OBJECTIVE Identify the incentive and constraint factors of artificial intelligence （AI） application in the pharmaceutical field， and promote the application of AI in the field of pharmacy. METHODS Based on the technology acceptance model （TAM）， technology-organization-environment （TOE） framework， and diffusion of innovation theory （DOI）， a TAM-TOE-DOI integrated framework was constructed through a four-stage research process of “theoretical review → dimension mapping → mechanism integration → proposition development”. Combining the analytical pathways of the above three theories in AI application in pharmacy with the integration mechanisms and core propositions of the TAM-TOE-DOI， literature review and deductive reasoning were employed to systematically identify the incentive and constraint factors of AI application in pharmacy from three levels：micro （TAM）， meso （TOE）， and macro （DOI）， and to propose optimization strategies. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS At the micro level， the efficiency transformation and quality improvement brought by AI technology were the main incentive factors for perceived usefulness， while technological complexity and algorithmic opacity were the main constraint factors for perceived ease of use. At the meso level， the completeness of technological infrastructure， the strength of top management support and innovation climate， as well as external institutional pressure and competitive driving forces were the core incentive factors， whereas scarcity of organizational resources and talent shortage were the main constraint factors. At the macro level， relative advantage and observability were typical incentive factors， while technological complexity was a typical constraint factor. China’s health administration， medical insurance authorities， and other relevant departments should coordinate efforts at the macro， meso， and micro levels to advance AI application in pharmacy： optimizing human-computer interaction and implementing tiered training programs at the micro level； reinforcing organizational support systems and capacity building at the meso level； dismantling data barriers and building social trust at the macro level. Differentiated implementation pathways should be developed for medical institutions at different tiers.

OBJECTIVE To systematically analyze the trends in the volume and value of out-licensing deals by Chinese biopharmaceutical companies over the past two decades， and to quantitatively identify factors associated with deal value， thereby providing an evidence base for policymakers and corporate managers. METHODS Based on the PharnexCloud database， information on out-licensing deals disclosed by Chinese biopharmaceutical companies between January 1， 2005 and December 31， 2025 was collected， and executed deals with disclosed specific financial terms were included for analysis. Descriptive statistical analyses of deal value， product characteristics and deal characteristics were performed using Stata SE 18.0； with the natural logarithm of deal value as the dependent variable， stepwise multiple regression models were constructed to examine the associations of product and deal characteristics with deal value. RESULTS A total of 210 out-licensing deals were included， with a cumulative deal value of approximately 214.151 billion dollars and a mean deal value of 1.020 billion dollars . The trading market expanded rapidly from 2020 onward， with the annual deal value reaching a record 95.687 billion dollars in 2025. Multiple regression analysis showed that the deal value of products at the drug discovery stage was significantly lower than that at the preclinical stage [regression coefficient （ β ） ＝－1.995， 95% confidence interval （CI）： －3.256 to －0.734， P ＜0.05 ] ； the deal value of oncology products was significantly higher than that of other therapeutic areas （ β ＝0.828， 95%CI： 0.224 to 1.431， P ＜0.05）； global licensing （ β ＝1.690， 95%CI： 1.107 to 2.273， P ＜0.05） and co-development arrangements （ β ＝0.849， 95%CI： 0.084 to 1.615， P ＜0.05） were significantly associated with higher deal value. CONCLUSIONS Out-licensing deals by Chinese biopharmaceutical companies have achieved significant growth in both volume and value over the past two decades. Oncology products， global licensing， and co-development arrangements are significantly and positively associated with higher deal value.

Occupational disease diagnostician (ODD) is the core technology professional who is responsible for occupational disease diagnosis and identification and the main inspection work for occupational medical examination. The implementation of regular assessment management for ODDs is a key component of standardized workforce management, which facilitates dynamic evaluation of professional competence, regulation of medical practice, and assurance of medical safety. Since January 2025, Guangdong Province has implemented regular assessment management for ODDs within its administrative region. The assessment adopts an integrated model consisting of three components including professional competency evaluation, performance appraisal, and professional ethics evaluation, with each assessment cycle lasting three years. ODDs who passed all three components are classified as qualified ODD, whereas those who failed to pass any one of the three components result in an unqualified assessment outcome. In the implementation of ODD regular assessment management, Guangdong Province has emphasized integrating assessment with quality evaluation, strengthening full-cycle supervision of ODDs′ professional conduct, optimizing assessment strategies for special groups of ODDs, and reinforcing the primary management responsibility of medical institutions. Meanwhile, ODDs′ professional competence, service quality, and professional integrity have been continuously promoted by adopting human-computer interactive assessments, information-based assessment management, and "elimination" mechanism.

