[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.016.].

Background::Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer associated with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The androgen receptor (AR) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for luminal androgen receptor (LAR) TNBC. However, multiple studies have claimed that anti-androgen therapy for AR-positive TNBC only has limited clinical benefits. This study aimed to investigate the role of AR in TNBC and its detailed mechanism.Methods::Immunohistochemistry and TNBC tissue sections were applied to investigate AR and nectin cell adhesion molecule 4 (NECTIN4) expression in TNBC tissues. Then, in vitro and in vivo assays were used to explore the function of AR and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in TNBC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), molecular docking method, and luciferase reporter assay were performed to identify key molecules that affect the function of AR. Results::Based on the TNBC tissue array analysis, we revealed that ERβ and AR were positive in 21.92% (32/146) and 24.66% (36/146) of 146 TNBC samples, respectively, and about 13.70% (20/146) of TNBC patients were ERβ positive and AR positive. We further demonstrated the pro-tumoral effects of AR on TNBC cells, however, the oncogenic biology was significantly suppressed when ERβ transfection in LAR TNBC cell lines but not in AR-negative TNBC. Mechanistically, we identified that NECTIN4 promoter –42 bp to –28 bp was an AR response element, and that ERβ interacted with AR thus impeding the AR-mediated NECTIN4 transcription which promoted epithelial–mesenchymal transition in tumor progression. Conclusions::This study suggests that ERβ functions as a suppressor mediating the effect of AR in TNBC prognosis and cell proliferation. Therefore, our current research facilitates a better understanding of the role and mechanisms of AR in TNBC carcinogenesis.

CRISPR, as an emerging gene editing technology, has been widely used in multiple fields due to its convenient operation, less cost, high efficiency and precision. This robust and effective device has revolutionized the development of biomedical research at an unexpected speed in recent years. The development of intelligent and precise CRISPR delivery strategies in a controllable and safe manner is the prerequisite for translational clinical medicine in gene therapy field. In this review, the therapeutic application of CRISPR delivery and the translational potential of gene editing was firstly discussed. Critical obstacles for the delivery of CRISPR system in vivo and shortcomings of CRISPR system itself were also analyzed. Given that intelligent nanoparticles have demonstrated great potential on the delivery of CRISPR system, here we mainly focused on stimuli-responsive nanocarriers. We also summarized various strategies for CIRSPR-Cas9 system delivered by intelligent nanocarriers which would respond to different endogenous and exogenous signal stimulus. Moreover, new genome editors mediated by nanotherapeutic vectors for gene therapy were also discussed. Finally, we discussed future prospects of genome editing for existing nanocarriers in clinical settings.

Near-infrared (NIR)-light-triggered nanomedicine, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), is growing an attractive approach for cancer therapy due to its high spatiotemporal controllability and minimal invasion, but the tumor eradication is limited by the intrinsic anti-stress response of tumor cells. Herein, we fabricate a tumor-microenvironment responsive CRISPR nanoplatform based on oxygen-deficient titania (TiO_2-x ) for mild NIR-phototherapy. In tumor microenvironment, the overexpressed hyaluronidase (HAase) and glutathione (GSH) can readily destroy hyaluronic acid (HA) and disulfide bond and releases the Cas9/sgRNA from TiO_2-x to target the stress alleviating regulators, i.e., nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heat shock protein 90α (HSP90α), thereby reducing the stress tolerance of tumor cells. Under subsequent NIR light illumination, the TiO_2-x demonstrates a higher anticancer effect both in vitro and in vivo. This strategy not only provides a promising modality to kills cancer cells in a minimal side-effects manner by interrupting anti-stress pathways but also proposes a general approach to achieve controllable gene editing in tumor region without unwanted genetic mutation in normal environments.

Background::Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). One of the immunosuppressive pathways involves programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), but many patients derived little benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockades treatment. Prior research has shown that MYC, a master transcription amplifier highly expressed in TNBC cells, can regulate the tumor immune microenvironment and constrain the efficacy of immunotherapy. This study aims to investigate the regulatory relationship between MYC and PD-L1, and whether a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor that inhibits MYC expression in combination with anti-PD-L1 antibodies can enhance the response to immunotherapy. Methods::Public databases and TNBC tissue microarrays were used to study the correlation between MYC and PD-L1. The expression of MYC and PD-L1 in TNBCs was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. A patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) model was used to evaluate the influence of a CDK7 inhibitor THZ1 on PD-L1 expression. Cell proliferation and migration were detected by 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) cell proliferation and cell migration assays. Tumor xenograft models were established for in vivo verification. Results::A high MYC expression level was associated with a poor prognosis and could alter the proportion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs). The positive correlation between MYC and PD-L1 was confirmed by immunostaining samples from 165 TNBC patients. Suppression of MYC in TNBC caused a reduction in the levels of both PD-L1 messenger RNA and protein. In addition, antitumor immune response was enhanced in the TNBC cancer xenograft mouse model with suppression of MYC by CDK7 inhibitor THZ1. Conclusions::The combined therapy of CDK7 inhibitor THZ1 and anti-PD-L1 antibody appeared to have a synergistic effect, which might offer new insight for enhancing immunotherapy in TNBC.

