Objective To explore the safety and efficacy of thoracoscopy-guided thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) in thoracoscopic pulmonary resection, and to provide strategies for enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in thoracoscopic lung resection. Methods Patients who underwent thoracoscopic pulmonary resection (including sublobar resection and lobectomy) in the 987th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of People's Liberation Army, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army, and the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University between May 2021 and June 2023 were prospectively enrolled. The patients were randomly allocated into three groups in a single-blind manner using a random number table. Group A (incisional nerve block group) received a subcutaneous injection of ropivacaine (0.375%, 2 mg/kg) around the incision during chest closure. Group B (ultrasound-guided TPVB group) received an ultrasound-guided injection of ropivacaine (0.375%, 2 mg/kg) at the paravertebral space after chest closure. Group C (thoracoscopy-guided TPVB group) received a thoracoscopy-guided intrathoracic injection of ropivacaine (0.375%, 2 mg/kg) at the paravertebral space during chest closure. Perioperative adverse drug reactions, pain scores, postoperative analgesic consumption, and postoperative length of hospital stay were compared among the three groups. Results A total of 180 patients were included, comprising 108 females and 72 males, with a mean age of (62.15±7.36) years. There were no statistical differences among the three groups in baseline characteristics, including age, weight, gender, prevalence of comorbidities, operative time, number of surgical incisions, number of chest tubes, or intraoperative dosages of sufentanil and propofol (P>0.05). No adverse anesthesia events occurred during surgery in any of the groups. The pressing frequency of the patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) pump, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain scores, the rate of postoperative rescue analgesic use, and the incidences of postoperative cough and dizziness in the group C were significantly lower than those in the other two groups (P<0.05). The postoperative length of hospital stay in the group B and group C was significantly shorter than that in the group A (P<0.05). Conclusion Thoracoscopy-guided TPVB during chest closure can effectively alleviate postoperative pain without increasing postoperative side effects, which facilitates the enhanced recovery after thoracoscopic lung surgery.

Objective:To analyze and explore the selection of secondary intervention strategies for residual issues following congenital aortic valve disease surgery in children, as well as to evaluate their prognostic efficacy.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 41 children with residual issues after congenital aortic valve disease surgery, who were treated at the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, between January 2013 and August 2024. Among them, 25 were male and 16 were female, with a mean age of(116.8±45.1)months and a mean weight of(40.0±20.2)kg. The mean interval for secondary intervention was(60.0±36.4)months. The residual issues included aortic valve insufficiency(20 cases), aortic valve stenosis(11 cases), and combined aortic valve insufficiency and stenosis(10 cases).Results:Secondary interventions included aortic valve repair(7 cases), mechanical valve replacement(20 cases), Ross procedure(13 cases), and Ozaki procedure(1 case). Additionally, 5 cases with left ventricular outflow tract stenosis underwent concomitant Konno surgery.One case of early postoperative in-hospital death occurred, with a mortality rate of 2.4%, primarily due to acute left heart failure and multiple organ dysfunction. The average follow-up period for surviving children was( 64.6±34.5) months(5-147 months), with no mid- to long-term mortality. Follow-up results showed that In surviving children, the left heart showed significant reduction in size postoperatively, with the LVEDD Z-score decreasing from 1.24±2.23 before surgery to -0.97±1.48( P=0.001). Postoperative LVEF 0.66±0.06 showed no significant difference compared to pre-reintervention 0.68±0.10( P=0.140). In aortic stenosis(AS) patients, the peak transvalvular pressure gradient decreased from(69.5±19.8) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) preoperatively to(25.1±10.9) mmHg postoperatively( P=0.003). In aortic insufficiency(AI) patients, the width of the aortic regurgitation jet decreased from(5.8±1.1) mm preoperatively to(2.7±1.1) mm postoperatively( P=0.012). 97.5% of children maintained mild-to-moderate aortic regurgitation(jet width <4 mm), with only 1 case of moderate regurgitation(jet width 4.4 mm)remaining under close observation.Two children underwent reoperation on the aortic valve, with a tertiary intervention rate of 5.0%. One case underwent redo commissurotomy 21 months after aortic valve repair due to recurrent stenosis, and the other underwent mechanical valve replacement 34 months after the Ozaki procedure due to leaflet calcification and infective endocarditis. Mid-term follow-up revealed good cardiac function recovery in surviving children, with 87.5% achieving NYHA functional class Ⅰ/Ⅱ. Conclusion:Due to the demands of growth and development and the degenerative nature of valve tissue, residual issues are inevitable in the mid- to long-term following congenital aortic valve disease surgery in children, often necessitating secondary intervention. Given the lack of suitable autologous valve tissue, the use of aortic valve replacement has significantly increased in secondary interventions. The Ross procedure, as an ideal secondary intervention, demonstrates satisfactory mid-term follow-up outcomes. For children with high-risk factors for the Ross procedure, mechanical valve replacement also yields favorable prognoses.

