OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect and potential mechanism of cornuside on diabetic nephropathy （DN） model mice. METHODS Male KK-Ay mice were fed with high-fat and high-sugar diet for two weeks to reproduce the DN model. The successfully modeled mice were randomly grouped into model group， aminoguanidine group （positive control，100 mg/kg） and cornuside group （100 mg/kg）， and male C57BL/6J mice were included as normal group， with 6 mice in each group. Administration groups were given relevant medicine intragastrically， and normal group and model group were given a constant volume of normal saline intragastrically， once a day， for 8 consecutive weeks. The levels of fasting blood glucose （FBG）， 24 h urinary protein， serum interleukin-12 （IL-12）， IL-10， blood urea nitrogen （BUN） and serum creatinine （Scr） were detected； the pathological injury， fibrotic change and glomerular microstructure of renal tissue were observed； the expressions of the receptor of advanced glycation end products （RAGE）， collagen type Ⅳ （COL-Ⅳ） and inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） in renal cortex were detected in each group. RESULTS Compared with normal group， the renal cortex of mice in model group showed obvious inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrotic changes； the mesangial hyperplasia of glomerulus was serious and the basement membrane had a large number of irregular dark dense deposits； the levels of FBG and 24 h urinary protein， the serum levels of IL- 12， BUN and Scr， and the expression levels of RAGE， COL-Ⅳ and iNOS in the renal cortex were significantly increased， while the serum level of IL-10 was significantly decreased （P＜0.01）. Compared with the model group， the renal pathological injuries， fibrotic changes and glomerular microstructure of mice in administration groups were improved significantly， and the above quantitative indexes were generally improved （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS Cornuside has a certain protective effect on DN model mice. It can inhibit the inflammatory response， reduce urinary protein excretion， and alleviate renal fibrosis， which may be related to the inhibition of the advanced glycation end products/RAGE signaling pathway.

Objective To observe the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on the improvement of executive function of the patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using resting state functional magnetic resonance (rs-fMRI).Methods Fifty patients with executive disorder after traumatic brain injury were randomly divided into the HBO group (n =25) and the control group (n =25).The patients of the control group received routine treatment and executive function rehabilitation training,while the patients of the HBO group were supplemented with HBOT in addition to the treatment received by the control group.The applied HBO pressure was 2.0 MPa,one session a day with a duration of 105 minutes,five days a week,for a total of 20 sessions.Both before and after treatment,all the subjects received executive function assessment and rs-fMRI examination by using the drawing of clock test,the Chinese version Stroop color word test and the Wechsler adult intelligence scale similarity subtest.In the study,we closely observed the effects of HBOT on the intensity of metabolic activities in the brain,changes in neuron cell synchronization and coordination in TBI patients through the approach of rs-fMRI technique combined with ReHo and ALFF analysis methods.At the same time,the correlation between imaging data and neuropsychological assessment results was also analyzed in the study.Results (1) After intervention,Stroop-A time-consumption and Stroop-C time-consumption,correct reading scores,as well as interference scores of the HBO group were all significantly better than those of the control group,and statistical significance could be found when comparisons were made between the 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05).(2) Following intervention with different methods,obvious differences in the ALFF value of superior parietal lobe in the common brain regions of the TBI patients in the 2 groups could be seen,with statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).Correlation analysis revealed that there was a positive correlation between the superior parietal lobe and interference time in the HBO group (P ＜ 0.05).(3) There was also a positive correlation between correct readings of Stroop-A in the middle frontal gyrus of the HBO group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Executive function rehabilitation training,HBO therapy combined with executive function rehabilitation training could improve the executive function of TBI patients to various degrees.HBO therapy combined with executive function rehabilitation training was more beneficial to further improvement of executive function in patients with TBI.The improvement of executive function in TBI patients by HBO therapy might be achieved through the regulation of spontaneous activity and regional homogeneity of neurons in the middle frontal gyms,and superior parietal lobe.

