Microbial infections are a prevalent challenge in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Antibiotic therapy faces clinical limitations due to its single-target mechanism and tendency to induce resistance with repeated use, necessitating novel antibacterial strategies. Stimuli-responsive antibacterial materials, whose antimicrobial activity can be modulated by external stimuli, offer advantages such as remote controllability, potential for localized precision treatment, and a reduced risk of inducing resistance. Among these materials, mechanical force-triggered piezoelectric materials exhibit significant antibacterial activity in the biomedical field owing to their unique piezoelectric effect, excellent stability, and good biocompatibility. Research has shown that piezoelectric materials can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy in response to external forces, which enables antibacterial effects without requiring an external power source. The underlying mechanisms primarily include direct electric field effects, generation of reactive oxygen species, and immune modulation. Preliminary applications in treating oral infections (e.g., dental caries, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis) have confirmed their stability and biocompatibility, establishing a foundation for clinical translation. However, long-term efficacy and biosafety in the complex oral microenvironment require further validation. Future research should focus on optimizing material preparation protocols to enhance antibacterial efficacy and stability, further investigating the underlying antimicrobial mechanisms, and systematically evaluating their therapeutic outcomes and safety profiles across various types of oral infections. This review summarizes the antibacterial effects, mechanisms, stability, safety, and research progress of piezoelectric materials in the stomatologic field, aiming to provide new insights for further research and application in this area.

ObjectiveTo explore the potential mechanism of Xianglian Huazhuo prescription （XLHZ） in treating chronic atrophic gastritis （CAG） by regulating cell cycle and inhibiting proliferation， using bioinformatics technology and animal experiments. MethodsDifferential expressed genes （DEGs） related to CAG were screened using GEO database and GEO2R tool. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis （WGCNA） was employed to search for hub genes of CAG. These hub genes were intersected with cell cycle proliferation based on GeneCards database. Eenrichment analysis of the intersecting genes was performed to obtain signaling pathways and biological processes related to CAG. Protein protein interaction （PPI） analysis of genes was conducted using the Protein Interaction Platform （STRING） database to search the super hub gene （hub 2.0）， and animal experiments were conducted for further validation. Fourteen of 70 male Wistar rats were randomly selected as the normal group， and the remaining 56 rats were prepared by the combined modeling method of "starvation disorder+N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine （MNNG） + sodium salicylate". The successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into the model group， XLHZ-H， XLHZ-M， and XLHZ-L groups （36， 18， 9 g·kg^-1， respectively）， and Morodan group （1.4 g·kg^-1）. Each group was given corresponding intervention for 60 days. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of gastric mucosa in rats. The ultrastructure of gastric mucosal tissue cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The relative expression levels of TGF-β₁， Smad2 and Smad3 proteins， S/G₂/M phase marker geminin and proliferation marker MCM2 were detected by Western blot in gastric mucosal tissue， and Spearman correlation analysis was performed. ResultsA total of 15 hub 2.0 genes were identified， including TGF-β₁， suggesting the involvement of the TGF-β₁ signaling pathway in the CAG pathogenesis. Compared with the normal group， the expressions of TGF-β₁， Smad2， geminin and MCM2 proteins in the gastric mucosa tissue of the model group were increased （P<0.05）， and the expression of Smad3 protein was decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the expressions of TGF-β₁ and geminin in the gastric mucosa were decreased in the drug groups （P<0.05）. The XLHZ-M group， XLHZ-H group and Morodan group had significantly decreased protein expression of Smad2 and MCM2 （P<0.05）. The protein expression of Smad3 was significantly increased in XLHZ-M， XLHZ-H， and Morodan groups （P<0.05）. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Smad3 was negatively correlated with other indicators， and positively correlated with other indicators （P<0.01）. ConclusionXLHZ may inhibit TGF-β₁/Smads signaling pathway， regulate cell cycle， and inhibit proliferation in the treatment of CAG.

