Hygroscopicity research has long been a key focus and hot topic in Chinese materia medica（CMM）. Elucidating hygroscopic mechanisms plays a vital role in formulation design， process optimization， and storage condition selection. Hygroscopic models serve as essential tools for characterizing CMM hygroscopic mechanisms， with various types available. The double exponential model is a kinetic mathematical model constructed based on the law of conservation of energy and Fick's first law of diffusion， tailored to the physical properties of CMM extracts. In recent years， this model has been extensively applied to simulate the dynamic moisture absorption behavior of CMM extracts and solid dosage forms under varying humidity conditions. It has revealed the correlation between moisture absorption kinetic parameters and material properties， offering a new perspective for characterizing the moisture uptake behavior of CMM. This paper systematically reviews the application progress of this model in the field of CMM， analyzes its advantages， disadvantages， and challenges in this domain， and explores its potential application trends in other fields. It aims to provide references for elucidating the moisture absorption mechanisms of CMM and researching moisture-proofing technologies， while also offering insights for its broader application in food and polymer materials.

Abstract To promote adolescents active participation in physical activity and improve sleep quality, the article analyzes the relationship of adolescent physical activity with subjective sleep satisfaction, sleep latency, sleep continuity, sleep efficiency, and sleep duration. It explores potential mechanisms underlying the link between physical activity and sleep quality, including physiological mechanisms (circadian rhythms, body temperature, neuroendocrine systems, and immune function), and psychological mechanisms (stress relief, improvement of negative emotions, and promotion of mental relaxation). Based on existing research, it is recommended that adolescents engage in moderate to vigorous physical activity daily to promote improved sleep quality.

Objective: To analyze the intervention effects of moderate to vigorous classroom physical exercise on psychological sub health among Uyghur junior high school students, providing reference for mental health promotion and intervention in the ethnic group. Methods: From April to July 2022, 647 eighth grade Uighur junior high school students from two middle schools in the Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, were selected using a random cluster digital sampling method. They were randomly assigned to a control group ( n =326) and an intervention group ( n =321). While adhering to the regular curriculum, the intervention group additionally received 12 week, 36 session (every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday afternoon) moderate to vigorous classroom physical exercise intervention (45 minutes per session, including warm up, main exercises, and cool down activities). Self administered psychological sub health was completed through Brief Instrument on Psychological Health of Youths before and after intervention, and the data were analyzed using covariance analysis. Results: Before intervention, there were no statistically significant differences between the control and intervention groups in the total scores for psychological sub health or in the scores for the three dimensions including emotional problems, conduct problems, and social adaptation difficulties ( t =0.76, 0.40, 0.01, 0.94 , all P >0.05). After intervention, the scores of the intervention group s junior high school students on the emotional problems, conduct problems, and social adaptation difficulties dimensions decreased by 0.50, 0.28, and 0.18, respectively, compared with the control group, and all differences were statistically significant ( t =3.35, 3.36, 2.07, all P <0.05). The main effect of the psychological sub health category was statistically significant ( F =60.66, P <0.01, partial η 2=0.09). Compared with the control group, the psychological sub health scores of junior high school students in the intervention group decreased by 0.96 ( t =3.42, P < 0.05 ). Conclusion The 12 week moderate to vigorous classroom physical exercise intervention has a positive effect on the psychological sub health of Uyghur junior high school students.

