Objective: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Chinese patent medicines and classic traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions were systematically reviewed from both Chinese and English journals published in 2023. A preliminary summary and evaluation were conducted on the generation and translation of clinical evidence for these treatments. This analysis aims to inform future research on clinical efficacy evaluation and guide the rational application of evidence. Methods: RCTs of Chinese patent medicines and classic traditional Chinese prescriptions published in 2023 were comprehensively retrieved from the Artificial Intelligence Clinical Evidence Database for Chinese Patent Medicine (AICED-CPM), with supplementary searches conducted in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (SinoMed), Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The study characteristics and methodological quality of these RCTs were systematically analyzed and evaluated. Results: A total of 1 443 RCTs of Chinese patent medicines were included, comprising 1 399 Chinese articles and 44 English articles. Additionally, 334 RCTs of classic traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions were found, with 331 published in Chinese and 3 in English. 196 567 participants were included, covering 585 types of Chinese patent medicines (487 oral, 61 injectable, and 37 topical) and 179 classic traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. The involved studies encompassed 22 types of diseases, with research primarily focusing on diseases of the circulatory system, the respiratory system, and the genitourinary system. The sample sizes ranged from 18 to 3 777 participants, and most studies were conducted at a single center. Methodologically, the implementation of allocation concealment and blinding remained insufficiently emphasized. Conclusion Overall, compared with 2022, both the number of RCT publications and their methodological quality have improved in 2023, with heightened attention to research on diseases of the genitourinary system. However, quality control and standardized management in the design and implementation processes still require enhancement to produce more high-quality clinical evidence and accelerate the translation and application of this evidence.

Objective:To understand the prevalence of occasional hypertension in preschool children in three provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, and analyze the relationship between their sleep status and occasional hypertension.Methods:From October to November 2017, a total of 24 842 preschool children from 109 kindergartens in 11 cities in Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces were selected by intentional sampling method. A self-made questionnaire was used to collect basic information about the subjects, and the sleep status data was collected by the Children′s Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Physical examinations were performed on the subjects, and height, weight and blood pressure were measured on-site. The difference in occasional hypertension detection rate among preschool children with different characteristics was compared, and the correlation between sleep status and occasional hypertension detection rate was analyzed by the multivariate logistic regression model.Results:The age of the subjects was (4.4±1.0) years, including 12 729 boys (51.2%). The prevalence of occasional hypertension was 31.8% (7 907/24 842). The prevalence of occasional hypertension among preschool children in three provinces of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was 31.8%. There were statistically significant differences in the detection rate of occasional hypertension among preschool children of different genders, age groups, family residence, family economic status and parents′ education level (all P values<0.05). The detection rate of occasional hypertension in children with less than 10 hours of sleep was higher than those with sufficient sleep, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for factors such as gender, age, family residence, family economic status, parental education level, parental smoking history, and physical constitution, the ORs (95% CI) for less than 10 hours of sleep, turning on the lights while sleeping, and poor sleep quality were 1.09 (1.03-1.15), 1.17 (1.07-1.28) and 1.04 (0.91-1.18), respectively, compared with the corresponding reference group. Conclusion:The detection rate of occasional hypertension is high in preschool children in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and there is a positive correlation between insufficient sleep and turning on the light when sleeping and occasional hypertension in preschool children.

By exploring the theory of “the liver is the basis of resistance to fatigue”， it is believed that liver with its physiological function of storing blood and governing the free flow of qi plays an important role in the body's tole-rance to physical fatigue and mental fatigue， and it is also related to the physiological activities of eyes and tendons. The formation of asthenopia is related to the dysfunction of liver， spleen and kidney. The liver plays a key role in the occurrence and development of asthenopia. The deficiency of liver blood and liver dysfunction will cause the abnormal circulation of qi and blood， which leads to the loss of malnutrition of eyes and affects the normal physiological function of eyes. During treatment， we pay attention to nourishing the blood and soothing the liver to nourish the spirit， regulating and tonifying liver qi to stimulate the liver yang， strengthening the spleen and soothing liver to replenish qi and promoting yang， nourishing the liver and kidney to harmonize yin and yang， which are meant to restore the physiological characteristics of liver being yin in form but yang in function， so as to cure asthenopia.

