Objective To investigate the safety, economic benefits and psychological effects of day breast conserving surgery for breast cancer. Methods The demographic data and clinical data of breast cancer patients undergoing day (day surgery group) and ward (ward surgery group) breast conserving surgeries in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from March 2020 to June 2021 were retrospectively collected; the demographic data, clinical data, medical and related transportation costs, and preoperative and postoperative BREAST-Q scores of breast cancer patients undergoing day (day surgery group) and ward (ward surgery group) breast conserving surgery in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from June 2021 to June 2022 were prospectively collected. The safety, economic benefit, and psychological satisfaction of day surgery was analyzed. Results A total of 42 women with breast cancer were included in the retrospective study and 39 women with breast cancer were included in the prospective study. In both prospective and retrospective studies, the mean age of patients in both groups were <50 years. There were only statistical differences between the two groups in the aspects of hypertension (P=0.022), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P=0.037) and postoperative pathological estrogen receptor (P=0.033) in the prospective study. In postoperative complications, there were no statistical differences in the surgical-related complications or anesthesia-related complications between the two groups in either the prospective study or the retrospective study (P>0.05). In terms of the overall cost, we found that the day surgery group was more economical than the ward surgery group in the prospective study (P=0.002). There were no statistical differences in postoperative psychosocical well-being, sexual well-being, satisfaction with breasts or chest condition between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion It is safe and reliable to carry out breast conserving surgery in day surgery center under strict management standards, which can save medical costs and will not cause great psychological burden to patients.

Global public health faces substantial challenges from malignant tumors and infectious diseases. Vaccination provides an approach for treating and preventing these diseases. Oral vaccinations are particularly advantageous in disease treatment and prevention due to their non-invasive nature, high patient compliance, convenience, cost-effectiveness, and capacity to stimulate comprehensive and adaptive immune responses. However, the overwhelming majority of oral vaccines remain in experimental development, struggling with clinical and commercial translation due to their suboptimal efficacy. Thus, enhancing scientists' understanding of the interaction between vaccines and gastrointestinal immune system, creating antigen delivery systems suitable for the gut mucosal environment, developing more potent antigenic epitopes, and using personalized combination therapies are critical for advancing the next generation of oral vaccines. This article explores the fundamental principles and applications of current oral anti-tumor and anti-infective vaccines and discusses considerations necessary for designing future oral vaccines.

