Gastroesophageal varices （GOV） bleeding is a severe complication of portal hypertension with a high mortality rate. Animal models are indispensable tools for investigating its pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutic strategies. This article systematically reviews the methods for establishing various GOV models， with a particular focus on their efficacy in simulating the key pathological processes such as an increase in hepatic venous pressure gradient and the risk of bleeding， and it also proposes targeted strategies for model selection. Finally， this article discusses the application prospects of emerging techniques in the era of precision medicine， such as organoids and gene editing， in order to provide model selection and a theoretical reference for exploring the mechanism and clinical translation of GOV.

This consensus focuses on the clinical application of domestic ultra-high-definition (UHD) medical endoscopes in cardiovascular surgery, addressing their clinical value, key technical aspects, and strategies for broader implementation. It traces the evolution of domestic endoscopic platforms from high-resolution imaging toward integrated advanced functionalities such as fluorescence imaging, three-dimensional visualization, and intelligent assistance. The document outlines standardized procedural steps and perioperative management pathways for minimally invasive endoscopic cardiovascular surgery and summarizes specific application scenarios and technical considerations in congenital heart disease, valvular disorders, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, and cardiac tumors. Furthermore, recommendations are provided regarding professional training, multicenter collaboration, the establishment of clinical evaluation systems, and coordinated policy-industry support to promote standardized adoption and high-quality dissemination of domestic medical devices. Based on available evidence and expert agreement, 16 consensus statements are presented, aiming to offer authoritative and actionable guidance for clinical practice.

Objective To comparatively evaluate the clinical efficacy of liposomal bupivacaine and ropiva-caine in transversus abdominis plane(TAP)block combined with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia(PCA)following cesarean section,and to explore the analgesic advantages of liposomal bupivacaine.Methods Eighty parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section were recruited and randomly allocated into two groups via a random number table:the liposomal bupivacaine group and the ropivacaine group.At the conclusion of the surgical procedure,both groups underwent ultrasound-guided bilateral TAP block.In the ropivacaine group,20 mL of 0.5%ropivacaine was administered per side.In the liposomal bupivacaine group,266 mg of liposomal bupivacaine was dissolved in 0.9%normal saline to a total volume of 40 mL,with 20 mL injected per side.The following parameters were compared between the two groups:Visual Analog Scale(VAS)scores at rest and during movement at various postop-erative time points,the overall scores of the 15-item Quality of Recovery(QoR-15)scale,postoperative opioid consumption,the time to first ambulation,the time to first flatus,and the incidence of adverse drug reactions such as nausea,vomiting,constipation,and pruritus.Results In comparison with the ropivacaine group,the liposomal bupivacaine group exhibited significantly lower Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)scores both at rest and during move-ment at 12 hours,24 hours,and 48 hours postoperatively(P<0.001).Significantly higher Quality of Recovery-15(QoR-15)scores were recorded in the liposomal bupivacaine group at 24 hours and during the 24-48-hour period postoperatively(P<0.001).The postoperative opioid consumption within 48 hours was markedly lower in the liposo-mal bupivacaine group(P<0.001).The time to first flatus was significantly shorter in the liposomal bupivacaine group(P<0.001).No significant differences were detected in the incidence of nausea,vomiting,or constipation between the two groups(P>0.05),and no cases of pruritus or other severe adverse reactions were observed.Conclusion Liposomal bupivacaine used for TAP block following cesarean section offers extended analgesia,reduces the need for opioids,enhances the quality of postoperative recovery,promotes gastrointestinal motility,and demonstrates excellent safety.

Biomimetic wet-adhesive hydrogels mimic the adhesive properties of biological organisms to achieve strong bonding in moist environments.Compared to conventional medical adhesives,these materials are characterized by enhanced biocompatibility,robust ad-hesion,and adjustable physicochemical properties.Although biomimetic wet-adhesive hydrogels have been applied in oral mucosal drug delivery,intraoral wound management,and implant surgery,a systematic review is currently lacking.This article aims to summarize the wet-adhesion mechanisms of bio-inspired materials and their applications in various scenarios and to provide insights and methodolo-gies for the design of novel intraoral dressings.