Objective To observe the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on the improvement of executive function of the patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using resting state functional magnetic resonance (rs-fMRI).Methods Fifty patients with executive disorder after traumatic brain injury were randomly divided into the HBO group (n =25) and the control group (n =25).The patients of the control group received routine treatment and executive function rehabilitation training,while the patients of the HBO group were supplemented with HBOT in addition to the treatment received by the control group.The applied HBO pressure was 2.0 MPa,one session a day with a duration of 105 minutes,five days a week,for a total of 20 sessions.Both before and after treatment,all the subjects received executive function assessment and rs-fMRI examination by using the drawing of clock test,the Chinese version Stroop color word test and the Wechsler adult intelligence scale similarity subtest.In the study,we closely observed the effects of HBOT on the intensity of metabolic activities in the brain,changes in neuron cell synchronization and coordination in TBI patients through the approach of rs-fMRI technique combined with ReHo and ALFF analysis methods.At the same time,the correlation between imaging data and neuropsychological assessment results was also analyzed in the study.Results (1) After intervention,Stroop-A time-consumption and Stroop-C time-consumption,correct reading scores,as well as interference scores of the HBO group were all significantly better than those of the control group,and statistical significance could be found when comparisons were made between the 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05).(2) Following intervention with different methods,obvious differences in the ALFF value of superior parietal lobe in the common brain regions of the TBI patients in the 2 groups could be seen,with statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).Correlation analysis revealed that there was a positive correlation between the superior parietal lobe and interference time in the HBO group (P ＜ 0.05).(3) There was also a positive correlation between correct readings of Stroop-A in the middle frontal gyrus of the HBO group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Executive function rehabilitation training,HBO therapy combined with executive function rehabilitation training could improve the executive function of TBI patients to various degrees.HBO therapy combined with executive function rehabilitation training was more beneficial to further improvement of executive function in patients with TBI.The improvement of executive function in TBI patients by HBO therapy might be achieved through the regulation of spontaneous activity and regional homogeneity of neurons in the middle frontal gyms,and superior parietal lobe.

Aim To investigate the effect that catalpol intervenes macrophage polarization mediated by mouse mesangial cells(MMCs) stimulated by advanced glycation end products(AGEs).Methods RAW264.7 macrophages and MMCs were co-cultured in vitro and divided into model group(100 mg·L-1 AGEs), control group(100 mg·L-1 BSA), catalpol(0.1, 1.0, 10.0 μmol·L-1) group, and aminoguanidine(1.0 μmol·L-1) group which was set as positive control.After being incubated with catalpol for 1 h, MMCs were stimulated by AGEs for 23 h.The proliferation-inhibition rate of MMCs was measured by MTT assay.MCP-1 in supernatant liquid of MMCs was detected by ELISA method.The expression of iNOS, CD16/32, TNF-α, COX-2, CD206 and Arg-1 was detected by Western blot.Simultaneously, the percentage of iNOS and CD206 was also measured by flow cytometry.Results AGEs could increase the level of MCP-1 secreted by MMCs.The expression of iNOS, TNF-α, CD16/32 and COX-2 protein of macrophage was up-regulated after MMCs stimulated by AGEs, while the expression of CD206 and Arg-1 was down-regulated.After being intervened by catalpol, these effects could be reversed.All the changes were concentration-related.Conclusions Catalpol can inhibit macrophages M1-type polarization process and promote M2-type polarization, which may be mediated through MCP-1 secreted by MMCs after AGEs stimulation.Catalpol can ameliorate inflammation and relieve diabetic kidney injury.

Objective To investigate the changes in neuron-spe ci fic enolase (NSE) and S100B in patient′s serum before, during and after surgery of acute cerebral trauma, and to examine the influence of propofol, a venous an esthetic, on these changes, so as to evaluate the brain-protective effects of t his agent. Methods Ten patients with no cerebral injury and sch eduled for urological operation served as control group. Thirty patients with ce rebral trauma were randomly allocated to either propofol group (n=15) or iso flurane group (n=15). NSE and S100B were measured by ELISA in both propofol and isoflurane groups before surgery, 2 hours after cranial surgery started, and after surgery. The same measurement was done in the control group only before s urgery. Glasgow scores of patients with cerebral trauma were estimated and recor ded. Results Before surgery, the NSE and S100B in the patients with cerebral trauma were significantly higher than that in the control group ( P