Rehabilitation is an effective measure to improve the quality of life for cancer patients,and strong rehabilitation motivation is an important influencing factor for patients' compliance with rehabilitation.This paper mainly reviews the concepts,assessment tools,influencing factors,and intervention strategies of rehabilitation motivation in cancer patients,with the aim of providing references for medical staff to improve the level of rehabilitation compliance in cancer patients and develop targeted rehabilitation management strategies.

Objective:This study aimed to identify potential prognostic and biotherapeutic targets for oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)by investigating the regulatory effects of M1/M2 macrophages on OSCC progression and their underlying mechanisms.Methods:The ef-fects of M1/M2 macrophages on the proliferation,migration,invasion,and apoptosis of SCC-15 cells were examined.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of CD68 and M2 macrophage marker proteins in human OSCC tissue microarrays,and their cor-relations with clinicopathological features were analyzed.Results:M1 macrophages promoted apoptosis of SCC-15 cells while inhibiting their proliferation,migration,and invasion.In contrast,M2 macrophages exhibited the opposite effects.The infiltration density of tumor-associ-ated macrophages(TAMs)in OSCC tissues was significantly positively correlated(P<0.05)with lymph node metastasis.Conclusions:M1 mac-rophages suppress OSCC progression,whereas M2 macrophages promote it.

Objective To systematically evaluate the rehabilitation effect of immersive virtual reality technology for patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction,and to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the design of efficient rehabilitation training programs.Methods PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,CINAHL,CNKI,Wanfang Database,VIP Database,and China Biomedical Literature Database were searched for randomized controlled trials on the intervention effect of immersive virtual reality technology in patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction from inception to February 2025.RevMan5.4 software was used to perform meta-analysis of the literature that met the quality standards.Results A total of 10 papers with 491 patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction were included.Meta-analysis showed that immersive virtual reality technology improved vertigo symptoms in patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction compared with conventional vestibular rehabilitation care[SMD=-1.41,95％CI(-1.58,-0.70),P＜0.001],and subgroup analysis showed that the frequency of intervention was＜5 times/week[SMD=-1.31,95％CI=(-1.96,-0.66),P＜0.001],single intervention duration＜30 min[SMD=-1.45,95％CI=(-2.21,-0.70),P＜0.001],and intervention period≤7 weeks[SMD=-1.49,95％CI(-2.04,-0.94),P＜0.001]were more significant.Immersive virtual reality technology reduced the risk of falls[MD=4.66,95％CI(3.84,5.48),P＜0.001],and improved anxiety and depression[SMD=2.65,95％CI(1.98,3.33),P＜0.001].Conclusion Immer-sive virtual reality technology improves vertigo symptoms,reduces the risk of falls,and improves anxiety and depres-sion symptoms in patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction,in which the intervention period of ≤7 weeks,＜5 training sessions per week,and each training session of＜30 min are better for improving vertigo symptoms in patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction.

Neutralizing antibodies have been designed to specifically target and bind to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike (S) protein to block severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus from attaching to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This study reports a distinctive nanobody, designated as VHH21, that directly catalyzes the S-trimer into an irreversible transition state through postfusion conformational changes. Derived from camels immunized with multiple antigens, a set of nanobodies with high affinity for the S1 protein displays abilities to neutralize pseudovirion infections with a broad resistance to variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2, including SARS-CoV and BatRaTG13. Importantly, a super-resolution screening and analysis platform based on visual fluorescence probes was designed and applied to monitor single proteins and protein subunits. A spontaneously occurring dimeric form of VHH21 was obtained to rapidly destroy the S-trimer. Structural analysis via cryogenic electron microscopy revealed that VHH21 targets specific conserved epitopes on the S protein, distinct from the ACE2 binding site on the RBD, which destabilizes the fusion process. This research highlights the potential of VHH21 as an abzyme-like nanobody (nanoabzyme) possessing broad-spectrum binding capabilities and highly effective anti-viral properties and offers a promising strategy for combating coronavirus outbreaks.
Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology* ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism* ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology* ; Animals ; Humans ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology* ; Camelus ; COVID-19/immunology* ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology* ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2

