Clinical death refers to the permanent cessation of life functions. This article reviews the definition of clinical death and the various scenarios in which it occurs, classifies the process of clinical death, and discusses the criteria for determining uncontrollable cardiac death, controllable cardiac death and the criteria and workflow for determining brain death. It elaborates on the relationship between brain death and death, and proposes the areas to note when standardizing the medical documentation of death cases. Based on this, it introduces the content of the management system and workflow construction for death determination in medical institutions, including management structure, personnel qualifications, document norms, quality control system and training mechanism. Paying attention to the construction of the management system and workflow for death determination in medical institutions is of great significance for ensuring medical quality and safety, promoting the healthy development of organ donation, and maintaining the seriousness of legal and ethical practices.

Peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals targeting integrin α5β1 show promise for precise tumor diagnosis and treatment. However, current peptide-based radioligands that target α5β1 demonstrate inadequate in vivo performance owing to limited tumor retention. The use of PEGylation to enhance the tumor retention of radiopharmaceuticals by prolonging blood circulation time poses a risk of increased blood toxicity. Therefore, a PEGylation strategy that boosts tumor retention while minimizing blood circulation time is urgently needed. Here, we developed a PEGylation-enabled peptide multidisplay platform (PEGibody) for PR_b, an α5β1 targeting peptide. PEGibody generation involved PEGylation and self-assembly. [⁶⁴Cu]QM-2303 PEGibodies displayed spherical nanoparticles ranging from 100 to 200 nm in diameter. Compared with non-PEGylated radioligands, [⁶⁴Cu]QM-2303 demonstrated enhanced tumor retention time due to increased binding affinity and stability. Importantly, the biodistribution analysis confirmed rapid clearance of [⁶⁴Cu]QM-2303 from the bloodstream. Administration of a single dose of [¹⁷⁷Lu]QM-2303 led to robust antitumor efficacy. Furthermore, [⁶⁴Cu]/[¹⁷⁷Lu]QM-2303 exhibited low hematological and organ toxicity in both healthy and tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, this study presents a PEGibody-based radiotheranostic approach that enhances tumor retention time and provides long-lasting antitumor effects without prolonging blood circulation lifetime. The PEGibody-based radiopharmaceutical [⁶⁴Cu]/[¹⁷⁷Lu]QM-2303 shows great potential for positron emission tomography imaging-guided targeted radionuclide therapy for α5β1-overexpressing tumors.

The activation proteins released by fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment regulate tumor growth, migration, and treatment response, thereby influencing tumor progression and therapeutic outcomes. Owing to the proliferation and metastasis of tumors, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is typically highly expressed in the tumor stroma, whereas it is nearly absent in adult normal tissues and benign lesions, making it an attractive target for precision medicine. Radiolabeled agents targeting FAP have the potential for targeted cancer diagnosis and therapy. This comprehensive review aims to describe the evolution of FAPI-based radiopharmaceuticals and their structural optimization. Within its scope, this review summarizes the advances in the use of radiolabeled small molecule inhibitors for tumor imaging and therapy as well as the modification strategies for FAPIs, combined with insights from structure-activity relationships and clinical studies, providing a valuable perspective for radiopharmaceutical clinical development and application.

Objective To establish a UV method for the determination of the functional compositions(cinnamic acid derivatives,total flavonoids)in Ligustrum robustum,to predict the contents of trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid,trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid esters,and rhoifolin based on UV/HPLC,and to optimize the technological conditions of ultrasonic-assistant extraction of L.robustum.Methods ①In the determination of the functional compositions in L.robustum,total cinnamic acid derivatives were determined by dual-wavelength isobestic point UV method(detection wavelength 316 nm,reference wavelength 268 nm),and total flavonoids were determined by single-wavelength UV method(detection wavelength 268 nm),while rhoifolin was determined by HPLC(C 18 column,eluting with methanol-0.1％acetic acid=40∶60,detection wavelength 310 nm).②The conversion factors were used to establish a UV/HPLC-based prediction model,and the precision of the predicted results was evaluated with other 3 test samples.③ The technological conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction were optimized by an orthogonal test.Results ① The linear ranges of total cinnamic acid derivatives,total flavonoids,and rhoifolin were 4.64-20.88,8.24-28.84,5.15-51.50 μg·mL-1(r≥0.999 5),respectively.RSDs of the precision,stability,and reproducibility tests were no more than 1.4％.The recoveries were 97.9％-100.5％(RSD≤ 1.2％,n=6).②The relative errors of the values predicted by UV/HPLC from the results measured by HPLC were from-5.3％to 1.7％.There was no significant difference between the UV/HPLC predicted values and the HPLC determined results(P＞0.05)for the contents of trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid and rhoifolin.③The optimal technological conditions of ultrasonic-assistant extraction of L.robustum were as follows:ethanol concentration 80％,temperature 50 ℃,liquid-solid ratio 20 mL·g 1,extraction frequency 2 times,extraction time 20 min.The total yield of functional compositions under above conditions was 42.0％.Conclusion The above determination methods are accurate and rapid,and the above extraction technology is effective,energy-saving and rapid,which provide an experimental base for the quality control and application of L.robustum.