Objective:To explore the correlation of serum neurogenic exosome MicroRNA-211-5p(miR-211-5p)levels and brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)levels with cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease and their diagnostic value.Methods:A total of 80 patients with Parkinson's disease(PD)admitted to the Second Hospital of Jiaxing City from January 2017 to April 2018 were enrolled.According to the Montreal cognitive assessment scale, patients were divided into the cognitive impairment group(n=36)and the non-cognitive impairment group(n=44). Meanwhile, 30 healthy people who took health check-ups during the same period were selected as the control group.Exosomes were extracted from peripheral blood of subjects by using the ExoQuick kit, and the neurogenic exosomes were separated by an L1 cell adhesion molecule(L1CAM)biotinylated antibody.BDNF levels in the exosomes were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), and the expression level of miR-211-5p in the exosome was determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-QPCR).Results:There was a correlation between BDNF and miR-211-5p( r=-0.805, P<0.001)in serum neurogenic exosomes( r=-0.805, P<0.001). BDNF was correlated with miR-211-5p in both the PD and control groups( r=-0.785 and-0.867, P=0.002 and 0.001). The miR-211-5p level was higher and the BDNF level was lower in the PD group than in the control group(0.30±0.08 vs. 0.17±0.04, 0.55±0.06 mg/L vs. 0.75±0.06 mg/L, t=7.125 and 6.368, P=0.000 and 0.000). The BDNF level was lower(0.45±0.07 mg/L vs.0.63±0.07 6.368 and 0.75±0.08 mg/L, t=8.999 and 7.608, P=0.000 and 0.000)and the MiR-211-5p level was higher(0.36±0.07 vs. 0.24±0.05 and 0.17±0.04, t=10.923 and 7.520, P=0.000 and 0.000)in the cognitive impairment group than in the non-cognitive impairment and control groups.The receiver-operating characteristics(ROC)curve showed that the area under the curve of miR-211-5p as a measure for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease was 0.860(95% CI: 0.770-0.950)with a threshold of 0.32.The area under the curve of BDNF as a measure for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease was 0.891(95% CI: 0.822-0.961)with a threshold of 0.67.BDNF seemed to be the target gene of miR-211-5p, since the latter could inhibit BDNF expression by reducing BDNF mRNA levels. Conclusions:Human serum neurogenic exosome miR-211-5p is highly expressed in PD patients with cognitive impairment and has the potential to be used as one of diagnostic parameters for cognitive impairment in PD patients.The high expression of serum neurogenic exosome miR-211-5p may be related to the inhibition of BDNF by reducing its mRNA levels.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of microRNA(miRNA)-29b on the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells and its molecular mechanism.

METHODSThe recombinant lentiviral expression vector (lenti-miRNA-29b) was constructed and transfected into 293T cells to obtain lentivirus particles that were used to infect breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Transfection efficiency of lenti-miRNA-29b in MCF-7 cells was identified by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). The expression of miRNA-29b was detected by real-time PCR. The cell proliferation and migration were detected by CCK8 assay and Transwell assay, respectively. The bioinformatics softwares were used to predict and screen the downstream target genes regulated by miRNA-29b, which were verified by double luciferase reporter gene assay, RT-PCR and Western blot. The effects of screened target gene RTKN on the growth and migration of MCF-7 cells were verified by RTKN siRNA.

