Tissue-resident memory T cells （T_RM cells） are a subset of memory T cells that reside in tissues， exhibit tissue specificity， and do not recirculate. When potential hazards threaten the liver， such as pathogen invasion （bacteria， viruses， etc.） and excessive autoimmune responses， T_RM cells are essential as the first line of immune defense， playing an important role in viral hepatitis， autoimmune liver disease， metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease， liver cirrhosis， and liver transplantation. Here， we present the immunophenotypes of T_RM cells in the liver and their surface markers and transcriptional profiles， aiming to clarify the role of T_RM cells in chronic liver diseases and explore their potential function as therapeutic targets in immunotherapy.

Objective To investigate the association between the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) and diabetes mellitus, hypertension, diabetes mellitus or hypertension, and diabetes with hypertension among elderly people in Hebei Province. Methods In 2020, a stratified multi-stage random sampling was used to conduct questionnaire survey, physical examination and laboratory detection among permanent residents of 10 monitoring sites in Hebei Province. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between CVAI and diabetes mellitus, hypertension, diabetes mellitus or hypertension, and diabetes with hypertension. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the predictive value of CVAI for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, diabetes mellitus or hypertension, and diabetes with hypertension. Results The detection rates of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, diabetes mellitus or hypertension, and diabetes with hypertension were 19.8%, 74.6%, 78.2%, and 16.2%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the lowest quartile of CVAI group Q1, the OR (95% CI) of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, diabetes mellitus or hypertension, and diabetes with hypertension in the highest quartile Q4 group were 3.55 (2.58~4.89), 2.52 (1.92~3.31), 3.09 (2.31~4.12), and 4.92 (3.40~7.12), respectively. The ROC curve results showed that CVAI had the best predictive value in the diagnosis of diabetes with hypertension, and the optimized critical values in males and females were 128.54 and 141.88, respectively. Conclusion The detection rates of diabetes mellitus and hypertension are high in the elderly population in Hebei Province. CVAI is positively associated with the risk of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, diabetes mellitus or hypertension, and diabetes with hypertension among the elderly in Hebei. CVAI has the strongest prediction ability for diabetes with hypertension.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disease characterized by abnormal deposition of lipid in hepatocytes. If not intervened in time, NAFLD may develop into liver fibrosis or liver cancer, and ultimately threatening life. NAFLD has complicated etiology and pathogenesis, and there are no effective therapeutic means and specific drugs. Currently, insulin sensitizers, lipid-lowering agents and hepatoprotective agents are often used for clinical intervention, but these drugs have obvious side effects, and their effectiveness and safety need to be further confirmed. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a central role in maintaining energy homeostasis. Activated AMPK can enhance lipid degradation, alleviate insulin resistance (IR), suppress oxidative stress and inflammatory response, and regulate autophagy, thereby alleviating NAFLD. Natural herbal medicines have received extensive attention recently because of their regulatory effects on AMPK and low side effects. In this article, we reviewed the biologically active natural herbal medicines (such as natural herbal medicine formulas, extracts, polysaccharides, and monomers) that reported in recent years to treat NAFLD via regulating AMPK, which can serve as a foundation for subsequent development of candidate drugs for NAFLD.

Objective: To investigate the interactive effects of prenatal and postnatal factors on overweight and obesity in preschool children, so as to provide evidence for subsequent planning of prevention strategies and intervention measures. Methods: Between October 2020 and June 2021, a convenience cluster sample of 918 preschool children from four kindergartens in Xuzhou urban area underwent questionnaire surveys and physical examinations. The Chi square test was used to compare intergroup differences in overweight and obesity prevalence. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the effects of prenatal and postnatal factors, as well as their interactions, on overweight and obesity in preschool children. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among preschool children was 30.8%, with boys exhibiting a higher rate (37.0%) than girls (24.8%). Statistically significant differences in overweight and obesity prevalence were observed across age groups, genders, paternal pre pregnancy body mass index (BMI), paternal educational level, delivery mode, antibiotic use within the six months after birth, and rapid weight gain during infancy ( χ 2=5.08-17.67, all P <0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors such as age, gender, the only child, parental educational level and parental average monthly income, interaction analysis revealed that when the father was overweight or obese before conception, children delivered by caesarean section had an increased risk of overweight or obesity ( OR= 2.05 , 95%CI =1.02-3.39), and children with rapid weight gain during infancy also had an increased risk ( OR=2.05, 95%CI = 1.08 -3.88) (both P <0.05). Gender stratified analysis revealed that the interaction between paternal pre pregnancy BMI and mode of delivery on overweight and obesity was more pronounced among girls ( OR=4.00, 95%CI=1.51-10.58, P <0.05). While the interaction between the father s pre pregnancy BMI and rapid weight gain during infancy was more pronounced in boys ( OR= 2.85 , 95%CI=1.14-7.08, P <0.05). No significant interactions between prenatal and postnatal factors on overweight and obesity in preschool children were observed (all P >0.05). Conclusions Multiple prenatal and postnatal factors influence overweight and obesity in preschool children. Attention should be paid to mode of delivery and infant weight gain, particularly when the father is overweight or obese, to reduce the risk of overweight and obesity in preschool children.

Objective To summarize the best evidence concerning the prevention and management of indwelling line complications in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)receiving hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy(HAIC),and to standardize the key contents of clinical observation of complications during HAIC treatment.Methods By using the"6S"pyramid model system,the relevant literature was searched in the order from high to low.Two professionals evaluated the quality of the literature,summarized the evidence and conducted the analysis and summarization.Results Ten literature articles were finally enrolled in this study,including one article of guideline,one article of systematic review,five articles of expert consensus,one article of meta-analysis,and two articles of randomized controlled trials.Six complications(catheter displacement or falling off,catheter obstruction,unplanned extubation,arterial spasm or occlusion,infection,puncture site bleeding/local hematoma)and 22 pieces of best evidence for prevention management were summarized.Conclusion This study systematically summarizes 6 complications and their prevention and treatment in patients with HCC receiving HAIC,providing a reliable basis for clinical practice.