Objective To explore the effect of remote ischemic conditioning(RIC)combined with binaural beat music(BBM)train-ing in patients with cognitive dysfunction after cerebral infarction.Methods From June,2024 to January,2025,200 patients with cognitive dysfunction after cerebral infarction in the Affil-iated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology were randomly divided into control group(n=50),RIC group(n=50),BBM group(n=50)and combined group(n=50).All the groups received stan-dardized routine training,RIC group received RIC,BBM group received BBM,and the combined group received RIC+BBM,for 14 days.They were assessed with Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA)and Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale(SS-QOL)at baseline,day 14,and day 90.Results Two cases in the control group,four in RIC group,three in BBM group and three in the combined group dropped out.For MoCA scores,the inter-group effect,intra-group effect and interaction effect were all significant(F>13.463,P<0.001).After intervention,on both day 14 and day 90,the score of MoCA was higher in each in-tervention group than in the control group(P<0.05),and was higher in the combined group than in both BBM and RIC groups(P<0.05);and on day 90,it was higher in RIC group than in BBM group(P<0.05).For SS-QOL,the score increased with time in all the groups(χ2>75.182,P<0.001).After intervention,there was signif-icant difference at each time point among four groups(H>18.260,P<0.001).On day 14 and day 90,the score of SS-QOL was higher in the combined group than in the control and BBM groups(|Z|>3.149,P<0.05);on day 90,the score was higher in RIC group than in the control group(|Z|=3.590,P<0.05),and it was higher in the combined group than in RIC group(|Z|=3.186,P<0.05).Conclusion RIC,BBM and their combination all improved cognitive function after cerebral infarction.RIC was superior to BBM,and the combined intervention yielded the greatest benefit.Both RIC and the combined intervention im-proved quality of life,with the combined approach being the most effective.

Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment of Streptococcus liver abscesses by analyzing the clinical presentations,antibiotic susceptibility,and treatment strategies of patients.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 21 patients diagnosed with liver abscess caused by Streptococcus from June 2012 to June 2022.The data included demographic information,clinical characteristics,laboratory tests,imaging findings,treatment strategies,and outcomes.Results The 21 patients were 29 to 77 years of age,and 81.0％were male.Clinical manifestations included fever,chills,fatigue,and abdominal pain.Some patients also had headache and altered consciousness,indicating possible concomitant brain abscess.Hematogenous dissemination and biliary tract origin were the most common routes of infection.The predominant pathogen was Streptococcus anginosus group(76.2％).Single pathogen infection was found in 12 cases and mixed infection in 9 cases.All isolates were sensitive to penicillin,cefotaxime,vancomycin,and levofloxacin,but 36.4％(4/11)of the isolates showed resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin.Four patients developed metastatic abscesses,and two experienced septic shock.The main treatment approach was a combination of antibiotics and percutaneous liver puncture drainage,resulting in improvement in 18 patients.Conclusions Liver abscesses caused by Streptococcus are usually non-specific in terms of symptoms.Streptococcus anginosus group is the primary pathogen.Antibiotics combined with percutaneous drainage is an effective treatment approach.It is crucial for clinicians to be aware of potential brain abscesses and the necessity of early intervention.

Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment of Streptococcus liver abscesses by analyzing the clinical presentations,antibiotic susceptibility,and treatment strategies of patients.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 21 patients diagnosed with liver abscess caused by Streptococcus from June 2012 to June 2022.The data included demographic information,clinical characteristics,laboratory tests,imaging findings,treatment strategies,and outcomes.Results The 21 patients were 29 to 77 years of age,and 81.0％were male.Clinical manifestations included fever,chills,fatigue,and abdominal pain.Some patients also had headache and altered consciousness,indicating possible concomitant brain abscess.Hematogenous dissemination and biliary tract origin were the most common routes of infection.The predominant pathogen was Streptococcus anginosus group(76.2％).Single pathogen infection was found in 12 cases and mixed infection in 9 cases.All isolates were sensitive to penicillin,cefotaxime,vancomycin,and levofloxacin,but 36.4％(4/11)of the isolates showed resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin.Four patients developed metastatic abscesses,and two experienced septic shock.The main treatment approach was a combination of antibiotics and percutaneous liver puncture drainage,resulting in improvement in 18 patients.Conclusions Liver abscesses caused by Streptococcus are usually non-specific in terms of symptoms.Streptococcus anginosus group is the primary pathogen.Antibiotics combined with percutaneous drainage is an effective treatment approach.It is crucial for clinicians to be aware of potential brain abscesses and the necessity of early intervention.