Objective To analyze occupational exposure histories and clinical manifestations in three cases of occupational high altitude disease, and to identify key diagnostic points and prevention and treatment strategies. Methods The basic information, clinical characteristics, and occupational hazard exposure history of three patients with occupational high altitude disease were conducted using the retrospective analysis. Results The reason of these three pariticipants who visited high-altitude areas was work requirements. Case 1 experienced recurrent symptoms of altitude reactions during the prodromal stage and was clinically diagnosed with "high altitude sickness and cerebral edema". During transportation to a lower-altitude area, the patient passed through an area with a higher altitude (4 700 m), resulting in deterioration of the condition. Case 2 developed an upper respiratory tract infection and subsequently engaged in aerobic exercise, which aggravated the condition, eading to coughing up pink frothy sputum, followed by cerebral edema and bilateral pulmonary edema. Both cases developed acute cerebral edema and/or acute pulmonary edema due to severe hypobaric hypoxia and were diagnosed with occupational acute high altitude disease according to the GBZ 92-2008 Diagnostic Criteria of Occupational High Altitude Disease. Case 3 mainly presented with hearing loss, without clinical manifestations of high-altitude pulmonary edema or high-altitude cerebral edema, and thus could not be diagnosed with occupational acute high altitude disease. ConclusionThe key diagnostic criteria for occupational acute high altitude disease include a recent occupational history of working in high altitude environments and the presence of clinical manifestations of high altitude pulmonary edema or high altitude cerebral edema, with exclusion of other diseases presenting with similar symptoms. Preventive measures should be taken before workers enter high-altitude areas. Early symptoms of occupational high altitude disease are easily overlooked, so it is crucial to remain vigilant for warning signs and provide timely treatment.

Objective To analyze a case of violations by an occupational medical examination (OME) institution and to explore the key control points for the supervision and management of OME institutions, as well as the core role of quality assessment in this context. Methods An OME institution suspected of illegal activities was used as the study subject. Retrospective analysis was conducted. Clues of suspected violations were identified by an on-site quality assessment. After investigation and verification by the local health authorities, legal action was taken against the institution for its violations. Results During an on-site quality assessment, the Guangdong Province OME quality control expert group discovered that the OME institution violated regulations, including unqualified personnel file, exceeding the scope of services category, issuing false reports, failing to report suspected occupational diseases on time, and failing to notify workers about suspected occupational diseases as required. The evidence was then submitted to the Guangdong Province OME Quality Control Center, which subsequently forwarded the case to local health administration department for filing and investigation. After the investigation, penalties were imposed on the OME institution for its illegal activities. Conclusion The key supervision and inspection points in the quality assessment of OME institutions include personnel file configuration, the quality control management system and its implementation, the quality of OME reports, and information reporting. Quality assessment plays a pivotal role in ensuring the legal and compliant practice of OME institutions, safeguarding the health rights and interests of workers, and enhancing the overall standard of the OME industry.

The pharmaceutical industry faces challenges in quality digitization for complex multi-stage processes, especially in small-sample systems. Here, an intelligent quality prediction and diagnostic (IQPD) framework was developed and applied to Tong Ren Tang's Niuhuang Qingxin Pills, utilizing four years of data collected from four production units, covering the entire process from raw materials to finished products. In this framework, a novel path-enhanced double ensemble quality prediction model (PeDGAT) is proposed, which combines a graph attention network and path information to encode inter-unit long-range and sequential dependencies. Additionally, the double ensemble strategy enhances model stability in small samples. Compared to global traditional models, PeDGAT achieves state-of-the-art results, with an average improvement of 13.18% and 87.67% in prediction accuracy and stability on three indicators. Additionally, a more in-depth diagnostic model leveraging grey correlation analysis and expert knowledge reduces reliance on large samples, offering a panoramic view of attribute relationships across units and improving process transparency. Finally, the IQPD framework integrates into a Human-Cyber-Physical system, enabling faster decision-making and real-time quality adjustments for Tong Ren Tang's Niuhuang Qingxin Pills, a product with annual sales exceeding 100 million CNY. This facilitates the transition from experience-driven to data-driven manufacturing.