Strabismus, a common ocular condition, arises from an imbalance in the extraocular muscle force and deviation of the visual axis due to various factors. Concomitant strabismus is the predominant form of exotropia, with its pathogenesis believed to be associated with hereditary factors, abnormal eye accommodation function, and anomalies in binocular anatomy. Surgical intervention is often necessary for aligning the visual axes of both eyes and facilitating the recovery and establishment of stereoscopic vision. Despite this, the etiology of concomitant exotropia remains incompletely understood. This review consolidates recent research on aberrant molecular expression and pathological morphological changes within extraocular muscles affected by concomitant exotropia, offering insights into disease causation at molecular and pathological levels to underpin future preventive measures and clinical interventions. The discussion encompasses histological changes observed under electron microscopy as well as the impact of heavy chain protein, satellite cells, cadherin, growth factors on extraocular muscle protein expression.

Myeloid-derived cells (MDCs) are crucial in immune response and tissue homeostasis. They have high functional plasticity and can be polarized according to microenvironment signals. These cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells (DCs), exhibit different functional polarization states in different pathological environments and are involved in the occurrence and development of diseases such as inflammation and tumors. Studies have shown that metabolic reprogramming plays a key role in the functional polarization of MDCs, affecting the cellular energy supply and regulating immune function. This paper reviews classification, function and polarization mechanism of MDCs and discusses metabolic reprogramming. In addition, the therapeutic strategies targeting MDC are summarized, which is expected to provide new targets for tumor immunotherapy.
Humans ; Tumor Microenvironment/immunology* ; Myeloid Cells/metabolism* ; Neoplasms/pathology* ; Animals ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Dendritic Cells/immunology* ; Macrophages/immunology*

Chronic neuroinflammation is one of the pathogeneses of Alzheimer's disease(AD),and chemokines and their re-ceptors play a key role in AD pathology.Studies have shown that the expression of CCR3 is increased in AD patients and animal models,and the absence or antagonism of CCR3 can effectively improve the pathological changes of AD animal models and improve the impairment of learning and memory function,which is a potential target for AD treatment.In this review,the research progress of the role of CCR3 and its ligands in the pathogenesis of AD is reviewed,which will provide references for the in-depth disclosure of the pathogenesis of AD and the development of new drugs.

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes（TILs）are the main anti-tumor immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and play a crucial role in the immunotherapy of solid tumors. However，the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment limits their clinical efficacy. As one of the most abundant immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment，tumor-associated macrophages（TAMs）have a close connection with TILs and play an important role in the immunosuppression on TILs. This review discusses the application of TILs in the field of tumor therapy and their immunosuppressive bottlenecks，elaborates on the role of TAMs in tumor immunosuppression，and summarizes the effects of TAMs on the immune function of TILs through mechanisms such as cytokine secretion，exosome release，metabolic reprogramming，and epigenetic remodeling. In addition，this article also explores the possibility of targeting TAMs as a strategy to improve the anti-tumor efficacy of TILs，aiming to provide new ideas for addressing the immunosuppressive challenges faced by TILs.

Designation of ideological and political teaching of Medical Immunology courses focuses on"cultivate talent for Party and the State",and adheres to goal of"build morality and cultivate people".From perspective of big ideology and politics,with basic foundation of"major guiding,disciplines supporting and curriculum shaping",principle of"six combinations"is applied to con-struct ideological and political cases of Medical Immunology courses,to create an infiltrating teaching pattern,which simultaneously cultivate talent for the Party and the State,and forms a synergistic effect of professional course learning and ideological and political learning.

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes（TILs）are the main anti-tumor immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and play a crucial role in the immunotherapy of solid tumors. However，the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment limits their clinical efficacy. As one of the most abundant immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment，tumor-associated macrophages（TAMs）have a close connection with TILs and play an important role in the immunosuppression on TILs. This review discusses the application of TILs in the field of tumor therapy and their immunosuppressive bottlenecks，elaborates on the role of TAMs in tumor immunosuppression，and summarizes the effects of TAMs on the immune function of TILs through mechanisms such as cytokine secretion，exosome release，metabolic reprogramming，and epigenetic remodeling. In addition，this article also explores the possibility of targeting TAMs as a strategy to improve the anti-tumor efficacy of TILs，aiming to provide new ideas for addressing the immunosuppressive challenges faced by TILs.