Background::Hepatitis B poses a heavy burden for children in China, however, the national studies on the distributional characteristics and health care costs of children with severe hepatitis B is still lacking. This study aimed to analyze the disease characteristics, health economic effects, and medical cost for children with severe hepatitis B in China.Methods::Based on patient information in the Hospital Quality Monitoring System, cases with severe hepatitis B were divided into four groups according to age, and the etiology and symptoms of each group were quantified. The cost of hospitalization was calculated for cases with different disease processes, and severity of disease. The spatial aggregation of cases and the relationship with health economic factors were analyzed by Moran’s I analysis. Results::The total number of children discharged with hepatitis B from January 2016 to April 2022 was 1603, with an average age of 10.5 years. Liver failure cases accounted for 43.48% (697/1603) of total cases and cirrhosis cases accounted for 11.23% (180/1603). According to the grouping of disease progression, there were 1292 cases without associated complications, and the median hospitalization cost was $818.12. According to the spatial analysis, the aggregation of cases was statistically significant at the prefectural and provincial levels in 2019, 2020, and 2021 (all P <0.05). The number of severe cases was negatively correlated with gross domestic product (Moran’s I <0) and percentage of urban population (Moran’s I <0), and positively correlated with the number of pediatric beds per million population (Moran’s I >0). Conclusion::The number of severe hepatitis B cases is low in areas with high gross domestic product levels and high urban population ratios, and health care costs have been declining over the years.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of enteral nutrition (EN) initiated within 24 h after heart transplantation in pediatric patients.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Clinical data from 16 pediatric heart transplant recipients at the Seventh Medical Center of the Chinese People′s Liberation Army General Hospital between October 2022 and October 2024 were collected, including demographics, anthropometric measurements, biochemical markers, cytokine levels, and clinical outcomes. Based on the timing of EN initiation, the patients were divided into EN-initiated within 24 h and EN-initiated after 24 h 2 groups. Demographic data, preoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support, physical examination indicators, laboratory parameters, and cytokine levels were compared between groups using independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher′s exact probability test. Results:The cohort comprised 16 patients (10 males and 6 females) with an age of (12.5±1.9) years. The EN-initiated within 24 h group comprised 6 cases, and the EN-initiated after 24 h group comprised 10 cases. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in age, preoperative body mass index Z-score, preoperative ECMO support, physical examination indicators, laboratory parameters (total protein, albumin, hemoglobin), or cytokine levels (all P>0.05). Compared to the EN-initiated after 24 h group, the EN-initiated within 24 h group exhibited a shorter intensive care unit stay ( t=2.65, P<0.05) and shorter mechanical ventilation duration ( t=2.23, P<0.05) than EN-initiated after 24 h group. Total hospitalization length had no significant difference ( P>0.05). At 72 h post-transplant, the EN-initiated within 24 h group had a lower interleukin-12 P70 ( t=2.46, P<0.05) and interferon-γ levels ( t=2.55, P<0.05) than EN-initiated after 24 h group. Prior to discharge, the EN-initiated within 24 h group has a lower mean skinfold thickness ( t=2.49, P<0.05) and lower mid-upper arm circumference ( t=2.36, P<0.05) compared with the EN-initiated after 24 h group. Conclusions:Initiating EN within 24 h postoperatively is safe and feasible in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Early EN may shorten the length of intensive care unit stay and mechanical ventilation while attenuating postoperative release of inflammatory cytokine.