ObjectiveTo explore the potential mechanism of Xianglian Huazhuo prescription （XLHZ） in treating chronic atrophic gastritis （CAG） by regulating cell cycle and inhibiting proliferation， using bioinformatics technology and animal experiments. MethodsDifferential expressed genes （DEGs） related to CAG were screened using GEO database and GEO2R tool. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis （WGCNA） was employed to search for hub genes of CAG. These hub genes were intersected with cell cycle proliferation based on GeneCards database. Eenrichment analysis of the intersecting genes was performed to obtain signaling pathways and biological processes related to CAG. Protein protein interaction （PPI） analysis of genes was conducted using the Protein Interaction Platform （STRING） database to search the super hub gene （hub 2.0）， and animal experiments were conducted for further validation. Fourteen of 70 male Wistar rats were randomly selected as the normal group， and the remaining 56 rats were prepared by the combined modeling method of "starvation disorder+N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine （MNNG） + sodium salicylate". The successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into the model group， XLHZ-H， XLHZ-M， and XLHZ-L groups （36， 18， 9 g·kg^-1， respectively）， and Morodan group （1.4 g·kg^-1）. Each group was given corresponding intervention for 60 days. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of gastric mucosa in rats. The ultrastructure of gastric mucosal tissue cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The relative expression levels of TGF-β₁， Smad2 and Smad3 proteins， S/G₂/M phase marker geminin and proliferation marker MCM2 were detected by Western blot in gastric mucosal tissue， and Spearman correlation analysis was performed. ResultsA total of 15 hub 2.0 genes were identified， including TGF-β₁， suggesting the involvement of the TGF-β₁ signaling pathway in the CAG pathogenesis. Compared with the normal group， the expressions of TGF-β₁， Smad2， geminin and MCM2 proteins in the gastric mucosa tissue of the model group were increased （P<0.05）， and the expression of Smad3 protein was decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the expressions of TGF-β₁ and geminin in the gastric mucosa were decreased in the drug groups （P<0.05）. The XLHZ-M group， XLHZ-H group and Morodan group had significantly decreased protein expression of Smad2 and MCM2 （P<0.05）. The protein expression of Smad3 was significantly increased in XLHZ-M， XLHZ-H， and Morodan groups （P<0.05）. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Smad3 was negatively correlated with other indicators， and positively correlated with other indicators （P<0.01）. ConclusionXLHZ may inhibit TGF-β₁/Smads signaling pathway， regulate cell cycle， and inhibit proliferation in the treatment of CAG.

ObjectiveTo construct and validate a clinical prediction model for inflammatory remission outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis （RA） patients with liver and kidney deficiency syndrome treated with Bushen Zhiwang Decoction （补肾治尪汤， BZD） based on metabolomics. MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted， enrol-ling 60 RA patients with liver and kidney deficiency syndrome. All patients were treated with BZD and conventional-dose oral conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs （csDMARDs） for 12 months. Clinical data were collected， and the change in disease activity score in 28 joints （DAS28） after treatment compared with baseline （△DAS28） was used as the primary outcome and grouping criterion. Peripheral blood samples were collected before treatment to analyze plasma metabolites. Differential analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator （LASSO） regression were used to preliminarily screen differential metabolites， followed by machine learning algorithms to further identify a core metabolite combination. Based on the expression levels of the core metabolite combination， a novel metabolite index， namely the metabolomics-based inflammatory remission score （Met-IRS）， was calculated using standar-dized metabolite values， and its clinical applicability was evaluated. A clinical prediction model was constructed by integrating clinical characteristics and Met-IRS， and the model performance was assessed. ResultsAmong the 60 patients， those with △DAS28 ≥ 0.27 were assigned to the high inflammatory remission group， while those with △DAS28 ＜ 0.27 were assigned to the low inflammatory remission group， with 30 cases in each group. Compared to the low inflammatory remission group， the high inflammatory remission group showed a higher frequency of methotrexate use and a lower positive rate of rheumatoid factor （RF） （P＜0.05）. Seven core metabolites were identified as the optimal combination， including mangiferic acid， fatty acid-hydroxy fatty acid ester 40∶6， fatty acid-hydroxy fatty acid ester 18∶0， fatty acid-hydroxy fatty acid ester 36∶1， glucosylceramide， lysophosphatidylcholine 22∶5， and pregnanetriol ketone. The calculated Met-IRS comprehensively reflected the characteristics of differential metabolites and demonstrated clinical applicability. Met-IRS was significantly higher in the high inflammatory remission group than in the low inflammatory remission group， and was positively correlated with high inflammatory remission outcomes （P＜0.05）. Based on the variables Met-IRS， methotrexate use， leflunomide use， and RF positivity， a clinical prediction model for inflammatory remission in RA treatment （Cj-RTRM） was constructed. Model performance evaluation demonstrated that the model had good clinical predictive ability， with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve （AUC） of 0.880， sensitivity 0.967， specificity 0.700 and Youden's index 0.667. ConclusionThe clinical prediction model Cj-RTRM constructed based on the metabolomics-based inflammatory remission score Met-IRS can effectively predict clinical inflammatory remission outcomes in RA patients treated with BZD and accurately identify the advantageous population for this treatment. This model provides guiding evidence for dynamic inflammation monitoring， targeted management， and identification of populations with advantages in traditional Chinese medicine.