Objective:To investigate the effects and its related mechanism of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells(PMSCs)on the lipopolysaccharides(LPS)damaged astrocytes.Methods:Primary astrocytes were isolated from the cerebral cortex of neonatal rats.The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)was identified using immu-nofluorescence staining to evaluate the purity of the primary astrocytes.PMSCs were cocultured with LPS-treated astro-cytes.The expression levels of factors related to inflammation including interleukin-1β(IL-1β),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),arginase-1(Arg-1),S100 calcium-bind-ing protein A10(S100A10),and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway-related proteins such as transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1),transforming growth factor beta type I receptor(TβRⅠ),transforming growth factor beta type II re-ceptor(TβRⅡ),phospho-Smad2 and phospho-Smad3(p-Smad2,p-Smad3)in astrocytes from each group were detec-ted using real time RT-PCR or Western blot techniques.Results:Astrocytes at the third passage exhibited an 80%pos-itivity rate for GFAP.After treated with 10 μg/ml LPS,the astrocytes expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β,iNOS,IL-6,and TNF-α were significantly increased(P<0.05),while their expression levels of the anti-inflam-matory factors of Arg-1 and S100A10 were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Meanwhile,their expression levels of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway related proteins of TGF-β1,TβRⅠ,TβRⅡ,p-Smad2 and Smad3 were increased(P<0.05).After the LPS damaged astrocytes were cocultured with PMSCs,their expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β,iNOS,IL-6,and TNF-α were significantly decreased(P<0.05),while their expression levels of the anti-inflammatory factors of Arg-1 and S100A10 were significantly increased(P<0.05).Also,their expression levels of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway related proteins of TGF-β1,TβRⅠ,TβRⅡ,p-Smad2,and Smad3 were decreased(P<0.05).Conclusion:PMSCs may inhibit the activation of A1 astrocytes through the TGF-β/Smad signaling path-way,by which reducing the astrocytic activation.

Objective:To investigate the effects and its related mechanism of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells(PMSCs)on the lipopolysaccharides(LPS)damaged astrocytes.Methods:Primary astrocytes were isolated from the cerebral cortex of neonatal rats.The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)was identified using immu-nofluorescence staining to evaluate the purity of the primary astrocytes.PMSCs were cocultured with LPS-treated astro-cytes.The expression levels of factors related to inflammation including interleukin-1β(IL-1β),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),arginase-1(Arg-1),S100 calcium-bind-ing protein A10(S100A10),and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway-related proteins such as transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1),transforming growth factor beta type I receptor(TβRⅠ),transforming growth factor beta type II re-ceptor(TβRⅡ),phospho-Smad2 and phospho-Smad3(p-Smad2,p-Smad3)in astrocytes from each group were detec-ted using real time RT-PCR or Western blot techniques.Results:Astrocytes at the third passage exhibited an 80%pos-itivity rate for GFAP.After treated with 10 μg/ml LPS,the astrocytes expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β,iNOS,IL-6,and TNF-α were significantly increased(P<0.05),while their expression levels of the anti-inflam-matory factors of Arg-1 and S100A10 were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Meanwhile,their expression levels of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway related proteins of TGF-β1,TβRⅠ,TβRⅡ,p-Smad2 and Smad3 were increased(P<0.05).After the LPS damaged astrocytes were cocultured with PMSCs,their expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β,iNOS,IL-6,and TNF-α were significantly decreased(P<0.05),while their expression levels of the anti-inflammatory factors of Arg-1 and S100A10 were significantly increased(P<0.05).Also,their expression levels of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway related proteins of TGF-β1,TβRⅠ,TβRⅡ,p-Smad2,and Smad3 were decreased(P<0.05).Conclusion:PMSCs may inhibit the activation of A1 astrocytes through the TGF-β/Smad signaling path-way,by which reducing the astrocytic activation.