Objective: To examine the effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise on health related physical fitness (HPF) and depressive symptoms among senior high school freshmen, and to examine whether HPF mediates the relationship between exercise intervention and depressive symptoms, so as to provide a scientific basis for the coordinated promotion of mental health and physical fitness in schools. Methods: In March 2022, 190 senior high school freshmen from a secondary school of Suzhou in Anhui Province were selected by the random cluster sampling method and randomly assigned to an intervention group ( n = 99) and a control group ( n =91). The control group maintained routine activities, while the intervention group underwent a 10 week combined aerobic and resistance exercise program, three sessions per week, 40 minutes per session. Height, weight, standing long jump, sit ups, 20 m shuttle run, and sit and reach were measured before and after the intervention. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), Mann-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon test were employed to compare outcomes before and after the intervention, and mediation analysis was conducted. Results: After controlling for pre test scores, ANCOVA results showed that compared with the control group, the intervention group demonstrated the following post intervention changes: a lower body mass index of 0.1 kg/m 2 among girls; higher standing long jump (13.2 cm for boys, 7.4 cm for girls), higher sit ups (5.5 reps for boys, 3.7 reps for girls), higher 20 m shuttle run (7.4 times for boys, 5.1 times for girls), and higher sit and reach (3.2 cm for boys, 0.4 cm for girls) ( F =17.88-84.44); and lower CES-D scores (5.5 for boys, 4.0 for girls) ( Z =-2.51, -2.06) (all P <0.05). The indirect effect of HPF in the relationship between combined aerobic and resistance exercise and depressive symptoms was -2.11, supporting a partial mediation effect ( P < 0.01 ). Conclusions Combined aerobic and resistance exercise improves HPF and alleviates depressive symptoms to varying degrees among senior high school freshmen. HPF served as a partial mediator through which exercise intervention reduces depressive symptoms.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of Formononetin on mice with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP)by regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)/nuclear factor κB(NF-κB)signaling pathway.Methods Six-week-old SPF-grade male BALB/c mice were selected.The MPP mouse model was established as the model group by instillating Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacterial solution through the nose.On the second day after successful modeling,mice were intraperitoneally injected with 15,30,and 60 mg/kg of Formononetin and 60 mg/kg of Formononetin+20 mg/kg of Anisomycin respectively as the low-dose,medium-dose,and high-dose Formononetin groups and the high-dose Formononetin+Anisomycin group,with 12 mice in each group.Another 12 mice were intraperitoneally injected with the same amount of 0.9％sodium chloride injection as the control group.The cough frequency of mice in each group was detected through the cough induction test.The partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PCO2)and partial pressure of oxygen(PO2)in each group of mice were detected by a blood gas analyzer,and the oxygenation index(OI)was calculated.The levels of inflammatory factors in each group were detected by ELISA,and the apoptosis of lung tissue cells in each group of mice was detected by TUNEL.HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes of lung tissues in each group.The expression of MAPK/NF-κB pathway-related proteins in the lung tissues of mice in each group was detected by Western blot method.Results The lung tissue morphology of the mice in the control group was normal.The alveolar ducts and alveolar structures of mice in the model group were damaged,the alveolar septa thickened,and there was a large amount of inflammatory cell infiltration.Compared with the model group,the lung tissue morphology was improved in the low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose Formononetin groups.The lung tissue injury in the high-dose Formononetin+Anisamycin group was more severe compared with the high-dose Formononetin group.Compared with the control group,the cough latency period in the model group was shortened,and PO2,OI,and interleukin-10(IL-10)were decreased,while the frequency of coughing,PCO2,interleukin-18(IL-18),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),apoptosis rate,and the ratios of p-P38 MAPK/P38 MAPK,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65,p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2)/ERK1/2,and p-C-jun N-terminal kinase(p-JNK)/JNK increased(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the low-,medium-and high-dose Formononetin groups had improved lung tissue morphology,prolonged cough latency,increased PO2,OI and IL-10,and reduced cough frequency.The PCO2,IL-18,TNF-α,apoptosis rate,and the ratios of p-p38 MAPK/P38 MAPK,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65,ERK1/2/ERK1/2,and p-JNK/JNK decreased(P＜0.05).In the low-,medium-,and high-dose Formononetin groups,with the increase of Formononetin dose,the cough latency gradually prolonged,the cough frequency gradually decreased,and the PO2,oxygenation index,and IL-10 gradually increased.The PCO2,IL-18,TNF-α,apoptosis rate and the ratios of p-p38 MAPK/P38 MAPK,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65,p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2,and p-JNK/JNK gradually decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with the high-dose Formononetin group,the high-dose Formononetin+Anisamycin group had shorter cough latency,lower PO2,OI and IL-10.The frequency of coughing,PCO2,IL-18,TNF-α,apoptosis rate,and the ratios of p-p38 MAPK/P38 MAPK,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65,p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2,and p-JNK/JNK increased(P＜0.05).Conclusion Formononetin may improve lung injury in MPP mice by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of Formononetin on mice with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP)by regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)/nuclear factor κB(NF-κB)signaling pathway.Methods Six-week-old SPF-grade male BALB/c mice were selected.The MPP mouse model was established as the model group by instillating Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacterial solution through the nose.On the second day after successful modeling,mice were intraperitoneally injected with 15,30,and 60 mg/kg of Formononetin and 60 mg/kg of Formononetin+20 mg/kg of Anisomycin respectively as the low-dose,medium-dose,and high-dose Formononetin groups and the high-dose Formononetin+Anisomycin group,with 12 mice in each group.Another 12 mice were intraperitoneally injected with the same amount of 0.9％sodium chloride injection as the control group.The cough frequency of mice in each group was detected through the cough induction test.The partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PCO2)and partial pressure of oxygen(PO2)in each group of mice were detected by a blood gas analyzer,and the oxygenation index(OI)was calculated.The levels of inflammatory factors in each group were detected by ELISA,and the apoptosis of lung tissue cells in each group of mice was detected by TUNEL.HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes of lung tissues in each group.The expression of MAPK/NF-κB pathway-related proteins in the lung tissues of mice in each group was detected by Western blot method.Results The lung tissue morphology of the mice in the control group was normal.The alveolar ducts and alveolar structures of mice in the model group were damaged,the alveolar septa thickened,and there was a large amount of inflammatory cell infiltration.Compared with the model group,the lung tissue morphology was improved in the low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose Formononetin groups.The lung tissue injury in the high-dose Formononetin+Anisamycin group was more severe compared with the high-dose Formononetin group.Compared with the control group,the cough latency period in the model group was shortened,and PO2,OI,and interleukin-10(IL-10)were decreased,while the frequency of coughing,PCO2,interleukin-18(IL-18),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),apoptosis rate,and the ratios of p-P38 MAPK/P38 MAPK,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65,p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2)/ERK1/2,and p-C-jun N-terminal kinase(p-JNK)/JNK increased(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the low-,medium-and high-dose Formononetin groups had improved lung tissue morphology,prolonged cough latency,increased PO2,OI and IL-10,and reduced cough frequency.The PCO2,IL-18,TNF-α,apoptosis rate,and the ratios of p-p38 MAPK/P38 MAPK,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65,ERK1/2/ERK1/2,and p-JNK/JNK decreased(P＜0.05).In the low-,medium-,and high-dose Formononetin groups,with the increase of Formononetin dose,the cough latency gradually prolonged,the cough frequency gradually decreased,and the PO2,oxygenation index,and IL-10 gradually increased.The PCO2,IL-18,TNF-α,apoptosis rate and the ratios of p-p38 MAPK/P38 MAPK,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65,p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2,and p-JNK/JNK gradually decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with the high-dose Formononetin group,the high-dose Formononetin+Anisamycin group had shorter cough latency,lower PO2,OI and IL-10.The frequency of coughing,PCO2,IL-18,TNF-α,apoptosis rate,and the ratios of p-p38 MAPK/P38 MAPK,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65,p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2,and p-JNK/JNK increased(P＜0.05).Conclusion Formononetin may improve lung injury in MPP mice by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Organic ultraviolet absorbers (OUVs) have been widely used in personal care products and industrial products due to their unique physicochemical properties. However, with the advancement of science and technology and the deepening of research, the potential risks of OUVs have gradually emerged. They have been proven to be persistent, bioconcentrated and potential endocrine disruptors that may pose a threat to human health. In recent years, some OUVs have been widely detected in environmental and human samples worldwide, and the concentration of detection has been increasing year by year, which has attracted extensive attention both domestically and internationally. This article summarizes the research results of OUVs exposure in recent years from two aspects: external environmental exposure and internal human exposure, aiming to provide a valuable reference for the subsequent research on human exposure and health risk assessment of OUVs.

Nonunion of osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVF), predominantly affecting the elderly, can lead to intractable pain, vertebral collapse, progressive kyphotic deformity, and neurological impairment, significantly compromising patients′ quality of life. There exists considerable debate on diagnosis and management of OVF, encompassing key issues such as clinical diagnosis and staging criteria for nonunion, surgical indications and procedure selection, and postoperative rehabilitation planning. Currently, there lacks standardized clinical guideline and expert consensus on the diagnosis and management of OVF nonunion in China. To address this gap, Minimally Invasive Surgery Group of Chinese Orthopedic Association, Osteoporosis Committee of Chinese Association of Orthopedic Surgeons, Prevention and Rehabilitation Committee for Osteoporosis of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine and Minimally Invasive Orthopedic Surgery Branch of China Association for Geriatric Care jointly organized domestic experts in spinal surgery, endocrinology, and rehabilitation to formulate the Clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment for nonunion of osteoporotic vertebral fractures ( version 2025), based on existing literature and clinical experience and adhering to principles of scientific rigor and practicality. The guideline provided 13 evidence-based recommendations encompassing diagnosis and treatment of OVF nonunion, aiming to standardize its clinical management.