Objective:To assess the association between the polymorphisms of integral protein α4 ( ITGA4) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ( ICAM-1) genesand the risk and clinicopathological characteristics of Crohn′s disease (CD) among Chinese patients. Methods:From January 2010 to January 2021, a total of 215 CD patients and 529 gender- and age-matched healthy controls were enrolled from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University as the study subjects. Genotypes of ITGA4 (rs6740847, rs7562325) and ICAM-1 (rs5498) were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI) was applied to assess the disease activity of CD, and the patients were further divided into subgroups based on the Montreal Classification Criteria of CD. Unconditional logistic regression was employed to analyze the distribution of ITGA4 (rs6740847, rs7562325) and ICAM-1 (rs5498) polymorphisms between the patients and healthy controls and their association with the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients. Results:The frequencies of T allele and CT+ TT genotypes of ITGA4 (rs7562325) were higher in CD patients than the healthy controls (40.70% vs. 31.57%, P=0.001; 62.79% vs. 54.36%, P=0.042). The G variant and AG+ GG genotypes of ITGA4 (rs6740847) were less common in patients with moderately to severely active CD compared with those with mildly active CD (31.18% vs. 51.72%, P=0.002; 55.91% vs. 75.86%, P=0.042). However, the opposite conclusion was drawn for the G allele (G) and AG+ GG genotypes of ICAM-1 (rs5498) (31.45% vs. 17.24%, P=0.027; 54.30% vs. 31.04%, P=0.020). Compared with patients with terminal ileal or ileocolic CD, G allele and AG+ GG genotypes of ITGA4 (rs6740847) were more prevalent in patients with colonic CD (55.26% vs. 29.38%, P<0.000 1; 84.21% vs. 53.11%, P<0.000 1). The same conclusion could also be drawn for the G allele and AG+ GG genotypes of ICAM-1 (rs5498) (42.11% vs. 26.84%, P=0.008; 73.69% vs. 46.33%, P=0.002). The frequency of homozygous GG genotype of ICAM-1 (rs5498) was lower in patients with stricturing and penetrating CD than those with non-stricturing and non-penetrating CD (0.00% vs. 12.32%, P=0.001). The G allele and AG+ GG genotypes of the ITGA4 (rs6740847) were more common in patients with perianal lesions than those without (40.28% vs. 30.77%, P=0.049; 72.22% vs. 51.75%, P=0.004). Conclusion:Variants of the ITGA4 (rs7562325) may be a risk factor for CD, whilst those of the ITGA4 (rs6740847) may be associated with the decline of disease activity and risk for colon involvement and perianal lesions. Variants of the ICAM-1 (rs5498) may increase the risk of disease activity and colonic involvement in CD patients, however, it may be a protective factor for stenosis and penetration. In addition, variants of the ITGA4 (rs6740847) and ICAM-1 (rs5498) may be associated with the early onset of CD.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and mutation spectrum of monogenic diseases in Chinese population through a large-scale,multicenter carrier screening.Methods This study was conducted among a total of 33 104 participants(16 610 females)from 12 clinical centers across China.Carrier status for 223 genes was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and different PCR methods.Results The overall combined carrier frequency was 55.58%for 197 autosomal genes and 1.84%for 26 X-linked genes in these participants.Among the 16 669 families,874 at-risk couples(5.24%)were identified.Specifically,584 couples(3.50%)were at risk for autosomal genes,306(1.84%)for X-linked genes,and 16 for both autosomal and X-linked genes.The most frequently detected autosomal at-risk genes included GJB2(autosomal recessive deafness type 1A,393 couples),HBA1/HBA2(α-thalassemia,36 couples),PAH(phenylketonuria,14 couples),and SMN1(spinal muscular atrophy,14 couples).The most frequently detected X-linked at-risk genes were G6PD(G6PD deficiency,236 couples),DMD(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,23 couples),and FMR1(fragile X syndrome,17 couples).After excluding GJB2 c.109G>A,the detection rate of at-risk couples was 3.91%(651/16 669),which was lowered to 1.72%(287/16 669)after further excluding G6PD.The theoretical incidence rate of severe monogenic birth defects was approximately 4.35‰(72.5/16 669).Screening for a battery of the top 22 most frequent genes in the at-risk couples could detect over 95%of at-risk couples,while screening for the top 54 genes further increased the detection rate to over 99%.Conclusion This study reveals the carrier frequencies of 223 monogenic genetic disorders in the Chinese population and provides evidence for carrier screening strategy development and panel design tailored to the Chinese population.In carrier testing,genetic counseling for specific genes or gene variants can be challenging,and the couples need to be informed of these difficulties before testing and provided with options for not screening these genes or gene variants.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and mutation spectrum of monogenic diseases in Chinese population through a large-scale,multicenter carrier screening.Methods This study was conducted among a total of 33 104 participants(16 610 females)from 12 clinical centers across China.Carrier status for 223 genes was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and different PCR methods.Results The overall combined carrier frequency was 55.58%for 197 autosomal genes and 1.84%for 26 X-linked genes in these participants.Among the 16 669 families,874 at-risk couples(5.24%)were identified.Specifically,584 couples(3.50%)were at risk for autosomal genes,306(1.84%)for X-linked genes,and 16 for both autosomal and X-linked genes.The most frequently detected autosomal at-risk genes included GJB2(autosomal recessive deafness type 1A,393 couples),HBA1/HBA2(α-thalassemia,36 couples),PAH(phenylketonuria,14 couples),and SMN1(spinal muscular atrophy,14 couples).The most frequently detected X-linked at-risk genes were G6PD(G6PD deficiency,236 couples),DMD(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,23 couples),and FMR1(fragile X syndrome,17 couples).After excluding GJB2 c.109G>A,the detection rate of at-risk couples was 3.91%(651/16 669),which was lowered to 1.72%(287/16 669)after further excluding G6PD.The theoretical incidence rate of severe monogenic birth defects was approximately 4.35‰(72.5/16 669).Screening for a battery of the top 22 most frequent genes in the at-risk couples could detect over 95%of at-risk couples,while screening for the top 54 genes further increased the detection rate to over 99%.Conclusion This study reveals the carrier frequencies of 223 monogenic genetic disorders in the Chinese population and provides evidence for carrier screening strategy development and panel design tailored to the Chinese population.In carrier testing,genetic counseling for specific genes or gene variants can be challenging,and the couples need to be informed of these difficulties before testing and provided with options for not screening these genes or gene variants.