Childhood adversity is a risk factor for developing depressive symptoms or suffering from depressive disorders across the life course. However， existing evidence has focused on the analysis of the association between childhood adversity and depression from a single theoretical perspective， and there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of its multiple action pathways. By systematically summarizing the cumulative risk model， sensitive-period model， recency model， risk chain model， and the stress sensitization， stress amplification， and stress inoculation hypotheses， as well as the emerging pubertal stress recalibration hypothesis， this article attempts to construct an integrated theoretical framework to elucidate the internal logical synergy among these models. Furthermore， by reviewing relevant empirical evidence， this article analyzes the applicability and limitations of different theoretical models in illustrating the underlying psychopathological mechanisms of depression. The current evidence suggests that the impact of childhood adversity on the risk of psychopathology may be driven by a complex dynamic process involving the interaction of exposure timing， cumulative load， response boundaries of biological systems， and modification by later environments. Future research should utilize longitudinal cohorts and multimodal data within a unified analytical framework to comprehensively examine the multiple pathways through which childhood adversity affects the risk of depression. This will provide a reference for precisely identifying high-risk populations， targeting "recalibration windows" represented by adolescence， developing focused intervention strategies， and ultimately blocking the cascading effects of early life adversity as early as possible. ［Funded by the "Pioneer" and "Leading Goose" R&D program of Zhejiang Province （number， 2024C03006）］

BACKGROUND:Currently,there have been studies on three-dimensional digitalization and visualization systems for adult acupoints,but there are not many reports on the visualization of pediatric acupoints based on real pediatric digital sectional anatomical datasets. OBJECTIVE:To design and develop a digital three-dimensional visualization system for children's neck acupoints,to provide a basis for acupuncture and moxibustion,meridian and acupoint science teaching,clinical practice,acupuncture manipulation practice,and acupuncture safety research,and to provide a basis for the development of children's acupoint simulation system. METHODS:Based on a real cross-sectional anatomical dataset of pre-school boys,a three-dimensional digital virtual anatomical model of the neck region of children and internal multi-organ three-dimensional reconstruction were completed using PhotoShop 2021 and Digihuman Reconstruction System software.A database of 11 acupoints was compiled,including Fengfu and Fengchi,using the Unity database language.A three-dimensional model of children's neck anatomy,acupoint database,and writing acupuncture operation codes were integrated in Unity3D software.A three-dimensional digital visualization system for children's neck acupoints was successfully created,which integrated simulation acupoint positioning,three-dimensional acupoint anatomy,acupuncture training,clinical teaching,and acupuncture safety research. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)This study was based on real child specimens.Manual layer by layer segmentation of cross-sectional images was used to ensure the accuracy of the three-dimensional model to the greatest extent possible.The 3D software Digihuman Reconstruction System was utilized to extract and save independent segmentation data.PhotoShop 2021 software was collaborated with to complete dozens of three-dimensional reconstruction anatomical models of the outer skin of the neck and its internal bone structure,cervical spinal cord,blood vessels and nerves,muscles,and ligaments in children.The basic morphology and overall contour integrity verification of each independent structure were completed in MeshLab software.The 3-material research 13.0 software was applied for final fine tuning and anatomical position confirmation,successfully simulating and restoring the true anatomical morphology of the neck of preschool children.(2)Based on and referring to the national standards of the People's Republic of China,a database of commonly used acupoints in children's neck region was collected and organized,including their names,meridians,positioning,local anatomy,needle insertion levels,acupuncture methods,acupuncture accidents and prevention,acupoint indications,and two-dimensional anatomical sectional images.(3)Unity3D software was employed to integrate the three-dimensional model of children's neck,acupuncture simulation operation,and acupoint database,and a three-dimensional digital children's neck acupoint acupuncture visualization system was successfully constructed.The system displayed information on children's neck acupoints,two-dimensional and three-dimensional anatomical structures,and achieved two-dimensional and three-dimensional acupuncture simulation functions and acupuncture safety research functions for children's neck acupoints.Based on the ultra-thin sectional anatomical dataset of real child specimens,the first three-dimensional digital and visualization system for acupoints in the neck region of children had been constructed.Compared with previous acupoint acupuncture systems,it is more in line with the anatomical and morphological development characteristics of Asian children and has high application value in the fields of acupuncture safety research,clinical teaching,and acupuncture simulation training.