Objective To compare the differences in clinical features and treatment choices between periph-eral spondyloarthritis(pSpA)and axial spondyloarthritis(axSpA),and better understand the clinical charac-teristics and medication needs of pSpA.Methods Our study is a retrospective cohort study.The patients who first visited the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital between January 2016 and December 2022 and were diagnosed with axSpA or pSpA according to the classification criteria established by the Assess-ment of SpondyloArthritis International Society were selected as the study subjects.Demographic data,clinical characteristics,laboratory tests,and treatment information of these patients were obtained through the electronic medical records management system and the intelligent management system for spondyloarthritis.The research compared the distribution of swollen and tender joints between pSpA and axSpA patients,as well as that between pSpA1(excluding patients with psoriatic arthritis)and axSpA patients.Additionally,we analyzed differences in clinical features and treatment options among these groups.Results A total of 1639 pa-tients were included in the study,of which 184 had pSpA(including 97 with psoriatic arthritis),and 1455 had axSpA.Compared to axSpA patients,pSpA patients had fewer male patients(62.5％vs.79.7％,P＜0.001),later onset age(33.8 years vs.22.0 years,P＜0.001),shorter diagnostic delays(6.0 months vs.14.2 months,P=0.004),more associated peripheral arthritis(71.7％vs.9.3％,P＜0.001)and dac-tylitis(6.5％vs.0.3％,P＜0.001),more cases of psoriasis(52.7％vs.1.1％,P＜0.001)and a more common family history of psoriasis(11.4％vs.3.4％,P＜0.001).pSpA patients had higher levels of in-flammatory markers but a lower positive rate of human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-B27(43.5％vs.87.4％,P＜0.001).A positive HLA-B27 was associated with an earlier onset age,fewer cases of psoriasis,and a fami-ly history of ankylosing spondylitis.pSpA patients had a higher proportion of using conventional synthetic dis-ease-modifying antirheumatic drugs(csDMARDs),biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs(bDMARDs),and oral glucocorticoids,and they also more frequently used a combination of bDMARDs and csDMARDs(19.0％vs.12.2％,P=0.009)or multiple csDMARDs(65.8％vs.12.5％,P＜0.001).Compared to axSpA patients,pSpA1 patients(excluding psoriatic arthritis)did not show significant differences in the prevalence of psoriasis,uveitis,family history of psoriasis,or the use of bDMARDs,but the subgroup analysis of other variables was consistent with the results of pSpA patients.Conclusions pSpA patients tend to have a later onset of disease,a lower proportion of male and HLA-B27 positivity,more associ-ated peripheral arthritis,dactylitis,psoriasis,and a more common family history of psoriasis.The disease bur-den in terms of treatment for pSpA is not lower than that for axSpA.Due to the presence of more peripheral symptoms,psoriasis,and higher levels of inflammation,they also require more medication.

Nonunion of osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVF), predominantly affecting the elderly, can lead to intractable pain, vertebral collapse, progressive kyphotic deformity, and neurological impairment, significantly compromising patients′ quality of life. There exists considerable debate on diagnosis and management of OVF, encompassing key issues such as clinical diagnosis and staging criteria for nonunion, surgical indications and procedure selection, and postoperative rehabilitation planning. Currently, there lacks standardized clinical guideline and expert consensus on the diagnosis and management of OVF nonunion in China. To address this gap, Minimally Invasive Surgery Group of Chinese Orthopedic Association, Osteoporosis Committee of Chinese Association of Orthopedic Surgeons, Prevention and Rehabilitation Committee for Osteoporosis of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine and Minimally Invasive Orthopedic Surgery Branch of China Association for Geriatric Care jointly organized domestic experts in spinal surgery, endocrinology, and rehabilitation to formulate the Clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment for nonunion of osteoporotic vertebral fractures ( version 2025), based on existing literature and clinical experience and adhering to principles of scientific rigor and practicality. The guideline provided 13 evidence-based recommendations encompassing diagnosis and treatment of OVF nonunion, aiming to standardize its clinical management.