Objective:To explore the differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between pa-tients with unipolar depression bipolar depression and to establish a nomogram for identifying bipolar depression.Methods:Using data from the China Mental Disorders Cohort Study,the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 2 643 patients with unipolar depression and 250 patients with bipolar depression diagnosed accord-ing to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5)were includ-ed to compare their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.These characteristics included general demograph-ic information,disease-related information,clinical examination results,and the severity of the disease assessed with the Global Assessment of Functioning(GAF)and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors influencing bipolar depression,and a nomogram was constructed for its identifica-tion.Results:The risk factors for bipolar depression included being male(OR=1.48),being employed(OR=1.38),having non-melancholic features during episodes(OR=2.33),a Body Mass Index ranging from normal to obese(OR=2.48,2.49,4.65),psychotic features(OR=2.14),mixed episode(OR=9.36),comorbid physical diseases(OR=2.47),four or more depressive episodes(OR=1.67),earlier age of onset(OR=0.95),longer ill-ness duration(OR=1.03),and higher GAF scores(OR=1.02).The nomogram model achieved an AUC of 0.81(95％CI:0.78-0.84).The Hosmer-Lemeshow test result was x2=6.96(P＞0.05),indicating good model fit.The calibration curve showed good performance.The decision curve analysis revealed that the nomogram pro-vides significant clinical benefit when the risk of bipolar depression was within the range of 0 to 0.9.Conclusion:The nomogram established based on the identified sociodemographic and clinical factors can accurately assess the risk of bipolar depression,providing a useful tool for early identification and intervention.

Neurogenic bladder(NB)is one of the most challenging urinary system disorders,with spinal cord injury(SCI)being an important etiological factor.Animal models provide crucial tools for investigating the pathogenesis,therapeutic strategies,and novel drug screening for NB subsequent to SCI.We reviewed and synthesized recent literature on NB animal models after SCI from both domestic and international sources.This review summarizes and analyzes research advancements using these models in terms of animal species,SCI segments,modeling techniques,and evaluation indicators,with the aim of offering insights and guidance for future experimental research based on animal models of NB following SCI.

Objective:To explore the differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between pa-tients with unipolar depression bipolar depression and to establish a nomogram for identifying bipolar depression.Methods:Using data from the China Mental Disorders Cohort Study,the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 2 643 patients with unipolar depression and 250 patients with bipolar depression diagnosed accord-ing to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5)were includ-ed to compare their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.These characteristics included general demograph-ic information,disease-related information,clinical examination results,and the severity of the disease assessed with the Global Assessment of Functioning(GAF)and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors influencing bipolar depression,and a nomogram was constructed for its identifica-tion.Results:The risk factors for bipolar depression included being male(OR=1.48),being employed(OR=1.38),having non-melancholic features during episodes(OR=2.33),a Body Mass Index ranging from normal to obese(OR=2.48,2.49,4.65),psychotic features(OR=2.14),mixed episode(OR=9.36),comorbid physical diseases(OR=2.47),four or more depressive episodes(OR=1.67),earlier age of onset(OR=0.95),longer ill-ness duration(OR=1.03),and higher GAF scores(OR=1.02).The nomogram model achieved an AUC of 0.81(95％CI:0.78-0.84).The Hosmer-Lemeshow test result was x2=6.96(P＞0.05),indicating good model fit.The calibration curve showed good performance.The decision curve analysis revealed that the nomogram pro-vides significant clinical benefit when the risk of bipolar depression was within the range of 0 to 0.9.Conclusion:The nomogram established based on the identified sociodemographic and clinical factors can accurately assess the risk of bipolar depression,providing a useful tool for early identification and intervention.

Neurogenic bladder(NB)is one of the most challenging urinary system disorders,with spinal cord injury(SCI)being an important etiological factor.Animal models provide crucial tools for investigating the pathogenesis,therapeutic strategies,and novel drug screening for NB subsequent to SCI.We reviewed and synthesized recent literature on NB animal models after SCI from both domestic and international sources.This review summarizes and analyzes research advancements using these models in terms of animal species,SCI segments,modeling techniques,and evaluation indicators,with the aim of offering insights and guidance for future experimental research based on animal models of NB following SCI.