Objective To understand the situation of corn mycotoxins contamination in Heilongjiang Province , and to analyze the causes of pollution and propose prevention and control measures. Methods Among the 473 corn samples were collected from various regions in Heilongjiang Province , and 16 mycotoxins , including aflatoxins , fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and their metabolites , zearalenone , ochratoxin A , alternariol , alternariol monomethyl ether , tentoxin , and tenuazonic acid , were detected in the corn samples. The detection and quantification were carried out using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry isotope internal standard method. Results All samples were detected with mycotoxins, the detection rate was 100%, and each sample was contaminated by one or more mycotoxins. The detection rate of 16 mycotoxins ranged from 0.21% to 98.31%. The average contamination level ranged from 0.67 μ g/kg-259.19 μ g/kg. Three types of toxins exceeded the standard, with exceeding rates of deoxynivalenol (2.54%, 12/473), zearalenone (4.02% ,19/473), and fumonisins (2.54%,12/473), respectively. The samples exceeding the standard were distributed in Mudanjiang, Shuangyashan, Jixi, Harbin, and Qiqihar. Conclusion Corn in Heilongjiang Province is contaminated by a combination of mycotoxins. It is necessary to strengthen monitoring from multiple links and adopt a variety of ways and control measures to reduce corn contamination.

Objective:To examine the interaction between gender and the visceral adiposity index (VAI) in relation to the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods:This retrospective cohort study utilized data from the public Dryad database derived from the NAGALA (NAFLD in the Gifu Area, Longitudinal Analysis) project (1994-2016). Participants were stratified into quartiles based on VAI levels. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to evaluate whether VAI independently predicts T2DM risk. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed for each VAI quartile. Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine associations across age and body mass index categories. Both multiplicative and additive interaction effects between gender and VAI were assessed. Additionally, gender-specific Cox models were fitted to further explore these associations.Results:A total of 15 453 participants [8 419 males and 7 034 females; mean age, (43.7±8.9) years] were included, with a median follow-up duration of 5.39 years. During follow-up, 373 participants (2.4%) developed T2DM. After adjustment for potential confounders, higher VAI levels were independently associated with increased T2DM risk ( HR=1.16; 95% CI 1.11-1.21), consistent with the results across VAI quartiles. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significant trend of increasing T2DM incidence across VAI quartiles ( P<0.001). The area under the ROC curve for VAI in predicting T2DM at 3, 5, and 10 years was 0.755, 0.735, and 0.696, respectively. Sensitivity analyses showed that elevated VAI was associated with increased T2DM risk across all age and body mass index subgroups (all P<0.05). Regarding interaction analysis, the HR (95% CI) for the multiplicative interaction between VAI and gender was 1.22 (1.19-1.26). The relative excess risk of interaction was -1.08 (95% CI -2.96 to -0.06), the attributable proportion of interaction was -0.54 (95% CI -1.35 to -0.01), and the synergy index was 0.48 (95% CI 0.26-0.91), indicating a negative additive interaction. Using low-VAI women as the reference group, the risk of T2DM in high-VAI women was higher ( HR=2.53, 95% CI 1.59-4.02) compared to high-VAI men ( HR=2.01, 95% CI 1.49-2.72). In gender-specific analyses, increasing VAI remained significantly associated with elevated T2DM risk after adjustment in both females ( HR=1.43, 95% CI 1.21-1.68) and males ( HR=1.16; 95% CI 1.11-1.22), with consistent findings across VAI quartiles. Conclusions:VAI and gender demonstrated multiplicative and additive interaction in relation to T2DM risk. The association between increasing VAI and T2DM risk was more pronounced in women than in men.