Objective To establish the HPLC fingerprint of Chuanxiong Chatiao San(CXCTS)and Chuanxiong Chatiao Granules(CXCTG),and to compare their quality difference by using HPLC fingerprint in combination with anti-platelet aggregation activity in vitro.This study explores the material basis of anti-platelet aggregation activity of CXCTS and CXCTG to provide a reference for the quality control and clinical application.Methods HPLC fingerprint for 20 batches of CXCTS and seven batches of CXCTG were established,and systematic clustering analysis was conducted using SPSS 27.00 statistical software.In addition,the in vitro anti-platelet aggregation activity was determined.The relationship between HPLC fingerprint spectrums and anti-platelet aggregation activity was analyzed by using SIMCA P-14.0 statistical software for partial least squares analysis(PLS).The markers of quality difference of CXCTS and CXCTG were screened.Results A total of 26 common peaks in the fingerprint and 16 components were identified.Systematic clustering analysis showed that CXCTS and CXCTG were clustered into two categories.There were significantly differences in HPLC fingerprint and anti-platelet aggregation activity between CXCTS and CXCTG.Combining correlation coefficient and VIP value,we confirmed 17 common peaks,which showed positive correlation with anti-platelet aggregation activity and the VIP values were greater than one.The effective fractions of anti-platelet aggregation activity were screened out.Among the above-mentioned fractions,hesperidin,rosmarinic acid,buddleoside,pulegone,coniferyl ferulate,(Z)-ligustilide,notopterol,imperatorin,isoimperatorin,peak 7,9,12,14,6,17,19,and 23 were picked out as the quality difference markers.Conclusion HPLC fingerprint spectrum of CXCTS and CXCTG was established in this study.The established method can detect multiple active components in both formulations.There was significant difference between CXCTS and CXCTG on the content of active ingredients and anti-platelet aggregation activity.The former is of higher quality than the latter.This study can provide reference for the quality control and clinical application of CXCTS and CXCTG.

Objective:To systematically review the predictive model for de novo stress urinary incontinence (de novo SUI) after pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery, with the aim of providing reference for preventing the occurrence of de novo SUI.Methods:Literature on the prediction model of de novo SUI after POP surgery was electronically retrieved in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, and VIP. The search period was from the establishment of the database to December 31, 2023, and the language was limited to Chinese and English. Two researchers independently screened literature, extracted data, and used the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) to evaluate the quality of the models.Results:A total of 13 articles were included, including 13 de novo SUI risk prediction models. One literature was a prospective study, one literature was a secondary analysis of data, and the rest were retrospective studies. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in nine models ranged from 0.595 to 0.842, and the C-index of three models ranged from 0.710 to 0.738. Five models were not validated or only internally validated after construction. Six models were validated in one external population. The predictive performance of one model was validated in six external populations. The overall applicability of the 13 prediction models was good, but there was a certain risk of bias in all of them. Conclusions:There is a significant difference in the predictive performance of the de novo SUI risk prediction model after POP surgery, and the number is relatively small, indicating that it is still in the development stage. Future research should continuously optimize existing models and conduct external validation, and construct predictive models suitable for postoperative de novo SUI in POP patients in China.