Objective To explore the effect of ephedrine on airway remodeling and its regulation effect on transfor-ming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)/Smads pathway in asthmatic mice.Methods All mice were randomly separated into control group,model group,dexamethasone group,ephedrine low-dose group,ephedrine high-dose group,and ephedrine high-dose+TGF-β1 activator group,with 12 mice in each group.Except for the control group,mice in other groups were intraperitoneally injected with 40 μg ovalbumin(OVA)and 2 mg 10％aluminium hydroxide sensitizer to induce asthma models.After 8 weeks,the airway hyperresponsiveness of mice in each group was detec-ted;eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were counted;ELISA was applied to detect the levels of interleukin(IL)-4,IL-5,and IL-13 in BALF;hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and Masson staining were applied to observe the pathological changes and collagen fiber area of mouse lung tissue;immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the expression of α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)protein in mouse lung tissue;Western blot was applied to detect the expression of TGF-β1/Smads pathway related proteins in mouse lung tissue.Results Compared with the control group,the airway hyperreactivity at different doses of methacholine,total area of airway wall(Wat)/perimeter of the basement membrane(Pbm)ratio,collagen fiber area,eosinophil,the contents of IL-4,IL-5,IL-13,the expression of α-SMA,TGF-β1,the ratios of p-Smad2/Smad2 and p-Smad3/Smad3 in the model group in-creased(P＜0.05),the expression of Smad7 decreased(P＜0.05);compared with the model group,the airway hyperreactivity at different doses of methacholine,Wat/Pbm ratio,collagen fiber area,eosinophil,the contents of IL-4,IL-5,IL-13,the expression of α-SMA,TGF-β1,the ratios of p-Smad2/Smad2 and p-Smad3/Smad3 in the dexamethasone group,the ephedrine low-dose and high-dose groups decreased(P＜0.05),the expression of Smad7 increased(P＜0.05);compared with the ephedrine high-dose group,the airway hyperreactivity at different doses of methacholine,Wat/Pbm ratio,collagen fiber area,eosinophil,the contents of IL-4,IL-5,IL-13,the ex-pression of α-SMA,TGF-β1,the ratios of p-Smad2/Smad2 and p-Smad3/Smad3 in the ephedrine high-dose+TGF-β1 activator group increased(P＜0.05),the expression of Smad7 decreased(P＜0.05).Conclusion E-phedrine can improve airway remodeling in asthmatic mice,and its mechanism is related to the regulation of TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway.

177Lu-prostate specific membrane antigen(PSMA)radio-ligand therapy has been approved abroad for advanced prostate cancer and has been in several clinical trials in China.Based on domestic clinical practice and experimental data and referred to international experience and viewpoints,the expert group forms a consensus on the clinical application of 177Lu-PSMA radio-ligand therapy in prostate cancer to guide clinical practice.

Attention deficit and hyperactive disorder(ADHD)is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention,hyperactivity-impulsivity,and working memory deficits.Social dysfunction is one of the major challenges faced by children with ADHD.It has been found that children with ADHD can't perform as well as typically developing children on facial expression recognition(FER)tasks.Generally,children with ADHD have some difficulties in FER,while some studies suggest that they have no significant differences in accuracy of specific emotion recognition compared with typically developing children.The neuropsychological mechanisms underlying these difficulties are as follows.First,neuroanatomically.Compared to typically developing children,children with ADHD show smaller gray matter volume and surface area in the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex regions,as well as reduced density and volume of axons/cells in certain frontal white matter fiber tracts.Second,neurophysiologically.Children with ADHD exhibit increased slow-wave activity in their electroencephalogram,and event-related potential studies reveal abnormalities in emotional regulation and responses to angry faces when facing facial stimuli.Third,psychologically.Psychosocial stressors may influence FER abilities in children with ADHD,and sleep deprivation in ADHD children may significantly increase their recognition threshold for negative expressions such as sadness and anger.This article reviews research progress over the past three years on FER abilities of children with ADHD,analyzing the FER deficit in children with ADHD from three dimensions:neuroanatomy,neurophysiology and psychology,aiming to provide new perspectives for further research and clinical treatment of ADHD.

Since the 20th century, organ transplantation has become a breakthrough technology to effectively save the lives of patients with end-stage organ failure, which has significantly enhanced the quality of life of patients. Organ donation is an important source of organ transplantation. Improving the quality of donor organ procurement is the key to promote the translation of donor organs and improve the prognosis of organ transplantation recipients. The United States, Spain and other countries have put forward a series of policies and standards in the quality management and control of donor organ procurement and achieved positive results. In this article, related concepts of medical quality management and control, advanced strategies and models of international donor organ procurement quality management, and quality control measures of Organ Procurement Organization, donors and donor organs were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for establishing a quality management and control system of donor organs with "Chinese characteristics" and advancing high-speed and high-quality development of donor organ procurement.

Organ transplantation has been an important means of rescuing the lives of end-stage patients with organ failure. However, an acute shortage of donor organs has become a common dilemma for organ transplantation all over the world so as to seriously restrict the development of organ transplantation. Many foreign countries have established a relatively mature organ donation system to foster favorable conditions for alleviating a shortage of donor organs. This review summarized the global measures and current domestic efforts of facilitating organ donation to provide theoretical rationales for further optimizing organ donations and transplantation system in China.