Purpose To identify the distinct MRI findings of gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma(GEA)that can help differentiate it from usual-type endocervical adenocarcinoma(UEA)and reveal the radiologic-pathologic correlation.Materials and Methods All consecutive patients with cervical GEA(27 cases)and UEA(45 cases)treated at Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital from January 2015 to August 2023 were included retrospectively.All patients underwent enhanced pelvic MRI examination.The clinical characteristics,tumor location,tumor shape,presence and size of cysts,and presence of hydrometra were evaluated between the two groups.Results The clinical characteristics included vaginal discharge in 12 cases of GEA and one case of UEA,vaginal bleeding in seven cases of GEA and 28 cases of UEA(P=0.048).Additionally,there were two cases of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in GEA.Among the 27 GEA cases,the lesion was in the upper cervix in nine cases and involved the entire cervix in 16 cases;among the 45 UEA cases,the lesions were in the upper,lower and entire cervix in 12,29 and four cases,respectively(P=0.023).Regarding the tumor growth pattern,in the GEA group,there were nine cases of mass-forming growth pattern and 18 cases of diffuse infiltrative pattern;in the UEA group,there were 35 cases of mass-forming growth pattern and ten cases of diffuse infiltrative pattern,with a statistically significant difference(χ2=10.718,P=0.014).In 27 GEA cases,14 cases had observed intrauterine fluid,while in 45 UEA cases,eight cases had observed intrauterine fluid(χ2=12.657,P=0.002).Among the GEA cases,five had no cysts,12 had microcysts and ten had macrocysts;among the UEA cases,14 had no cysts,31 had microcysts and macrocysts were not observed(P=0.001).The maximum diameter of the GEA masses was(4.030±0.375)cm,and that of UEA masses was(2.315±0.769)cm,with a statistically significant difference(t=7.134,P<0.001).Conclusion By integrating multiple MRI features of the diffuse infiltrative growth pattern(such as the predominant location in the upper or entire cervix,frequent association with uterine cavity effusion or larger cysts,and a maximum mass diameter≥4 cm),it aids in distinguishing GEA from UEA.

Objective:To investigate whether biochanin A(BCA)has a protective effect against dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)-in-duced ulcerative colitis(UC)in mice.Methods:Thirty C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into normal control group,DSS model group,sulfasalazine(SASP)-positive drug control group,and low/medium/high-dose(5 mg/kg,10 mg/kg,and 20 mg/kg)BCA groups.The mouse model of UC was induced by administering 2.5%DSS aqueous solution for 7 days.During the experimental period,both the normal control and model groups were given 0.5%carboxymethyl cellulose sodium solution daily by gavage.The positive control group was given 100 mg/kg SASP,while the BCA groups were given BCA suspensions at doses of 5 mg/kg,10 mg/kg,and 20 mg/kg.The ad-ministration lasted for 10 days.Body weight changes and fecal status of the mice were recorded every day;the colon was dissected,col-lected,and measured for its length.The colon was stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin for pathomorphological study.Quantitative poly-merase chain reaction was used to determine the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),and interleukin-10(IL-10)in the colon.Immunofluorescence was used to determine the expression of tight junction proteins,zonula occluden-1(ZO-1)and occludin,in the colon.Results:It showed that 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg BCA significantly alleviated weight loss in mice with UC,while 5 mg/kg,10 mg/kg,and 20 mg/kg BCA reduced the disease activity index scores.Additionally,BCA showed similar effects to SASP in improving the structure and reducing the shortening of the colon in mice with UC.Compared with the model group,all BCA groups had significantly decreased TNF-α(P=0.024、P=0.060、P=0.003)and IL-6(P=0.002、P<0.001、P<0.001)and significantly increased IL-10(P=0.006、P=0.003、P<0.001),with varying degrees of up-regulated expression of tight junction proteins.Conclusion:BCA can effectively alleviate DSS-induced symptoms,reduce intes-tinal damage,and protect the intestinal barrier in mice with UC.