BACKGROUND:Osteochondral defect of the joint is a difficult problem faced by orthopedic surgeons,and traditional repair methods are difficult to obtain satisfactory curative effects.Hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol-based composite hydrogel material is a direction of current research. OBJECTIVE:To prepare hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol/collagen-chitosan-gelatin composite hydrogel material and characterize its physical characteristics,to verify its histocompatibility and cell adhesion and proliferation ability after implantation in vivo,and explore its repair effect on rabbit osteochondral defects. METHODS:The cylindrical porous poly(lactic acid)scaffold was prepared by 3D printing technology(the pore sizes were 1.2,1.4,1.6 and 1.8 mm,respectively).The poly(lactic acid)scaffold was injected with polyvinyl alcohol and hydroxyapatite mixed emulsion.After freezing thawing and dichloromethane dissolution,hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel was prepared.Then,the collagen-chitosan-gelatin mixture was injected into the hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel and crosslinked with genipin.Finally,the hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol/collagen-chitosan-gelatin composite hydrogel was prepared by alcohol cleaning and freeze-drying.The physical characteristics of the four groups of hydrogels were characterized,and the hydrogels with the best performance were screened for follow-up experiments.Hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel and collagen-chitosan-gelatin composite hydrogel were implanted subcutaneously in SD rats.Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining were used to observe the adhesion growth of cells on the material surface.Osteochondral defect(diameter:5 mm,depth:6 mm)models were made in the femoral trochlea of bilateral knee joints of 15 rabbits.The composite hydrogel was implanted on the left side(experimental group),while no material was implanted on the right side(control group).Micro-CT and histology were used to evaluate the repair effect of osteochondral defects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Based on the results of porosity,water content,mechanical testing and scanning electron microscopy,it was concluded that the hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol/collagen-chitosan-gelatin composite hydrogel with a pore size of 1.2 mm was more consistent with the general characteristics of natural cartilage,which was used for subsequent experiments.(2)Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining exhibited that with the extension of subcutaneous implantation time of the materials,the adhesion of cells around the two materials increased significantly,and the proliferation of cells after the implantation of collagen-chitosan-gelatin was better,a large number of cells could be seen growing into the formed network structure,and the network structure was gradually degraded.(3)In the rabbit osteochondral defect experiment,8 weeks after surgery,Micro-CT examination demonstrated that the material implanted in the experimental group had good integration with the surrounding bone-cartilage,with some bone growth on the surface and inside,while the cartilage and subcartilage in the control group still had obvious defects,without effective repair.Hematoxylin-eosin staining and toluidine blue staining displayed that the composite hydrogel in the experimental group integrated with the surrounding articular cartilage 4-8 weeks after implantation.With the extension of time,new cartilage gradually formed on the surface of the material.At 12 weeks,most of the defect was covered by new cartilage,and good bone growth was also observed in the subcartilage.In the control group,the deep bone defects were mostly repaired and the superficial cartilage and subchondral bone defects were also repaired to a certain extent,but they were mainly replaced by fibrous tissue and part of fibrocartilage 12 weeks after surgery.(4)In conclusion,hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol/collagen-chitosan-gelatin composite hydrogel material can mimic the structure and function of natural cartilage,and can effectively repair osteochondral defects in animal experiments.

ObjectiveTo investigate the therapeutic effect of Baihe Wuyaotang （BWT） on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） and elucidate its underlying mechanism. MethodC57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to six groups： normal control， model， positive drug （pioglitazone hydrochloride 1.95×10^-3 g·kg^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose BWT （1.3，2.5 and 5.1 g·kg^-1）. Following a 12-week high-fat diet （HFD） inducement， the mice underwent six weeks of therapeutic intervention with twice-daily drug administration. Body weight was monitored weekly throughout the treatment period. At the fifth week， glucose tolerance （GTT） and insulin tolerance （ITT） tests were conducted. Subsequently， the mice were euthanized for the collection of liver tissue and serum， and the subcutaneous adipose tissue （iWAT） and epididymal adipose tissue （eWAT） were weighed. Serum levels of total triglycerides （TG） and liver function indicators，such as alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， were determined. Histological examinations， including oil red O staining， hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， Masson staining， and transmission electron microscopy， were performed to evaluate hepatic lipid deposition， pathological morphology， and ultrastructural changes， respectively. Meanwhile， Western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） were employed to analyze alterations， at both gene and protein levels， the insulin signaling pathway molecules， including insulin receptor substrate 1/2/protein kinase B/forkhead box gene O1 （IRS1/2/Akt/FoxO1）， glycogen synthesis enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase （Pepck） and glucose-6-phosphatase （G6Pase）， lipid metabolism-related genes stearoyl-coA desaturase-1 （SCD-1） and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 （CPT-1）， fibrosis-associated molecules α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA）， type Ⅰ collagen （CollagenⅠ）， and the fibrosis canonical signaling pathway transforming growth factor-β₁/drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein2/3（TGF-β₁/p-Smad/Smad2/3）， inflammatory factors such as interleukin（IL）-6， IL-8， IL-11， and IL-1β， autophagy markers LC3B Ⅱ/Ⅰ and p62/SQSTM1， and the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）. ResultCompared with the model group， BWT reduced the body weight and liver weight of NAFLD mice（P<0.05， P<0.01）， inhibited liver lipid accumulation， and reduced the weight of white fat： it reduced the weight of eWAT and iWAT（P<0.05， P<0.01） as well as the serum TG content（P<0.05， P<0.01）. BWT improved the liver function as reflected by the reduced ALT and AST content（P<0.05， P<0.01）. It improved liver insulin resistance by upregulating IRS2， p-Akt/Akt， p-FoxO1/FoxO1 expressions（P<0.05）. Besides， it improved glucose and lipid metabolism disorders： it reduced fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose（P<0.05， P<0.01）， improved GTT and ITT（P<0.05， P<0.01）， reduced the expression of Pepck， G6Pase， and SCD-1（P<0.01）， and increased the expression of CPT-1（P<0.01）. The expressions of α-SMA， Collagen1， and TGF-β₁ proteins were down-regulated（P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the expression of p-Smad/Smad2/3 was downregulated（P<0.05）， suggesting BWT reduced liver fibrosis. BWT inhibited inflammation-related factors as it reduced the gene expression of IL-6， IL-8， IL-11 and IL-1β（P<0.01） and it enhanced autophagy by upregulating LC3B Ⅱ/Ⅰ expression（P<0.05）while downregulating the expression of p62/SQSTM1 and mTOR（P<0.05）. ConclusionBWT ameliorates NAFLD by multifaceted improvements， including improving IR and glucose and lipid metabolism， anti-inflammation， anti-fibrosis， and enhancing autophagy. In particular， BWT may enhance liver autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR-mediated signaling pathway.