Objective:To quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of data obtained from liquid-interference surfaces using an intraoral 3D scanner(IOS)integrated with a compressed airflow system,so as to pro-vide clinical proof of accuracy for the application of the compressed airflow system-based scanning head in improving data quality on liquid-interference surfaces.Methods:The study selected a standard model as the scanning object,adhering to the"YY/T 1818-2022 Dental Science Intraoral Digital Impression Scanner"guidelines,a standard that defined parameters for intraoral scanning.To establish a baseline for accuracy,the ATOS Q 12M scanner,known for its high precision,was used to generate true reference values.These true values served as the benchmark for evaluating the IOS performance.Building on the design of an existing scanner,a new scanning head was developed to integrate with a compressed airflow system.This new design aimed to help the IOS capture high-precision data on sur-faces where liquid-interference,such as saliva,might otherwise degrade scanning accuracy.The tradi-tional scanning method,without airflow assistance,was employed as a control group for comparison.The study included five groups in total,one control group and four experimental groups,to investigate the effects of scanning lens obstruction,airflow presence,liquid media,and the use of the new scan-ning head on scanning process and accuracy.Each group underwent 15 scans,generating ample data for a robust statistical comparison.By evaluating trueness and precision in each group,the study as-sessed the impact of the compressed airflow system on the accuracy of IOS data collected from liquid-interference surfaces.Additionally,we selected Elite and Primescan scanners as references for numeri-cal accuracy values.Results:The scanning accuracy on liquid-interference surfaces was significantly reduced in terms of both trueness and precision[Trueness:18.5(6.5)vs.38.0(6.7),P＜0.05;Preci-sion:19.1(8.5)vs.31.7(15.0),P＜0.05].The use of the new scanning head assisted by the com-pressed airflow system significantly improved the scanning accuracy[Trueness:22.3(7.6)vs.38.0(6.7),P＜0.05;Precision:25.8(9.6)vs.31.7(15.0),P＜0.05].Conclusion:The scanning head based on the compressed airflow system can assist in improving the accuracy of data obtained from liquid-inter-ference surfaces by the IOS.

Objective:To compare clinical characteristics,treatment patterns and physiological indicators in bipolar disorder(BD)patients with different age of onset.Methods:Totally 380 patients with DSM-5 BD were se-lected in this study.Psychiatrists diagnosed the patients using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview.The clinical information questionnaire and the Global Assessment of Functioning scale were utilized to collected clinical characteristics,treatment status,and physiological indicators.The onset age of BD was divided into 21 and 35 years as cut-off points.Multivariate logistic regression and linear regression were used to analyze related factors.Results:Among the 380 patients with BD,199 cases were early-onset group(52.4％),121 cases were middle-onset group(31.8％),and 60 cases were late-onset group(15.8％).There were 26.6％of patients in the early-onset group in-itially diagnosed as depression,23.1％in the middle-onset group,and 11.7％in the late-onset group.Multivariate analysis revealed that compared to the early-onset group of BD,the middle-onset(OR=2.22)and late-onset(OR=4.99)groups had more risk to experience depressive episodes,and the late-onset group(OR=6.74)had 6.74 times of risk to suffer from bipolar Ⅱ disorder.Additionally,patients in the middle-onset(β=-1.52)and late-on-set(β=-4.29)groups had shorter durations of delayed treatment,and those in the middle-onset(β=-1.62)and late-onset(β=-3.14)groups had fewer hospitalizations.Uric acid levels were lower in both the middle-onset(β=-28.39)and late-onset(β=-31.47)groups,and total cholesterol level was lower in the middle-onset group(β=-0.23).Conclusion:Patients with BD in different age of onset show significant differences in clinical charac-teristics,treatment conditions and physiological indicators.