Objective To establish a UV method for the determination of the functional compositions(cinnamic acid derivatives,total flavonoids)in Ligustrum robustum,to predict the contents of trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid,trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid esters,and rhoifolin based on UV/HPLC,and to optimize the technological conditions of ultrasonic-assistant extraction of L.robustum.Methods ①In the determination of the functional compositions in L.robustum,total cinnamic acid derivatives were determined by dual-wavelength isobestic point UV method(detection wavelength 316 nm,reference wavelength 268 nm),and total flavonoids were determined by single-wavelength UV method(detection wavelength 268 nm),while rhoifolin was determined by HPLC(C 18 column,eluting with methanol-0.1％acetic acid=40∶60,detection wavelength 310 nm).②The conversion factors were used to establish a UV/HPLC-based prediction model,and the precision of the predicted results was evaluated with other 3 test samples.③ The technological conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction were optimized by an orthogonal test.Results ① The linear ranges of total cinnamic acid derivatives,total flavonoids,and rhoifolin were 4.64-20.88,8.24-28.84,5.15-51.50 μg·mL-1(r≥0.999 5),respectively.RSDs of the precision,stability,and reproducibility tests were no more than 1.4％.The recoveries were 97.9％-100.5％(RSD≤ 1.2％,n=6).②The relative errors of the values predicted by UV/HPLC from the results measured by HPLC were from-5.3％to 1.7％.There was no significant difference between the UV/HPLC predicted values and the HPLC determined results(P＞0.05)for the contents of trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid and rhoifolin.③The optimal technological conditions of ultrasonic-assistant extraction of L.robustum were as follows:ethanol concentration 80％,temperature 50 ℃,liquid-solid ratio 20 mL·g 1,extraction frequency 2 times,extraction time 20 min.The total yield of functional compositions under above conditions was 42.0％.Conclusion The above determination methods are accurate and rapid,and the above extraction technology is effective,energy-saving and rapid,which provide an experimental base for the quality control and application of L.robustum.

Objective To explore the research status and future development trends of nursing case teaching at home and abroad,and to provide reference and guidance for the development of case teaching in nursing profession in China.Methods Data sources include the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Data,and Web of Science databases.The CiteSpace software was used to visually analyze the research status and trends of nursing case teaching from January 2013 to Octo-ber 2023,covering nearly 11 years.Results A total of 2 889 valid articles were extracted.The important literature on nursing case teaching in China experienced a period of stable growth followed by rapid growth from 2013 to 2021.However,the number of publications and the number of publications in core journals on nursing case teaching abroad were higher than those in China.After 2021,both domestic and foreign publications on nursing case teaching showed a slow decline.The research on nursing case teaching in both domestic and foreign contexts is mainly conducted by universities,and the collaborative relationships between for-eign institutions and scholars are stronger than those within China.The research topics and hotspots in both domestic and foreign contexts are concentrated on the teaching applications for nursing students.Conclusion Nursing case teaching in China contin-ues to attract attention;however,compared to nursing case teaching abroad,the depth and breadth of research need to be further improved.Additionally,the collaboration between domestic authors and institutions is relatively limited.

Objective:To retrieve and evaluate the evidence on the risk grading management of high-risk diabetic foot patients, so as to provide reference for the management of diabetic foot.Methods:According to the "6S" pyramid model of evidence-based resources, evidence on risk grading management of high-risk diabetic foot patients was retrieved in Web of Science, UpToDate, Cochrane Library, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, VIP and other databases, guide websites, and professional association websites. The search period was from the establishment of the database to January 1, 2024.Results:A total of 11 articles were included, including 8 guidelines, one systematic review, one expert consensus, and one expert opinion. There were 24 pieces of best evidence about the risk grading management of high-risk diabetic foot patients, covering 8 aspects of risk assessment, risk grading, health records establishment, screening frequency, health education, foot management, exercise management and referral.Conclusions:The best evidence of risk grading management of high-risk diabetic foot patients summarized can provide reference for clinical nurses to carry out evidence-based practice.

Objective Discuss the safety and effectiveness of flow diverter device and traditional stent inthetreatment of unruptured ophthalmic segment aneurysms.Methods A retrospective analysis from January 2017 to January 2023 was performed on the clinical data of 70 cases of unruptured aneurysms in the Department of Neurosurgery of Southern Theater General Hospital treated with stent-assisted embolization.According to the type of implanted stents,theywere divided into flow diverter device group(n = 21)and traditional stent group(n = 49),and the postoperative clinical effects and complications of the two groups were compared.Results The two groups of patients followed 3 to 24 months,with an average of(14.4±1.82)months.The results of periopera-tive and follow-up showed that the inclusion rate was higher in the flow diverter device group and the traditional stent group(93.3%vs.87.9%),with no significant difference(P>0.05),and the incidence of perioperative and short-term complications was lower(0 vs.6.1%)in the flow diverter device group than in the traditional stent group,and there currencies rate in the flow diverter device group was lower than that in the traditional stent group(0 vs.6.1%),but the difference was not significant(P>0.05).Conclusion Flow diverter devices and traditional stents in the treatment of unruptured ophthalmic segment aneurysmsare feasible,safe and effective.Preliminary results suggest that the incidence of short-term complications and retreatment is lower after treatment with flow diverter devices,and the operation time is short,but further studies are needed to validate long-term complica-tions in patients.