Skin modeling of transdermal drug delivery system refers to experimental models that mimic the structure and function of human skin to explore and evaluate absorption,penetration,and efficacy of medicines in transdermal drug delivery.It provides an alternative to traditional human skin experiments and reduces the use of human skin in medical research,which is convenient,controllable,and cost effective.For skin models of transdermal drug delivery systems,this article introduces commonly used animal skin models,artificial skin models,and recombinant human skin models from the perspective of the transdermal absorption pathway of medicines,and analyzes their advantages,disadvantages,and applications so provide references the research and development of transdermal formulations and topical therapies.

Objective To explore the effects of electroacupuncture on motor function in Parkinson's disease(PD)model mice and NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins in the midbrain substantia nigra(SN).Methods C57BL/6 mice were assigned to three groups according to the random number table method:control group,model group,and electroacupuncture(EA)group,12 mice per group.The PD model was reproduced by intragastric administration of rotenone solution 10 mg/(kg·d).EA group was administered at the three selected points,"Fengfu"(GV16),"Taichong"(LR3),and"Zusanli"(ST36),with a treatment cycle of 2 weeks.The control and model groups took the same time synchronous fixation operation for the control variable.Behavioral scores and open field tests were used to detect the exercise ability of mice in each group.Tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)and α-synuclein(α-syn)in the midbrain SN of mice in all groups were measured with an immunohistochemistry test.NLRP3 and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1(Caspase-1)protein expression levels in the midbrain SN of mice in the three groups were measured using Western blotting,and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)content was determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results Compared to the control group,the behavioral scores of the mice in the model group were higher(P<0.01).Compared to the model group,the behavioral scores of the mice in the EA group were lower(P<0.01).Compared to the control group,the time ratio of the relative rest state of the mice in the model group(<100 mm/s)increased significantly(P<0.01),while the time ratio of the slow motion(100～200 mm/s)and time ratio of the fast motion(>200 mm/s)state decreased significantly(P<0.01).Compared to the model group,the time ratio spent in the relative rest state of mice in the EA group decreased significantly(P<0.01),while the time ratio of the slow motion state and time ratio of the fast motion state and movement rate increased significantly(P<0.01).Compared to the control group,the TH expression level decreased in the SN in the model group(P<0.01),while α-syn increased(P<0.01).Compared to the model group,the TH expression level in the EA group increased(P<0.05),while α-syn decreased(P<0.05).Compared to the control group,the protein expressions of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 in the SN of the model group increased(P<0.01);compared to the model group,the expressions of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 in the SN of the midbrain of mice decreased after EA treatment(P<0.01).Compared to the control group,IL-1β in the SN of the mouse midbrain increased in the model group(P<0.01).Compared to the model group,IL-1β decreased in the EA group(P<0.05).Conclusion This experiment shows that stimulation of EA in"Fengfu","Taichong",and"Zusanli"can effectively reduce abnormal aggregation of the PD marker α-syn,increase TH expression,and enhance the motor dysfunction of PD model mice.The molecular mechanism is related to the regulation of the expression of NLRP3,Caspase-1,and IL-1β of inflammasome-related pathways.

