To evaluate the application value of the Peyton four-step teaching method in the standardized training of intestinal ultrasound and compare it with traditional teaching methods, so as to provide an optimized approach for clinical ultrasound training.

Efferocytosis refers to the process of phagocytes engulfing and clearing the cells after programmed cell death. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that the mechanisms of efferocytosis are closely related to drug-induced liver injury, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, viral hepatitis, cholestatic liver diseases, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, and other liver disorders. This review summarized the research progress on the role of efferocytosis in liver diseases, with the hope of providing new targets for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.
Humans ; Liver Diseases/metabolism* ; Animals ; Phagocytosis/physiology* ; Phagocytes ; Efferocytosis

Apical microsurgery is accurate and minimally invasive, produces few complications, and has a success rate of more than 90%. However, due to the lack of awareness and understanding of apical microsurgery by dental general practitioners and even endodontists, many clinical problems remain to be overcome. The consensus has gathered well-known domestic experts to hold a series of special discussions and reached the consensus. This document specifies the indications, contraindications, preoperative preparations, operational procedures, complication prevention measures, and efficacy evaluation of apical microsurgery and is applicable to dentists who perform apical microsurgery after systematic training.
Microsurgery/standards* ; Humans ; Apicoectomy ; Contraindications, Procedure ; Tooth Apex/diagnostic imaging* ; Postoperative Complications/prevention & control* ; Consensus ; Treatment Outcome

Pulpotomy, which belongs to vital pulp therapy, has become a strategy for managing pulpitis in recent decades. This minimally invasive treatment reflects the recognition of preserving healthy dental pulp and optimizing long-term patient-centered outcomes. Pulpotomy is categorized into partial pulpotomy (PP), the removal of a partial segment of the coronal pulp tissue, and full pulpotomy (FP), the removal of whole coronal pulp, which is followed by applying the biomaterials onto the remaining pulp tissue and ultimately restoring the tooth. Procedural decisions for the amount of pulp tissue removal or retention depend on the diagnostic of pulp vitality, the overall treatment plan, the patient's general health status, and pulp inflammation reassessment during operation. This statement represents the consensus of an expert committee convened by the Society of Cariology and Endodontics, Chinese Stomatological Association. It addresses the current evidence to support the application of pulpotomy as a potential alternative to root canal treatment (RCT) on mature permanent teeth with pulpitis from a biological basis, the development of capping biomaterial, and the diagnostic considerations to evidence-based medicine. This expert statement intends to provide a clinical protocol of pulpotomy, which facilitates practitioners in choosing the optimal procedure and increasing their confidence in this rapidly evolving field.
Humans ; Calcium Compounds/therapeutic use* ; Consensus ; Dental Pulp ; Dentition, Permanent ; Oxides/therapeutic use* ; Pulpitis/therapy* ; Pulpotomy/standards*

Intentional tooth replantation (ITR) is an advanced treatment modality and the procedure of last resort for preserving teeth with inaccessible endodontic or resorptive lesions. ITR is defined as the deliberate extraction of a tooth; evaluation of the root surface, endodontic manipulation, and repair; and placement of the tooth back into its original socket. Case reports, case series, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of ITR in the retention of natural teeth that are untreatable or difficult to manage with root canal treatment or endodontic microsurgery. However, variations in clinical protocols for ITR exist due to the empirical nature of the original protocols and rapid advancements in the field of oral biology and dental materials. This heterogeneity in protocols may cause confusion among dental practitioners; therefore, guidelines and considerations for ITR should be explicated. This expert consensus discusses the biological foundation of ITR, the available clinical protocols and current status of ITR in treating teeth with refractory apical periodontitis or anatomical aberration, and the main complications of this treatment, aiming to refine the clinical management of ITR in accordance with the progress of basic research and clinical studies; the findings suggest that ITR may become a more consistent evidence-based option in dental treatment.
Humans ; Tooth Replantation/methods* ; Consensus ; Periapical Periodontitis/surgery*

