Objective To investigate the efficacy of varying doses of methylprednisolone(MP)on mice with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)induced with influenza A virus(IAV).Methods Mouse model of COPD was established using LPS combined with smoking for 12 weeks,and then these COPD mice were treated with administration of 40 μL IAV via nasal drip to establish a AECOPD model.A total of 15 AECOPD mice were randomly divided into low-,medium-and high-dose MP groups,oseltamivir group and blank group.The body weight and survival time were monitored within 10 d after IAV infection.On days 1,3,and 5 post-treatment,lung function was assessed using whole-body plethysmography(WBP),inflammatory factors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were quantified with ELISA,viral titers in BALF were determined using plaque assays,and colony-forming units were evaluated with blood agar plates.Immunofluorescence analysis:① Pulmonary immunofluorescence assay:Mice were randomly categorized into(n=4):LPS 1-day group,LPS 3-day group,and LPS+MP treatment group.All groups received an initial dose of LPS via atomization;subsequently,the LPS+MP treatment group received a single gavage dose of MP.Lung tissues were harvested from the 1-day LPS group on 1 d post-treatment,and from the 3-day LPS and LPS+MP groups on 3 d for immunofluorescence staining.② Cellular immunofluorescence assay:Mouse bone marrow neutrophils were classified into blank control(no intervention),LPS stimulation(LPS group),MP intervention with LPS stimulation(LPS+MP group),and MP intervention alone(MP group).The above cells were collected in 4 h after corresponding interventions for subsequent cellular immunofluorescence analysis.Results ①The medium-dose MP group demonstrated the most significant improvement in survival rate,weight recovery,and lung function when compared to other groups(P＜0.05).② Treatment of medium-dose MP obviously reduced the levels of IL-6 and neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs)(P＜0.05),while,elevated inflammatory factors and NETs were observed in the high-dose MP group on day 5 post-treatment.③ Notable decline in the lung injury score was found in the medium-dose MP group than the other groups(P＜0.05).④The high-dose MP group exhibited substantial bacterial proliferation and delayed viral clearance since day 5 after treatment.Conclusion Medium-dose MP shows best efficacy in treatment of IAV-induced AECOPD,and the dose neither delays viral clearance nor increases the risk of bacterial infection following viral infection.

Objective:To investigate the effects of improving the prenatal multidisciplinary consultation mode on the outcomes of fetuses with structural malformations.Methods:Clinical data of pregnant women attending the Prenatal Multidisciplinary Consultation Center, jointly established by the Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University and the Children's Hospital of Fudan University from January 2004 to December 2019, were retrospectively collected and analyzed. In 2014, the center optimized the multidisciplinary consultation mode to achieve a more individualized approach to genetic testing based on more accurate imaging diagnosis and deeper cooperation between the obstetrics and pediatrics teams. Differences in the number of cases, structure of the diseases, genetic testing results, outcomes, and prognosis between the improved group (enrolled from January 2014 to December 2019) and the baseline group (enrolled from January 2004 to December 2013) were compared. The Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results:(1) This study recruited 5 977 pregnant women, including 3 424 in the baseline group and 2 553 in the improved group. The main indications for consultation were fetal factors [97.2% (5 812/5 977)], among which congenital structural malformations accounted for 77.5% (4 503/5 812). There was a significant difference in the systematic distribution of congenital structural malformations between the two groups ( χ2=141.31, P<0.001). The proportion of malformations involving the central nervous, cardiovascular, and urinary systems ranked in the top three in both groups. (2) The percentage of women receiving genetic testing was higher in the improved group than in the baseline group [26.7% (682/2 553) vs. 15.9% (546/3 424), χ2=103.87, P<0.001] and the positive rate of genetic testing was also higher in the improved group [19.9% (136/682) vs. 9.9% (54/546). χ2=23.42, P<0.001]. (3) Among the 5 977 cases, 418 (7.0%) were lost to follow-up; 1 741 (29.1%) opted for pregnancy termination; 123 (2.2%) had intrauterine fetal death; and 3 695 (61.8%) were live births. The rate of pregnancy termination in the improved group was lower than that of the baseline group [27.7% (707/2 553) vs. 30.2% (1 034/3 424), χ2=4.45, P=0.035]. (4) In the 1 741 cases with pregnancy termination, fatal cardiovascular system malformations ( n=413, 23.7%), central nervous system malformations ( n=377, 21.7%), multiple malformations ( n=258, 14.8%), and chromosomal abnormalities ( n=162, 9.3%) were the main causes. The top five diseases leading to pregnancy termination were cleft lip and palate [59.0% (46/78)], meningocele (5/9), gastroschisis/omphalocele [49.3% (33/67)], diaphragmatic hernia [46.5% (33/71)], and skeletal malformations [40.9% (83/203)]. The rates of pregnancy termination due to gastroschisis/omphalocele, diaphragmatic hernia, and skeletal malformations in the improved group were all lower than those in the baseline group [57.4% (27/47) vs. 30.0% (6/20), χ2=4.23; 59.0% (23/39) vs. 31.3% (10/32), χ2=5.43; 51.8% (72/139) vs. 17.2% (11/64), χ2=21.72; all P<0.05]. (5) Among the 3 695 live births, 1 979 (53.6%) were delivered by cesarean section and 1 716 (46.4%) by vaginal delivery; 3 633 (98.3%) survived and 62 (1.7%) died in the neonatal period. The survival rate of newborns in the improved group was higher than that in the baseline group [98.8% (1 648/1 668) vs. 97.9% (1 985/2 027), χ2=4.23, P=0.040]. Among the 62 dead newborns, 51 (82.3%) had fatal structural or chromosomal abnormalities. (6) In the surviving neonates, 372 (10.2%) showed no abnormalities in a postnatal reexamination, and 468 (12.9%) received surgical treatment in the neonatal period. The other 2 793 cases received no treatment in the neonatal period but were followed up regularly. Conclusion:The optimized prenatal multidisciplinary consultation mode effectively reduces the rate of pregnancy termination due to non-fatal single structural malformations and increases the survival rate of newborns.

Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans ; Pre-Eclampsia/epidemiology* ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Case-Control Studies ; China/epidemiology* ; Fluorocarbons/toxicity*

Objective:To explore the main causes of 50 children with aplastic anemia misdiagnosed as immune thrombocytopenia(ITP), summarize differential diagnosis experience, and provide clinical reference.Methods:According to the diagnostic criteria of aplastic anemia and ITP in children, the initial data of misdiagnosed cases in other hospital admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai Tongji Hospital from January 2007 to December 2020, and the results of their re-examination tests in this hospital were analyzed.The causes of misdiagnosis and the main points of differential diagnosis were summarized.Results:Of the 165 children with aplastic anemia treated in the same period, 50 cases (30.3%) had been misdiagnosed as ITP.The main causes of misdiagnosis were summarized as follows.(1) The clinical manifestations in 22 cases disagreed with " typical symptoms of ITP" , and necessary bone marrow examinations were not performed in accordance with the international guidelines to confirm the diagnosis.(2) The bone marrow test results were interpreted falsely.Among 28 patients who underwent the bone marrow smear examination, 6 cases (21%) showed typical aplastic bone marrow, but they were still misdiagnosed with ITP.(3) Patients (15/28 cases, 54%) with atypical bone marrow smears did not receive further bone marrow biopsy to facilitate the diagnosis.(4) In 7 cases (7/28 cases, 25%), their bone marrow examination results met the diagnostic criteria of ITP at initial diagnosis, but no necessary review was performed to verify and correct the diagnosis after glucocorticoid trea-tment failed.Conclusions:Clinical diagnosis should be made in restrict accordance with related disease diagnostic criteria to avoid empirical errors.Diagnosis of ITP requires caution.Especially for those with atypical clinical manifestations or irresponsive to first-line drugs, bone marrow examinations (bone marrow biopsy if necessary) must be performed, and the test results should be correctly interpreted according to the diagnostic criteria to prevent clinical misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis.

At the end of December 2019, acute respiratory infectious diseases caused by a new type of coronavirus were prevalent in Wuhan and other cities of China. Different from radiology examinations, the protocols of nuclear medical imaging examinations are complicated, in which more workplaces and staff are needed, resulting more complex management of patients and higher protection requirements. Combined with the characteristics of SPECT and PET imaging procedures, this paper puts forward some suggestions on the protective process of imaging examinations for patients with confirmed or suspected noval coronavirus infec- tion. The main purpose is to protect medical staff from virus infection, effectively reduce the risk of virus transmission during the examination process, and ensure the medical quality and safety.

At the end of December 2019, acute respiratory infectious diseases caused by a new type of coronavirus were prevalent in Wuhan and other cities of China. Different from radiology examinations, the protocols of nuclear medical imaging examinations are complicated, in which more workplaces and staff are needed, resulting more complex management of patients and higher protection requirements. Combined with the characteristics of SPECT and PET imaging procedures, this paper puts forward some suggestions on the protective process of imaging examinations for patients with confirmed or suspected novel coronavirus infection. The main purpose is to protect medical staff from virus infection, effectively reduce the risk of virus transmission during the examination process, and ensure the medical quality and safety.