Objective To investigate the effect of E2 signaling in myofibers on muscular macrophage efferocytosis in mice with cardiotoxin-induced acute skeletal muscle injury.Methods Female wild-type C57BL/6 mice with and without ovariectomy and male C57BL/6 mice were given a CTX injection into the anterior tibial muscle to induce acute muscle injury,followed by intramuscular injection of β-estradiol(E2)or 4-hydroxytamoxifen(4-OHT).The changes in serum E2 of the mice were detected using ELISA,and the number,phenotypes,and efferocytosis of the macrophages in the inflammatory exudates and myofiber regeneration and repair were evaluated using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry.C2C12 cells were induced to differentiate into mature myotubes,which were treated with IFN-γ for 24 before treatment with β-Estradiol or 4-OHT.The treated myotubes were co-cultured with mouse peritoneal macrophages in a 1:2 ratio,followed by addition of PKH67-labeled apoptotic mouse mononuclear spleen cells induced by UV irradiation,and macrophage efferocytosis was observed using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry.Results Compared with the control mice,the female mice with ovariectomy showed significantly increased mononuclear macrophages in the inflammatory exudates,with increased M1 cell percentage,reduced M2 cell percentage and macrophage efferocytosis in the injured muscle,and obviously delayed myofiber regeneration and repair.In the cell co-culture systems,treatment of the myotubes with β-estradiol significantly increased the number and proportion of M2 macrophages and macrophage efferocytosis,while 4-OHT treatment resulted in the opposite changes.Conclusion In injured mouse skeletal muscles,myofiber E2 signaling promotes M1 to M2 transition to increase macrophage efferocytosis,thereby relieving inflammation and promoting muscle regeneration and repair.

Objective:To evaluate the quality of test papers and to analyze students'mastery of knowledge through the analysis of test papers,so as to provide reference for the reform of test proposition and correction teaching.Methods:Using paper analysis software(Ver 2.0),the paper quality,the students'scores and the answers to the questions of the final exam paper of Physiology of grade 2021 students majoring in nursing were analyzed.Results:The composition of the test paper was consistent with the requirements of the teaching programme,the difficulty of subjective and objective test questions was moderate,the differentiation of subjective test questions was good,the differentiation of objective test questions was general,and the reliability and validity were good.The overall performance was basically normal distribution.The full score ratio of objective test questions was higher than that of subjective test questions,and the zero score test questions were mostly concentrated in chapter 10 and chapter 4.Conclusion:Test paper analysis can feedback the problems and shortcomings of test paper proposition and teaching process,promote the quality of test paper and teaching model innovation,and improve the quality of teaching.

Objective To study and compare the oral microbiota and metabolites of children with Henoch Schonlein purpura(HSP)to identify specific microbiota and metabolites related to this disease and elucidate the pathogenesis of HSP.Methods Three groups of qualified subjects were included,including 20 in the HSP group,20 in the HSP nephritis(HSPN)group,and 20 in the control group.Perform high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolic profiling of saliva from each group to analyze the correlation between differential microbiota and differ-ential metabolites.Results(1)Compared with the control group,there was a significant difference in richness and diversity in the HSPN group(P＜0.05).At the same time,there was no significant difference in richness and diver-sity in the HSP group(P＞0.05).Compared with the HSP group,the abundance,and diversity of the HSPN group were significantly increased(P＜0.05).At the genus level,the proportion of Streptococcus in each group is the high-est.Compared with the control group,there was no significant correlation between the HSP group and the genus of bacteria.In contrast,the HSPN group showed a significant increase in the genera of Pseudomonas and Parabacteroi-des(P＜0.05).Compared with the HSP group,the abundance of Pseudomonas and Parabacteroides in the HSPN group was significantly increased(P＜0.05).(2)Compared with the control group,the HSPN group had 12 differen-tial metabolites involving nine metabolic pathways,such as phenylalanine metabolism;There was no significant dif-ference in metabolites and no metabolic pathway in the HSP group.Compared with the HSP group,the HSPN group has 15 differential metabolites involving nine metabolic pathways,such as phenylalanine metabolism.(3)In the HSPN and control groups,Pseudomonas and Parabacteroides negatively correlated with Phenylalanine metabolic pathway products.In the HSPN and HSP groups,Pseudomonas,Parabacteroides,and Phenylalanine metabolic path-way products were negatively correlated.The metabolites involved in phenylalanine metabolism in the oral cavity are 2-hydroxycinnamic acid,Phenylpyruvic acid,and N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine.Conclusion There is a significant dif-ference between HSPN and HSP children and healthy children.Streptococcus,Pseudomonas,and Parabacteroides may be one of the trigger factors of HSPN,and Phenylalanine metabolism may be one of the pathways in the patho-genesis of HSPN.Children with HSPN have a more pronounced imbalance in oral microbiota and greater differences in metabolic products than children with HSP.