included 209 patients with nosocomial infection reported from January 2023 to December 2023 in a tertiary hospital.The control group included 209 patients without nosocomial infection during the same period.The patients in the control group were selected by stratified sampling based on Charlson Comorbidity Index(CCI).Results Univariate analysis showed that proton pump inhibitors,antacids,immunosuppressants and prior antimicrobial combination therapy increased the risk of nosocomial infection(P＜0.05).Multivariate log-binomial regression analysis showed that proton pump inhibitors,immunosuppressive drugs,and prior antimicrobial combination therapy were correlated with nosocomial infection.The corresponding relative risk(RR)was 1.31(95％CI:1.07-1.60),1.40(95％CI:1.02-1.91),and 1.66(95％CI:1.01-2.74),respectively.Further analysis indicated that the patients with nosocomial infection had longer time in use of proton pump inhibitors and prior antimicrobial combination therapy than the patients in the control group(Z=-6.331,P＜0.001;Z=-2.667,P=0.008).The trend Chi-square test showed that there was a dose-response relationship for proton pump inhibitors(x2=73.869,P＜0.001),immunosuppressive drugs(x2=16.530,P＜0.001),and prior antimicrobial combination therapy(x2=35.107,P＜0.001).Conclusions The use of immunosuppressants,proton pump inhibitors and antimicrobial combination therapy increases the risk of nosocomial infections in hospitalized patients.The prolonged use of these drugs will further increase the risk of nosocomial infection.

Objective To explore the role of nucleolin 6(NOL6)in the occurrence and development of hypertension and its mechanism of regulating ribosome biogenesis.Methods Differentially expressed genes were screened based on the GEO database(chip GSE212338),and intersection analysis was conducted in combination with genes related to ribosome generation to obtain genes related to ribosome biogenesis in hypertension.The rats were divided into control group and model group(L-NAME group).The hypertensive rat model was induced by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME),and the thickness and pathological changes of the aortic wall in each group were observed by HE staining.The expression of ribosomal RNA(rRNA)in rat aortic tissues was detected by qPCR to reflect ribosome biogenesis,and the protein expression of NOL6 was detected by Western blotting.Human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)were cultured and grouped for treatment(control group,L-NAME group,AngⅡ group,AngⅡ+si-NC group,AngⅡ+si-NOL6 group,and AngⅡ+CX-5461 group).The generation of neocRNA in HUVEC was detected by EU.The protein and mRNA expressions of NOL6 in HUVEC were detected by Western blotting and qPCR,respectively.Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS)and p-eNOS.Results By combining the differential expression analysis of the GEO hypertension dataset GSE212338 and the ribosome biogenesis gene set,six core genes with significantly altered expression in hypertension and related to ribosome biogenesis were identified.The difference in NOL6 was the most significant.Compared with the control group,the aortic wall thickness of rats in the L-NAME group increased significantly.Ribosomal RNA expression was significantly upregulated;the protein and mRNA expressions of NOL6 were significantly upregulated,too.Compared with the control group,the generation of neoRNA in the cells of the L-NAME group increased significantly;the levels of NOL6 protein and mRNA,ribosomal RNA and neoRNA in the Ang Ⅱ group were significantly increased compared with the control group but significantly decreased compared with the Ang Ⅱ+si-NC group.Compared with the Ang Ⅱ+si-NOL6 group,the protein and mRNA expressions of NOL6 in the AngⅡ+si-NC group and the AngⅡ+CX-5461 group cells were significantly increased.Compared with the AngⅡ+si-NC group,the levels of ribosomal RNA and neoRNA in the AngⅡ+si-NOL6 group and the AngⅡ+CX-5461 group were significantly decreased;the protein expressions of eNOS and p-eNOS were significantly increased.Conclusion NOL6 is associated with abnormal ribosome biogenesis in hypertension.NOL6 can affect the expression of eNOS by regulating ribosome biogenesis,thereby regulating the occurrence and development of hypertension.

Objective:To understand the basic situation of occupational internal exposure to 131I among nuclear medicine staff in Jiangsu province, and to analyze the relevant factors that contribute to the formation of internal exposure. Methods:A four-year external direct measurement of thyroid organ counting was conducted on nuclear medicine staff who underwent 131I treatment in Jiangsu province. The result were statistically analyzed, and the effective dose of accumulated internal exposure was estimated. The relationship between the detection rate of internal exposure and 10 possible factors was analyzed. Results:A total of 847 person-times were monitored during the monitoring period, of which 345 person-times were detected for 131I, with a detection rate of 40.7%. The highest individual monitoring result for internal exposure was 24.83 kBq, with an average value of 77.3 Bq and a median of 28.3 Bq among the detected individuals. The average committed effective dose of internal exposure for staff was 0.201 mSv, with a median of 0.074 mSv among the detected individuals. Conclusions:There is statistically significant difference in the detection rate of individual doses of internal exposure among nuclear medicine staff in each year. It has been observed that the main factors related to the detection rate are age, hospital grade, job position, location, whether there is an automatic dispensing operation, operating method, exposure level and length of exposure. Sufficient attention should be given to the situation of internal exposure, and further effective monitoring should be conducted on all such staff members.

Objective:To investigate the basic situation of occupational internal exposure to 131I among staff in the nuclear medicine department. Methods:Direct in- vitro measurements of thyroid doses from internal exposure were conducted for six months on 36 staff members of a hospital′s nuclear medicine department in Nanjing using the ORTEC Detective-100 portable high-purity germanium (HPGe) spectrometer. The cumulative effective doses were estimated, and the distribution of internal doses and their relationship with job type and external doses were analyzed. Results:During the monitoring period, a total of 203 monitorings were made. Of the monitoring result, 85.7% were below the recording level. Of the result exceeding the recording level, 12.8% were below the investigation level, while 1.5% exceeded the investigation level. The highest personal internal dose during the monitoring period was 2.54 mSv, the lowest was 0.015 mSv, and the median was 0.094 mSv.Conclusions:During the monitoring period, 14.3% of the monitored staff had result above the recorded levels. In the working environment of radionuclide treatment, there is no significant difference in the internal dose received between doctors, nurses, technicians, or other relevant personnel.