Objective: To understand the mortality and influencing factors on injecting drug users (IDUs) with HIV/AIDS, in Guizhou province, 1996-2015. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on IDUs with HIV/AIDS that were reported through national comprehensive HIV/AIDS information system, in Guizhou province during 1996-2015. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors on the mortality of HIV/AIDS. Results: A total of 3 958 cases of IDUs with HIV/AIDS were recruited in this study, with all-cause mortality rate of 44.01% (1 742/3 958) and total mortality rate of 7.80/100 person-years, respectively. The median survival time between diagnosis and death was 8.08 years. Mortality rate was 3.57/100 person-years in the group receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The mortality appeared to be 4.08/100 person-years in the group who were on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Data from the multiple regression analysis indicated that factors of gender, ethnicity, age when HIV/AIDS diagnosis was made, CD₄⁺T lymphocyte (CD₄) count at the first testing, ART and MMT were significantly associated with deaths among these people. The risk of death in females was 0.82 times (95%CI: 0.69-0.98) higher than that in males. The risk of deaths among the ethnic minority subjects was 1.39 times (95%CI: 1.21-1.60) higher than that of the Hans. The risk of death appeared to be 2.44 times higher (95%CI: 1.07-5.56) in the over-50-year of age group than in the <20 year-old group, when HIV/AIDS was diagnosed for the first time. The risk of death in CD₄ ≥500/μl group in the first time was 0.27 times (95%CI: 0.22-0.32) more than CD₄ <200/μl group in the firs time. The risk of death in cases who were treated with ART or MMT was 2.83 times (95%CI: 2.45-3.26) and 1.35 times (95%CI: 1.15-1.59) higher than those who did not receive any treatment, respectively. Conclusion Higher risks on death seemed to be related to the following factors: being male, older age at the time of diagnosis, lower CD₄ at diagnosis, not on ART or MMT among the IDUs with HIV/AIDS in Guizhou province, between 1996-2015.

Objective To study the changes in cesarean delivery rate (CSR) and indications against the background of two-child policy. Methods Maternal information and indications for cesarean delivery were retrospectively obtained from medical records of 62007 women who delivered at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University between January 2013 and December 2016. Indications for cesarean section were divided into 16 categories, such as maternal or fetal indication, repeat cesarean section, maternal request, labor arrest disorders, fetal distress, and so on. Changes in CSR and the proportion of cesarean delivery for each indication were evaluated. One-way analysis of variance, Chi-square or Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in cesarean delivery rate was calculated by Joinpoint Analyses software. Relative contribution of each indication to the overall increase or decrease in CSR was analyzed using the data of the years of 2013 and 2016. Results The CSR dropped from 45.2％ (6683/14798) in 2013 to 38.3％ (6546/17104) in 2016. The rate of cesarean delivery due to maternal request and labor arrest disorders decreased significantly (χ2=49.402 and 14.617, both P<0.05) .The rate of cesarean delivery due to labor arrest disorders in all cases decreased sharply from 14.7‰ in 2013 to 0.9‰ in 2016 at an annual decrease of 48.0％ (95％CI: - 67.6％- - 21.5％). It was also worth noting that the rate of cesarean delivery on maternal request in all cases decreased from 119.3 ‰ in 2013 to 40.7 ‰ in 2016 at an average annual decrease of 30.1％ (95％CI: - 31.3％- - 28.9％). Despite of a limited number of cesarean delivery cases for uterine scar caused by leiomyoma resection, its rate increased from 1.4 per 1000 deliveries in 2013 to 2.9 per 1000 deliveries in 2016 with the highest average annual increase of 32.3％ (95％CI: 10.1％-60.9％), followed by the rate of cesarean delivery due to maternal pyrexia, increasing from 6.6 per 1000 deliveries in 2013 to 16.4 per 1000 deliveries in 2016 at an average annual increase of 27.4％ (95％CI: 11.0％-46.5％), and the rate of cesarean delivery due to repeat cesarean section, increasing from 67.6 per 1000 deliveries in 2013 to 113.9 per 1000 deliveries in 2016 at an average annual increase of 19.0％ (95％CI: 5.0％-34.6％). The first two positive contributors to the total decrease of CSR were maternal request and labor arrest disorders (144.2％ and 27.7％, respectively), while the first two negative contributors were repeat cesarean section and maternal pyrexia (-102.3％ and -18.9％, respectively). Conclusions The CSR is reduced after the implementation of two-child policy through active control on maternal request and application of new partogram.