Biomimetic wet-adhesive hydrogels mimic the adhesive properties of biological organisms to achieve strong bonding in moist environments.Compared to conventional medical adhesives,these materials are characterized by enhanced biocompatibility,robust ad-hesion,and adjustable physicochemical properties.Although biomimetic wet-adhesive hydrogels have been applied in oral mucosal drug delivery,intraoral wound management,and implant surgery,a systematic review is currently lacking.This article aims to summarize the wet-adhesion mechanisms of bio-inspired materials and their applications in various scenarios and to provide insights and methodolo-gies for the design of novel intraoral dressings.

Objective To explore the effect of remote ischemic conditioning(RIC)combined with binaural beat music(BBM)train-ing in patients with cognitive dysfunction after cerebral infarction.Methods From June,2024 to January,2025,200 patients with cognitive dysfunction after cerebral infarction in the Affil-iated Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology were randomly divided into control group(n=50),RIC group(n=50),BBM group(n=50)and combined group(n=50).All the groups received stan-dardized routine training,RIC group received RIC,BBM group received BBM,and the combined group received RIC+BBM,for 14 days.They were assessed with Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA)and Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale(SS-QOL)at baseline,day 14,and day 90.Results Two cases in the control group,four in RIC group,three in BBM group and three in the combined group dropped out.For MoCA scores,the inter-group effect,intra-group effect and interaction effect were all significant(F>13.463,P<0.001).After intervention,on both day 14 and day 90,the score of MoCA was higher in each in-tervention group than in the control group(P<0.05),and was higher in the combined group than in both BBM and RIC groups(P<0.05);and on day 90,it was higher in RIC group than in BBM group(P<0.05).For SS-QOL,the score increased with time in all the groups(χ2>75.182,P<0.001).After intervention,there was signif-icant difference at each time point among four groups(H>18.260,P<0.001).On day 14 and day 90,the score of SS-QOL was higher in the combined group than in the control and BBM groups(|Z|>3.149,P<0.05);on day 90,the score was higher in RIC group than in the control group(|Z|=3.590,P<0.05),and it was higher in the combined group than in RIC group(|Z|=3.186,P<0.05).Conclusion RIC,BBM and their combination all improved cognitive function after cerebral infarction.RIC was superior to BBM,and the combined intervention yielded the greatest benefit.Both RIC and the combined intervention im-proved quality of life,with the combined approach being the most effective.

Objective:To analyze the mediating effect of cardiovascular health status (CVH) on the association between educational level and cardiovascular disease (CVD).Methods:The participants were from Shanghai Suburban Adult Cohort and Biobank, and questionnaire survey, physical examination, blood biochemistry were conducted from 2016 to 2020 for baseline information collection, and follow up was conducted until March 31, 2024 based on the medical data, CVD incidence data and death surveillance data at different levels. The associations of educational level, CVH and time to CVD onset of the study population were analyzed using the accelerated failure time model to analyze the mediating effects of CVH, health behaviors, and health factors in the association of educational level and time to CVD onset. The mediating effects of educational level, gender, and age moderated associations were also analyzed.Results:A total of 57 312 participants were included, with 2 780 new cases of CVD during a median follow-up of 6.71 (6.71-6.72) years, and a mean incidence density of 7.77/1 000 person-years (95% CI: 7.48/1 000 person-years -8.06/1 000 person-years). In total, the less educational level and the lower CVH, the higher CVD incidence density ( P<0.05). The results of accelerated failure time models showed that the time ratio for CVD-free survival was 1.15 (95% CI: 1.06-1.24) and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.10-1.60) for moderate and high educational level, respectively. The results of the mediation effect analysis showed that the association between moderate and high educational level and time to CVD onset was 29.60% (20.50%-50.00%) and 36.10% (23.80%-59.00%), 9.97% (5.07%-20.00%) and 13.84% (6.84%-29.00%), 15.24% (9.64%-27.00%) and 17.55% (11.58%-33.00%) of mediators mediated by CVH, health behaviors, health factors, respectively. Among them, there was an exposure-mediated interaction of educational level and a positive moderating effect of age. Conclusion:CVH, health behaviors and health factors had a proportionate mediating effect in the association between educational level and risk of CVD development.