Objective:To analyze the CT and MRI manifestations of hepatic angiomyolipoma (HAML) to improve the diagnostic accuracy of HAML.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 46 cases of HAML confirmed by tumor surgery or biopsy in Yueqing People's Hospital of Zhejiang and Rui'an People's Hospital of Zhejiang from November 2015 to June 2024. Among them, there were 20 males and 26 females, with an average age of (40±18) years. The CT and MRI manifestations of the patients were recorded, and the tumor location, size, shape, boundary, CT density, T 1-weighted imaging, T 2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), fat suppression sequence, and inverse phase signal were observed. Results:29 cases underwent plain CT scan combined with enhanced scan. Among them, 4 cases (13.8%) had a round shape, 22 cases (47.8%) had a nearly round shape, and 3 cases (10.3%) had an irregular shape. 26 cases (89.7%) had clear boundaries, and 3 cases (10.3%) had unclear boundaries. 5 cases (17.2%) had uniform density, and 24 cases (82.8%) had non-uniform density. The CT value of the tumor was (32±6.8) Hu. 25 cases (86.2%) contained fat tissue within the tumor. Among them, 13 cases (44.8%) were mixed type. After enhancement, the fat tissue and necrotic cystic changes did not enhance, and the soft tissue components showed varying degrees of enhancement in the arterial phase. Among them, 6 cases continued to enhance in the portal venous phase and delayed phase, showing " fast in and slow out" , and 7 cases showed decreased enhancement in the portal venous phase and delayed phase, showing " fast in and fast out" . 17 cases underwent plain MRI scan combined with enhanced scan. Among them, 12 cases were mixed type. On T 2-weighted imaging with fat suppression, it was a mixed high signal, on T 1-weighted imaging, it was an isointense/low signal or mixed low signal, and on DWI, it was a high signal, with partial signal reduction on the inverse phase. 9 cases of tumor septation showed isointense signals on T 1-weighted imaging, 7 cases showed isointense signals on T 2-weighted imaging, and 2 cases showed high signals on T 2-weighted imaging. After enhancement, the mass showed heterogeneous enhancement, with 7 cases showing " fast in and fast out" and 5 cases showing " fast in and slow out" . Conclusion:Plain CT scan shows that HAML is round or nearly round, with non-uniform low density or uniform isodensity. Plain MRI scan shows isointense or slightly high signal on T 2-weighted imaging, low signal on T 1-weighted imaging, and high signal on T 2-weighted imaging with fat suppression. After enhancement, there is significant or mild to moderate enhancement in the arterial phase, with " fast in and fast out" or " fast in and slow out" as the characteristics.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effect of different types of aortic root replacement in adolescent patients with aortic root aneurysm by analyzing the perioperative and follow-up conditions of surgical treatment for adolescent aortic root aneurysm.Methods:The clinical data of patients aged ≤18 years who were admitted to the Beijing Anzhen Hospital from November 2012 to February 2025, diagnosed with aortic root aneurysm by ultrasound or aortic computed tomography angiography (CTA) and requiring surgical intervention, were collected retrospectively. They were divided into the valve-sparing aortic root replacement group (David operation group) and the aortic root replacement group (Bentall operation group) according to the surgical method. The perioperative results and long-term follow-up results of the two groups were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were drawn to compare the reoperation intervention rate between the two groups.Results:A total of 25 patients were included in this study, including 17 in the Bentall group and 8 in the David group. There were no statistically significant differences in gender, age, blood routine, liver and kidney function, coagulation function, and electrolyte internal environment between the two groups (all P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in operation time and intensive care unit stay between the two groups (all P>0.05). Compared with the Bentall operation group, the intraoperative blood loss in the David operation group was more ( P<0.05). During the follow-up, no reoperation occurred in the Bentall operation group, while 3 patients in the David operation group had long-term re-intervention. The long-term reoperation intervention rate in the David operation group was higher than that in the Bentall group ( P=0.042), but there was no statistically significant difference in the aortic valve-related surgical intervention rate between the two groups ( P=0.15). Conclusions:For adolescent patients with aortic root aneurysm, although David operation may face long-term reoperation intervention, this intervention may not be due to the difference in surgical methods. Both Bentall operation and David operation are safe and reliable, with good perioperative results and stable medium and long-term prognosis.