Objective To explore the rehabilitative effects of flash cupping combined with respiratory training in patients with occupational pneumoconiosis (hereinafter referred to as "pneumoconiosis"). Methods A total of 94 patients with pneumoconiosis were selected as the study subjects by the convenient sampling method. Participants were divided into treatment group and control group based on pneumoconiosis stage using the stratified block randomization method, with 47 cases in each group. The patients in the control group received routine symptomatic treatment, and the patients in the treatment group received flash cupping therapy combined with respiratory training in addition to the routine treatment for six weeks. Diaphragmatic displacement (DD), 6-minutes walking distance (6MWD), metabolic equivalents of task (MET), predicted percentage of forced vital capacity (FVC%), predicted percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁%), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test (CAT) score, and the modified British Medical Research Council Respiratory Questionnaire (mMRC) were assessed before treatment, after six weeks of treatment, and three months after completion of treatment. Results Before treatment, no significant differences were observed in patients between the two groups in DD, 6MWD, MET, FVC%, FEV₁%, CAT score, or mMRC grade (all P>0.05). DD, 6MWD, and MET of patients in the treatment group were higher than those before treatment in the same group and those of the control group at the corresponding time points after six weeks of treatment (all P<0.05). In addition, the CAT score of patients in the treatment group was lower than that before treatment (P<0.05). At three months after treatment, 6MWD and MET of patients in the treatment group were higher than those before treatment and those of the control group at the same time points (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in FVC%, FEV₁% and mMRC grade of patients between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion Flash cupping combined with respiratory training can improve the diaphragmatic function, exercise endurance and quality of life of patients with pneumoconiosis, and has improved exercise endurance, which can be used as a useful supplementary treatment in the pulmonary rehabilitation of pneumoconiosis.

Objective:To explore the effect of the interaction between plasma aluminum concentration and schooling year on cognitive function, it provides the basis for early identification of its damaging effect.Methods:From October to December, 2014, 1114 on-the-job aluminum exposed workers in a large aluminum factory in Shanxi Province were investigated. The plasma aluminum concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as an internal exposure indicator. The subjects were divided into low, medium, and high aluminum exposure group based on the blood lead concentration levels. The general information was collected with a self-designed questionnaire, and their cognitive function was evaluated with the mini-mental state examination and the clock drawing test. The interaction between plasma aluminum concentration level and education level was analyzed by using unconditional logistic regression fitting multiplication model and cross analysis fitting addition model.Results:The average level of plasma aluminum of the subjects was 21.68 (10.51, 45.78) μg/L. The detection rate of cognitive impairment was 19.9%. The influencing factors of cognitive function were plasma aluminum concentration, age, education level and marital status, among which high schooling year, and being married were the protective factors (all P<0.05), plasma aluminum concentration, and age were the risk factors (all P<0.05) ; After adjusting the confounding factors, such as age, marital status, schooling year, income level, smoking, and drinking, logistic regression model and the multiple linear regression model showed that there was a dose response relationship between plasma aluminum concentration and cognitive impairment. With the increase of plasma aluminum concentration, the score gradually decreased, and the risk of cognitive impairment increased ( Ptrend<0.05) ; There were multiplicative interaction ( AOR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.10-4.19) and additive interaction ( RERI=5.38, 95% CI: 2.60-8.16; AP=0.65, 95% CI: 0.51-0.80; S=3.88, 95% CI: 2.00-7.56) between plasma aluminum concentration and low schooling year on cognitive function. Conclusion:There was a dose-response relationship between aluminum exposure and cognitive impairment. There was an interaction between aluminum exposure and low schooling year. When both of them worked together, the risk of cognitive impairment increases.

Objective To explore the guiding value of thromboelastography(TEG)in blood transfusion therapy for patients undergoing liver rupture repair.Methods A total of 106 patients who underwent liver rupture repair and were admitted to the hospital from June 2021 to June 2024 were selected.According to the random number table method,the patients were divided into 53 patients who underwent liver rupture repair with TEG detection blood transfusion(study group)and 53 patients who underwent liver rupture repair with conventional coagulation function detection blood transfusion(control group).General information of patients was collected.The levels of coagulation function indicators,the dosage of blood products and intraoperative complications of patients in the study group and the control group before blood transfusion and 24 hours after blood transfusion were compared.Results 24 hours after blood transfusion,the fibrinogen level in the study group was higher than that in the control group,while the prothrombin time,activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time were shorter than those in the control group,and the differences were statistically sig-nificant(P<0.05).The dosages of red blood cells,frozen plasma,platelets and cryoprecipitate in the study group were all lower than those in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The total incidence of intraoperative complications in the study group was lower than that in the con-trol group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion TEG has significant guiding value in blood transfusion therapy for patients undergoing liver rupture repair.