To investigate the status and epidemiological characteristics of respiratory pathogens infections in children with influenza-like illnesses (ILI) in Beijing Children′s Hospital from 2022 to 2023. A dual amplification technique was used to detect nucleic acids of seven common respiratory pathogens, including influenza A virus (Flu A), influenza B virus (Flu B), mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), adenovirus (ADV), and Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), in outpatient and inpatient children (aged 0-18 years) with influenza-like symptoms who sought medical care at Beijing Children′s Hospital, from January 2022 to March 2023. A total of 43 663 children were included in the study, of which 27 903 tested positive for respiratory pathogens with a total detection rate of 63.91%. Flu A had the highest detection rate of 69.93% (27 332/39 084), followed by MP about 13.22% (380/2 875). The total detection rate of RSV, PIV and ADV was 7.69% (131/1 704). Flu B had a detection rate of 0.16% (64/39 084). No CP was detected in this study. A total of 7 cases of dual infections were detected, with a detection rate of 0.41% (7/1 704). The Chi-square test was used to analyze the differences in detection rates of pathogens among different genders, age groups, and different seasons. Among the seven pathogens, only Flu A had statistically significant differences in gender ( χ2=16.712, P<0.001). The detection rates of Flu A and MP showed an increasing trend with age (both P trend<0.001), while the detection rates of RSV and PIV showed a decreasing trend with age (both P trend<0.001). Flu A had its epidemic peak in winter and spring, with detection rates of 61.30% (3 907/6 374) and 77.47% (23 207/29 958) respectively; MP and PIV had higher detection rates in autumn (25.14% and 7.64% respectively); RSV showed a relatively higher detection rate in winter (8.69%); Flu B and ADV had lower detection rates throughout the study period (0.16% and 1.17% respectively). In conclusion, children with ILI in 2022-2023 were mainly infected with a single respiratory pathogen, and occasionally dual pathogen infections were observed. Among them, the detection rate of Flu A was the highest, and only Flu A showed a gender difference in detection rate. As the age of the children patients increased, the detection rate of Flu A and MP showed an increasing trend, while RSV and PIV showed a decreasing trend. The prevalence of Flu A, Flu B, MP, PIV, and RSV were seasonal.

Fusion genes are new sequences formed by the recombination of two or more gene fragments in the genome that play an important biological role and have clinical significance in the proces of tumorigenesis and development.The detection of fusion genes can provide important guidance for early diagnosis,risk stratification and targeted therapy of tumors.Traditional fusion gene detection methods dominate clinical applications,but have limitations such as low sensitivity,high cost or technical complexity,making them difficult to apply on a large scale.Fortunately the rapid advancements of new biotechnology,a series of new fusion gene detection methods are gradually emerging,providing new alternatives for fusion gene detection.This article reviews traditional fusion gene detection methods and the sequencing technologies developed in recent years,aiming to provide ideas for the detection of fusion genes and guidance for the diagnosis and precise treatment of related diseases.

Objective:To describe the detail sampling design,weighting,instruments,filed procedures and quality control methods of the epidemiological survey on dementia among community residents in Tongliao City.Methods:A three-stage disproportionate probability sampling design was used to investigate the inhabitants aged 65 years and over in Tongliao City,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.The 10/66 Dementia Research Group(10/66 DRG)assessment instruments were used to diagnose dementia,using computer-assisted personal interview mode in the selected older people.Comprehensive quality control methods were implemented throughout the field-work.Results:A total of 166 villages or communities were sampled from nine counties or districts in Tongliao Cit-y.Totally 4 345 older people were interviewed with 96.2％response rate.By calculating sampling design weights,non-response adjustment weights and post-stratification adjustment weights,these weights were multiplied and per-formed trimming adjustment and standardization adjustment to generate final weights.The 171 interviewers were well-trained and qualified to carry out filed interview.Quality control methods included computer data check,audio record check,and telephone check in order to ensure the quality of the survey.Conclusion:This survey is imple-mented using a rigorous sampling design and timely quality control methods,and uses the 10/66 DRG assessment instruments with satisfactory international validity and reliability as survey instruments,which has international cross-cultural comparability.It provides a valid and feasible methodology of epidemiological survey on dementia for further studies in different regions in China.

Objective:To estimate the costs of dementia from a societal perspective in Tongliao City and ex-plore the influencing factors of these costs.Methods:Dementia was diagnosed using the 10/66 Dementia Research Group assessment instruments.Data on healthcare utilization,caregiver's care time or costs,and the distress due to caregiving were collected.The cost-proportion conversion method was used to estimate the per capita cost of health services based on data from the National Statistical Yearbook.The human capital approach was used to estimate the unit value of informal care time,and the willingness-to-pay method was used to measure the intangible costs of car-egivers.The total societal costs of dementia were calculated based on the reference year 2023,and a two-part model was employed to analyze the factors influencing the societal costs.Results:A total of 390 dementia patients were di-agnosed,with an average societal cost per capita of 117 877 Yuan.The largest cost component was informal care provided by unpaid family members,accounting for 73.1％of the total societal cost.The societal costs for female patients were 61 395 Yuan higher than those for male patients.Patients with comorbid stroke had a higher societal cost of 63 008 Yuan compared to patients without stroke,and each additional chronic disease added 5 868 Yuan to societal costs.Additionally,each non-memory dimension impairment in the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale in-creased the societal costs by 53 997 Yuan.Conclusion:Dementia poses a significant socio-economic burden,with informal care being the major component of this burden.