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss(SSNHL)is an idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss of at least 30 dB over three consecutive frequencies in less than 3 days.However,its pathogenesis is still unknown.Recent re-searches suggest that inflammation plays a very important role in its development and prognosis.For this reason,we reviewed the relationship between inflammation and SSNHL from the perspective of development and prognosis,and further discussed the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of SSNHL.

Objective:To analyze and explore the selection of secondary intervention strategies for residual issues following congenital aortic valve disease surgery in children, as well as to evaluate their prognostic efficacy.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 41 children with residual issues after congenital aortic valve disease surgery, who were treated at the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, between January 2013 and August 2024. Among them, 25 were male and 16 were female, with a mean age of(116.8±45.1)months and a mean weight of(40.0±20.2)kg. The mean interval for secondary intervention was(60.0±36.4)months. The residual issues included aortic valve insufficiency(20 cases), aortic valve stenosis(11 cases), and combined aortic valve insufficiency and stenosis(10 cases).Results:Secondary interventions included aortic valve repair(7 cases), mechanical valve replacement(20 cases), Ross procedure(13 cases), and Ozaki procedure(1 case). Additionally, 5 cases with left ventricular outflow tract stenosis underwent concomitant Konno surgery.One case of early postoperative in-hospital death occurred, with a mortality rate of 2.4%, primarily due to acute left heart failure and multiple organ dysfunction. The average follow-up period for surviving children was( 64.6±34.5) months(5-147 months), with no mid- to long-term mortality. Follow-up results showed that In surviving children, the left heart showed significant reduction in size postoperatively, with the LVEDD Z-score decreasing from 1.24±2.23 before surgery to -0.97±1.48( P=0.001). Postoperative LVEF 0.66±0.06 showed no significant difference compared to pre-reintervention 0.68±0.10( P=0.140). In aortic stenosis(AS) patients, the peak transvalvular pressure gradient decreased from(69.5±19.8) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) preoperatively to(25.1±10.9) mmHg postoperatively( P=0.003). In aortic insufficiency(AI) patients, the width of the aortic regurgitation jet decreased from(5.8±1.1) mm preoperatively to(2.7±1.1) mm postoperatively( P=0.012). 97.5% of children maintained mild-to-moderate aortic regurgitation(jet width <4 mm), with only 1 case of moderate regurgitation(jet width 4.4 mm)remaining under close observation.Two children underwent reoperation on the aortic valve, with a tertiary intervention rate of 5.0%. One case underwent redo commissurotomy 21 months after aortic valve repair due to recurrent stenosis, and the other underwent mechanical valve replacement 34 months after the Ozaki procedure due to leaflet calcification and infective endocarditis. Mid-term follow-up revealed good cardiac function recovery in surviving children, with 87.5% achieving NYHA functional class Ⅰ/Ⅱ. Conclusion:Due to the demands of growth and development and the degenerative nature of valve tissue, residual issues are inevitable in the mid- to long-term following congenital aortic valve disease surgery in children, often necessitating secondary intervention. Given the lack of suitable autologous valve tissue, the use of aortic valve replacement has significantly increased in secondary interventions. The Ross procedure, as an ideal secondary intervention, demonstrates satisfactory mid-term follow-up outcomes. For children with high-risk factors for the Ross procedure, mechanical valve replacement also yields favorable prognoses.