Objective To improve the awareness of fetal cardiac rhabdomyomas (CRs) and investigate a better model for prenatal diagnosis and treatment through analyzing imaging findings and prognosis.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 23 cases of CRs which were diagnosed by ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University from January 2008 to November 2015.General conditions,imaging features,prognosis and follow-up data of the 23 cases were described.Results The average gestational age of the 23 fetuses at diagnosis was (29.8±4.1) (22.4-35.7) weeks.Seventeen out of the 23 gravidas received prenatal multidisciplinary consultation.Among all 23 gravidas,three (13％) were lost to follow-up,12 (52％) decided to terminate the pregnancy,and the other eight (35％) continued to term pregnancy and their babies were followed up for three years.Of these eight cases,two cases received prenatal brain MRI and no tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) was detected,no CRs was identified during the follow-up,and their physical and mental developments were both normal.One case was diagnosed with suspected subependymal nodules by prenatal brain MRI in our hospital,but the MRI images was normal when scanned in the other hospital,and follow-up data revealed neither CRs nor abnormal physical and mental developments.Four cases did not received prenatal brain MRI,but the MRI images of neonatal brains indicated TSC,besides,follow-up data showed that seizures were observed,physical developments were all normal,but three of the four cases had mental retardation;CRs disappeared in only two of the four cases.One case had neither prenatal nor neonatal MRI,but follow-up data showed that CRs had disappeared and physical and mental developments were both normal.Conclusions Prenatal diagnosis of fetal tuberous sclerosis is crucial to the prognosis of CRs.Prenatal ultrasonography in combination with cranial MRI improves the accuracy of prenatal diagnosis of CRs complicated with TSC and assists in clinical decision-making and prognosis analysis.

Objective To investigate the rate of termination of pregnancy (TOP) in gravidas with prenatally diagnosed fetal malformation and to analyze the influences of medical and non-medical factors on decision making.Methods This was a prospective cohort study. Gravidas who took part in a multidisciplinary consultation due to fetal malformation and finished a questionnaire after consulting from September 12, 2012 to May 2, 2013 were recruited. Exclusion criteria were chromosomal disorders and isolated abnormal ultrasound soft markers. The questionnaire survey was conducted to understand the patient's backgrounds and to collect their feedbacks on the consultation. Decisions of the gravidas on TOP were followed up by phone in 2014 and 2016. If a gravida chose to continue her pregnancy, her baby's outcome was also recorded.T test,Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, or rank-sum tests (Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon) or Logistic regression was used for statistical analysis.Results (1) Altogether 229 gravidas were recruited and 10 of them were lost to follow-up, so 219 cases were finally analyzed. Among the 219 cases, 35.6% (78/219) chose to terminate their pregnancies. (2) Neonatal prognosis was predicted based on the type and severity of the disease and was divided into four levels including good prognosis (122 cases, 55.7%), medium prognosis (20 cases, 9.1%), poor prognosis (17 cases, 7.8%) and unsure prognosis (60 cases, 27.4%). (3) Gravidas who chose to terminate their pregnancies were younger than their counterparts choosing to continue to term (average age: 27.8±4.1 vs 29.0±3.9,t=2.257,P<0.05). Gravidas who went to the consultation before the 24th gestational week carried double risk of TOP than those after the 24th gestational week [termination rate: 52.5% (31/59) vs 29.4% (47/160),χ2=10.089,P<0.01). (4) Gravidas with fetal growth restriction (FGR) were at triple risk of TOP than those without (OR=2.850, 95%CI: 1.323-6.140) after adjusting for maternal age, gestational age at consultation and prognostic evaluation. Comparing with the good prognosis group, in which the rate of TOP was 19%, the unsure (OR=2.354, 95%CI: 1.108-5.004), medium (OR=16.188, 95%CI: 4.732-55.372) and poor (OR=14.515, 95%CI: 3.61-58.359) prognosis groups had higher risk of TOP. (5) There were 63 women informed us their reasons for TOP (multiple choices), among which 57 (90.5%) were due to unsure neonatal outcomes, and 10 (15.9%) were due to emotional factors. (6) Maternal satisfaction with neonatal prognosis was 2 to 5 points (medium score, ten-point system) lower in gravidas choosing to TOP than in those choosing to continue pregnancy regardless of good, unsure, or medium neonatal prognosis. No significant difference in maternal satisfaction was found among gravidas with poor neonatal prognosis.Conclusions The rate of TOP in gravidas with prenatally diagnosed fetal malformation remains high in China. Factors that can negatively influence the rate of TOP are consultation after the 24th gestational week, better perceived neonatal prognosis and higher maternal satisfaction with neonatal prognosis. Uncertainty of the neonatal prognosis is the leading cause of maternal dissatisfaction.