Objective By observing the effect of angiotensin Ⅱ in the locus coeruleus of the brain on high salt intake and the impact of losartan on this effect,this study explores effective implementation methods for salt restriction strategies.Methods Brain catheterization and microinjection were used to administer single microinjection of Ang Ⅱ into the locus coeruleus of rats,as well as combined microinjection of saline,Ang Ⅱ,and angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1R antagonist losartan was used to observe the changes in the intake and water intake of hypertonic sodium chloride solution in rats with different sodium intake models;Single microinjection of Ang Ⅱ into the locus coeruleus of rats was performed to observe changes in water intake in water deprived rats,as well as changes in urine output,sodium excretion,horizontal and vertical activity in normal rats.Results Whether in rats treated with"water deprivation partial rehydration(WD-PR)"or in rats treated with"subcutaneous combined injection of furosemide(FURO)and Captopril(CAP)(FURO-CAP)",microinjection of 0.1 ng,1 ng,and 10 ng doses of Ang Ⅱ into the locus coeruleus caused a dose-dependent increase in 0.3 mol/L NaCl intake and water intake.However,pre injection of AT1R antagonist losartan at doses of 0.5 μ g,5 μ g,and 50 μ g significantly inhibited the injection of 10 ng Ang Ⅱ into the same site in a dose-dependent manner.The increase in intake of 0.3 mol/L NaCl and water caused by it.Compared with injection of saline into the locus coeruleus,injection of 10.0ng dose of Ang Ⅱ into the locus coeruleus significantly increased the horizontal and vertical activity of rats,but had no significant effect on renal excretion.Conclusion Losartan can inhibit the high salt intake induced by Ang Ⅱ in the locus coeruleus of the brain,and can be used as an effective drug in the salt limiting strategy for controlling hypertension.

Objective By observing the effect of angiotensin Ⅱ in the locus coeruleus of the brain on high salt intake and the impact of losartan on this effect,this study explores effective implementation methods for salt restriction strategies.Methods Brain catheterization and microinjection were used to administer single microinjection of Ang Ⅱ into the locus coeruleus of rats,as well as combined microinjection of saline,Ang Ⅱ,and angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1R antagonist losartan was used to observe the changes in the intake and water intake of hypertonic sodium chloride solution in rats with different sodium intake models;Single microinjection of Ang Ⅱ into the locus coeruleus of rats was performed to observe changes in water intake in water deprived rats,as well as changes in urine output,sodium excretion,horizontal and vertical activity in normal rats.Results Whether in rats treated with"water deprivation partial rehydration(WD-PR)"or in rats treated with"subcutaneous combined injection of furosemide(FURO)and Captopril(CAP)(FURO-CAP)",microinjection of 0.1 ng,1 ng,and 10 ng doses of Ang Ⅱ into the locus coeruleus caused a dose-dependent increase in 0.3 mol/L NaCl intake and water intake.However,pre injection of AT1R antagonist losartan at doses of 0.5 μ g,5 μ g,and 50 μ g significantly inhibited the injection of 10 ng Ang Ⅱ into the same site in a dose-dependent manner.The increase in intake of 0.3 mol/L NaCl and water caused by it.Compared with injection of saline into the locus coeruleus,injection of 10.0ng dose of Ang Ⅱ into the locus coeruleus significantly increased the horizontal and vertical activity of rats,but had no significant effect on renal excretion.Conclusion Losartan can inhibit the high salt intake induced by Ang Ⅱ in the locus coeruleus of the brain,and can be used as an effective drug in the salt limiting strategy for controlling hypertension.