Objective To analyze the risk factors and re-intervention strategies for mid- and long-term residual after arterial switch operation (ASO). Methods The clinical data of children with complex congenital heart disease who underwent ASO surgery in Shanghai Children’s Medical Center from January 2006 to June 2022 were retrospectively collected, and the risk factors for mid- and long-term residual after ASO were analyzed. Results A total of 952 children undergoing ASO were enrolled in this study, including 654 males and 298 females with an average age of (102.9±90.1) d and weight of (4.6±1.6) kg. There were 421 patients with D-transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum (D-TGA/IVS), 357 patients with D-transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect (D-TGA/VSD), and 174 patients with right ventricle double outlet combined with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect (Taussig-Bing malformation). Eighty-nine patients died early after the surgery, the mortality rate was 9.3%. The 746 surviving children were regularly followed up after the surgery (follow-up rate 86.4%), with a median follow-up time of 79.4 (12.0-188.0) months. During the follow-up, 53 children underwent surgical re-intervention due to residual, including 33 males and 20 females, with a median age of 62.5 (17.0-214.0) months. The median surgical weight was 19.0 (8.2-86.0) kg, and the mean time of re-intervention was 28.0-170.0 (77.5±45.4) months after the ASO. Residual problems included common trunk and branch stenosis of the pulmonary artery in 23 patients, right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction in 11 patients, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in 6 patients, aortic arch restenosis in 5 patients, aortic insufficiency in 5 patients, residual shunt of ventricular septal defect in 2 patients, and tricuspid valve insufficiency in 1 patient. The early postoperative mortality rate was 3.8% (2/53), with the causes of death being acute myocardial infarction due to coronary artery injury and acute left heart failure, respectively. The mean follow-up time of the surviving children was (52.4±28.6) months, and no mid- and long-term death occurred. Two patients underwent the third operations due to pulmonary restenosis. The multivariate analysis result showed that combined aortic arch surgery and early postoperative RVOT velocity>3 m/s were independent risk factors for mid- and long-term residual after ASO. Conclusion ASO is an ideal procedure for the treatment of D-TGA/IVS, D-TGA/VSD and Taussig-Bing malformations. Combined aortic arch surgery and early postoperative RVOT velocity>3 m/s are independent risk factors for mid- and long-term residual after ASO.

Objective:To analyze the CT and MRI manifestations of hepatic angiomyolipoma (HAML) to improve the diagnostic accuracy of HAML.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 46 cases of HAML confirmed by tumor surgery or biopsy in Yueqing People's Hospital of Zhejiang and Rui'an People's Hospital of Zhejiang from November 2015 to June 2024. Among them, there were 20 males and 26 females, with an average age of (40±18) years. The CT and MRI manifestations of the patients were recorded, and the tumor location, size, shape, boundary, CT density, T 1-weighted imaging, T 2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), fat suppression sequence, and inverse phase signal were observed. Results:29 cases underwent plain CT scan combined with enhanced scan. Among them, 4 cases (13.8%) had a round shape, 22 cases (47.8%) had a nearly round shape, and 3 cases (10.3%) had an irregular shape. 26 cases (89.7%) had clear boundaries, and 3 cases (10.3%) had unclear boundaries. 5 cases (17.2%) had uniform density, and 24 cases (82.8%) had non-uniform density. The CT value of the tumor was (32±6.8) Hu. 25 cases (86.2%) contained fat tissue within the tumor. Among them, 13 cases (44.8%) were mixed type. After enhancement, the fat tissue and necrotic cystic changes did not enhance, and the soft tissue components showed varying degrees of enhancement in the arterial phase. Among them, 6 cases continued to enhance in the portal venous phase and delayed phase, showing " fast in and slow out" , and 7 cases showed decreased enhancement in the portal venous phase and delayed phase, showing " fast in and fast out" . 17 cases underwent plain MRI scan combined with enhanced scan. Among them, 12 cases were mixed type. On T 2-weighted imaging with fat suppression, it was a mixed high signal, on T 1-weighted imaging, it was an isointense/low signal or mixed low signal, and on DWI, it was a high signal, with partial signal reduction on the inverse phase. 9 cases of tumor septation showed isointense signals on T 1-weighted imaging, 7 cases showed isointense signals on T 2-weighted imaging, and 2 cases showed high signals on T 2-weighted imaging. After enhancement, the mass showed heterogeneous enhancement, with 7 cases showing " fast in and fast out" and 5 cases showing " fast in and slow out" . Conclusion:Plain CT scan shows that HAML is round or nearly round, with non-uniform low density or uniform isodensity. Plain MRI scan shows isointense or slightly high signal on T 2-weighted imaging, low signal on T 1-weighted imaging, and high signal on T 2-weighted imaging with fat suppression. After enhancement, there is significant or mild to moderate enhancement in the arterial phase, with " fast in and fast out" or " fast in and slow out" as the characteristics.