RESULTSRecombinant lentiviral expression vector of miRNA-29b were successfully constructed. About 90% and 60% of the breast cancer cells showed green fluorescence in lenti-miRNA-29b and lenti-miRNA-NC groups, respectively. The expression of miRNA-29b in lenti-miRNA-29b group increased significantly compared with the lenti-miRNA-NC group and blank control group (all<0.05); the proliferation and migration ability of MCF-7 cells significantly reduced compared with the control group (all<0.05). The screening with bioinformatics softwares found that the 3'UTR coding region RTKN had the binding site to miRNA-29b; the dual luciferase reporter gene assay showed that the luciferase activity decreased significantly after the MCF-7 cells were co-transfected with wild type RTKN-WT-3'UTR and miRNA-29b mimics report gene vector (<0.05). The RTKN proteins in MCF-7 cells were significantly decreased after transfection with siRNA-RTKN, and the proliferation and migration ability of MCF-7 cells were significantly reduced (all<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSMiRNA-29b can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of RTKN.

Objective Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a key in the management of cancer patients' clinic syptoms.This article investigated the status quo of nurses' knowledge and attitude towards CFR.Methods THe method of cross-sectional survey and questionnaire was used to investigate the knowledge and attitude towards CRF among nurses from related departments of three Grade III hospitals in Nanjing.Results 142 nurses answered the questionnaire.The average correct rate was 76.25%, among which nurses from the oncology department had better congition rate than nurses from other medical and surgical departments (84.3%, 75.98%, 79.57%) , representing significant difference (P<0.05).64.79% of the nurses found the relatives of cancer patients and nurses often fail to understand cancer patients;complaint of fatigue, 76.76% of nurses assumed there is lack of communication in fatigue between patients and medical staff.94.36% of nurses agreed medical institutions should strengthen the management of CRF.Conclusion At present, the clinical nurses have inadequate knowledge about CRF, which should be enhanced in future work.

Objective Gynecologic minimally invasive surgery has become popular in the treatment of tumor therapy in re-cent years, but improper application can result in tumor metastasis.In this paper, we presented 6 uterine neoplasm cases of tumor me-tastasis after minimally invasive surgery and analyzed the causes and the preventive measures. Methods Retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data and pathology characteristics of the 6 uterine neoplasm cases of tumor metastasis after primary minimally inva-sive surgery in our department from January 1, 2013 to 2015 June 30, and related literature were reviewed. Results The ages of 6 patients were 39-52 years old.The primary operation methods included 2 cases of hysteroscopic myomectomy, 3 cases of laparoscopic myomectomy and 1 case of radiofrequency ablation.The pathological diagnosis after primary operations were 4 cases of uterine sarcoma ( low grade endometrial stromal sarcoma in 2 cases and leiomyosarcoma in 2 cases) who were found metastatic tumor at 3-16 months after primary surgery and finally died of the disease and 2 cases of uterine fibroids who were found metastatic tumor in abdominal cavity and puncture hole at 60 months and 108 months respectively after primary operation followed by a good prognosis after the second surgi-cal resection. Conclusion Owing to uterine neoplasm by hysteroscopy, laparoscopy often needs certain pressure and morcellation which may result in easy plantation of crushing tumor tis-sue or metastasis with circulation and puncture under pressure.Ra-diofrequency ablation lack of histopathologic diagnosis has heating effect which is inclined to speed up the spread and transfer of tumor cells once it is diagnosed as malignant.Therefore, clinicians should know the defects and risk of being lack of histopathologic diagno-sis, diagnostic curettage pathology and fast pathology to avoid tumor metastasis induced by minimally invasive surgery.

[Abstract ] Objective Difficulties with the preparation of gastric cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been a main obstacle to the studies of gastric cancer .This article addresses the technology of the serum-free medium suspension cultivation of the MKN-45 gastric cancer cell line and screening of stem cells from the cell line based on the biomarkers of gastric CSCs . Methods MKN-45 cells were cultured in serum-free medium for 8 weeks and those in the logarithmic phase cultivated with hoechst 33342 followed by detection of the side cells by flow cytometry .When the side population cells reached 25%, all the cell microspheres were collected , hatched with CD133 and CD44, and subjected to fluorescence-activated cell sorting.The CDl33 +and CD44 +cells were selected as gastric CSCs . Results About 40%of the MKN-45 gastric CSCs were alive , prolif-erated, and formed floating cell balls .Side population cells constitu-ted 3.4% of the MKN-45 cells and 26.9% of the cell balls.The CDl33 +and CD44 +cells made up 11.2% of the MKN-45 cells and 90.3%of the cell balls. Conclusion Cell balls rich in CSCs can be successfully obtained by serum-free medium suspension culti-vation and CSCs can be screened out with hoechst 33342 and surface markers , which may serve as an experimental ground for the stud-ies of gastric CSCs .