Designation of ideological and political teaching of Medical Immunology courses focuses on"cultivate talent for Party and the State",and adheres to goal of"build morality and cultivate people".From perspective of big ideology and politics,with basic foundation of"major guiding,disciplines supporting and curriculum shaping",principle of"six combinations"is applied to con-struct ideological and political cases of Medical Immunology courses,to create an infiltrating teaching pattern,which simultaneously cultivate talent for the Party and the State,and forms a synergistic effect of professional course learning and ideological and political learning.

Objective Hypobaric chamber and simulated weightless bed are essential methods for aerospace medical research,and conducting state assessment of volunteers before and after hypobaric chamber and simulated weightless bed tests is an essential guideline for aerospace implementation medicine.To further improve the efficiency of human condition assessment,in addition to the conventional biochemical and physiological indicators,the human oral exhaled gas can be used for condition assessment,and the olfactometry acquisition equipment and analysis software can collect and detect most volatile gases to complete the human oral exhaled gas data acquisition.Conducting comparative analysis of olfactory mapping data from different populations may be a means to assess the status of the body.Methods The olfactometry acquisition equipment was used to collect the oral exhaled breath olfactometry profiles of the general population,hypobaric cabin volunteers,and ambulatory volunteers.The olfactometry analysis software was used to calculate the 12 eigenvalues of the olfactometry profiles and the t-SNE downscaling,and the radar plots were used to analyze the olfactometry profiles of the general population,low-pressure cabin volunteers,and ambulatory volunteers respectively.A comparative analysis of different populations was conducted.Results(1)The t-SNE mapping data of the general population and the ambulatory volunteers were almost indistinguishable;(2)the t-SNE mapping data of the hypobaric cabin volunteers and the general population had a slight overlap,but the distinguishability of the vast majority of the t-SNE mapping data was obvious;(3)the t-SNE mapping data of the hypobaric cabin volunteers and the ambulatory volunteers were distinguishable with no overlap,and the ambulatory t SNE data are highly aggregated,and the distribution of t-SNE data in low-pressure cabin is more discrete;(4)there are 2-3 sensors with large eigenvalues and a large range of variation for both low-pressure cabin volunteers and recumbent volunteers after training activities,and the common sensor with a large range of variation is S6.Conclusion Olfactory diagnostic analysis mapping may be a means to assess the health status of the body and may be useful for spaceflight health status assessment in the future.The analysis and application of flight health state assessment can be a reference in the future.

Objective To study the effect of practicing traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)guidance on the health in weightless conditions based on the examination results of the TCM diagnostic instrument.Methods 6 subjects in weightless conditions practiced TCM guidance for 14 consecutive days,once a day for 8 minutes each time.The Digital TCM Diagnostic Instrument and TCM Syndrome Diagnosis Scale were used to collect information before and after their practice of TCM guidance through diagnostic methods of observation,palpation and inquiry according to TCM theory.The data such as the degree of virtual-reality,pulse rate,and characteristic parameters of pulse diagrams h3/h1,h4/h1,t1,h1/t1 were processed and analyzed,and the changes before and after the practice were compared.Results Compared with before the practice,the degree of deficiency syndrome was significantly reduced after practicing TCM guidance(P<0.05),the pulse rate was significantly decreased(P<0.01),and the pulse diagnosis parameters h3/h1 and t1 were significantly decreased(P<0.05),while h4/h1 and h1/t1 showed no significant changes.Conclusion Practicing TCM guidance in weightless conditions is helpful for enhance cardiovascular regulatory function,correcting symptom bias,adjusting the body's balance state,and has a positive effect on health.

Chronic neuroinflammation is one of the pathogeneses of Alzheimer's disease(AD),and chemokines and their re-ceptors play a key role in AD pathology.Studies have shown that the expression of CCR3 is increased in AD patients and animal models,and the absence or antagonism of CCR3 can effectively improve the pathological changes of AD animal models and improve the impairment of learning and memory function,which is a potential target for AD treatment.In this review,the research progress of the role of CCR3 and its ligands in the pathogenesis of AD is reviewed,which will provide references for the in-depth disclosure of the pathogenesis of AD and the development of new drugs.