Objective To analyze the mortality rate and probability of premature death caused by four major noninfectious chronic diseases (NCDs)in Linyi City from 2013 to 2021, and to provide data support for scientific formulation of chronic disease prevention and control strategy. Methods The mortality data of major chronic diseases in Linyi City from 2013 to 2021 were analyzed. The crude mortality, age-standardized mortality and premature death probability were calculated. The annual percent change (APC) was adopted to analyze the temporal trend of mortality and probability of premature death. Results The average annual crude mortality of four major NCDs was 538.98/100,000, and the age-standardized mortality was 387.3/100,000. The crude mortality rate increased from 517.37/100 000 in 2013 to 563.13/100 000 in 2021 (APC=0.89％, P=0.01). The age-standardized mortality rate decreased from 410.19/100,000 to 364.92/100,000 (APC=-1.8％, P=0.01). The crude mortality and age-standardized mortality of four major NCDs in males were higher than those in females (P<0.05). The average annual probability of premature death caused by four major NCDs was 13.37%. The probability of premature death decreased from 14.49％ in 2013 to 12.32％ in 2021（APC=-2.1％, P=0.00）. From 2013 to 2021, the probability of premature death from malignant tumors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and chronic respiratory diseases in Linyi City dropped from 6.14%, 7.47%, and 1.21% to 5.52%, 6.46%, and 0.5%, respectively (APCs were -1.2%, -2.1%, and -11.3%, respectively, and P values were 0.04, 0.00, and 0.00, respectively). The probability of premature death from diabetes remained stable. The probability of premature death caused by four major NCDs in males was higher than that in females (P<0.05). Conclusion The probability of premature death of the four major NCDs in Linyi has showed a downward trend during 2013-2021. It is suggested to strengthen the prevention and control of diabetes in the next step.

In recent years， the incidence of pulmonary nodules has kept rising. To give full play to the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in the treatment of pulmonary nodules and identify the breakthrough points of integrating TCM with Western medicine， the China Association of Chinese Medicine organized medical experts in TCM and western medicine to carry out in-depth discussion regarding this disease. The discussion encompassed the modern medical advances， TCM theories of etiology and pathogenesis， the role and advantages of TCM in the whole course management of pulmonary nodules， contents and methods of research on pulmonary nodules， and science popularization work， aiming to provide a reference for clinical practice and scientific research. After discussion， the experts concluded that the occurrence of pulmonary nodules was rooted in the deficiency of the lung and spleen and triggered by phlegm dampness， blood stasis， and Qi stagnation. TCM can treat pulmonary nodules by controlling and reducing nodules， improving physical constitution， ameliorating multi-system nodular diseases， reducing anxiety and avoiding excessive diagnosis and treatment， and serving as an alternative for patients who are unwilling or unfit for surgical treatment. At present， the optimal diagnosis and treatment strategy for pulmonary nodules has not been formed， which needs to be further studied from multiple perspectives such as clinical epidemiology， biology， and evidence-based medicine. The primary task of current research is to find out the advantages， effective prescriptions， and target populations and determine the effective outcomes of TCM in the treatment of pulmonary nodules. At the same time， basic research should be carried out to explore the etiology and biological behaviors of pulmonary nodules. The expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary nodules with integrated TCM and Western medicine needs to be continuously revised to guide clinicians to conduct standardized， scientific， and accurate effective diagnosis and treatment.

Objective: To investigate the causal relationship between gut microbiota and constipation using Mendelian randomization (MR) method. Methods: Genetic variation data of gut microbiota were obtained from the MiBioGen Consortium database. The genetic variation data of constipation were sourced from the IEU Open GWAS database. A forward MR analysis was performed using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method with 2 511 SNPs associated with gut microbiota as instrumental variables, and constipation as study outcome, and a reverse MR analysis was performed with 13 microbiota-associated SNPs as instrumental variables and gut microbiota as study outcome. The heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran test, reverse causation of SNP were examined using MR Steiger test, and the horizontal pleiotropy was assessed using the MR-PRESSO test and MR-Egger regression. In addition, the robustness of the results was verified with the leave-one-out. Results: Forward MR analysis results showed that an increased abundance of genus Coprococcus1 driven by host genetics was associated with a decreased risk of constipation (OR=0.791, 95%CI: 0.709-0.884), and increased abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes driven by host genetics was associated with an increased risk of constipation (OR=1.240, 95%CI: 1.102-1.394). Cochran test detected no heterogeneity (both P>0.05), MR Steiger test was not revealed reverse causation of SNP, and neither the MR-PRESSO test nor the MR-Egger regression revealed horizontal pleiotropy of instrumental variables (all P>0.05), and the leave-one-out method confirmed the robustness of results. Reverse MR analysis showed no association between gut microbiota and constipation (both P>0.05). Conclusion Genus Coprococcus1 and phylum Bacteroidetes in the gut microbiota are associated with constipation.