Objective Cervical disc herniation(CDH)is one of the common orthopaedic diseases.With the in-depth study of it and the development of cervical implants,the establishment of cervical fusion animal models has become an indispensable part.Notably however,studies of the establishment and evaluation of cervical fusion animal models in China are currently lacking.This study aimed to provide a suitable animal model and evaluation scheme for implants for cervical spine-related research.Methods Small-tailed Han sheep were chosen for anterior cervical discectomy fusion(ACDF)after modified surgery,and a polyetheretherketone(PEEK)interbody fusion cage(Cage)(control group),3D-printed Ti6Al4V Cage(group 1),and new method Ti6Al4V Cage(group 2)were implanted in different cervical segments(C2/3～C4/5)in each sheep,respectively.Hematology and histopathological analyses were carried out after surgery to evaluate recovery of sheep and the biosafety of the materials.Bone in-growth and bone fusion were assessed by X-ray,computed tomography(CT),Micro-CT and quantitative analysis,hard tissue section staining,and biomechanical tests.Results The modified ACDF ovine model was established successfully.There were no significant differences in important hematology indexes(P＞0.05)and histopathological analysis showed no pathological changes,such as inflammatory cell infiltration.The implants had good biosafety.Furthermore,X-ray and CT examinations showed that the position of internal fixation and the interbody fusion were good.Micro-CT and quantitative analysis at 3 and 6 months after operation showed that compared with PEEK Cage group,the bone volume/total volume and trabecular number were significantly increased(P＜0.01)while the trabecular spacing was significantly decreased in the new method Ti6Al4V and 3D-printed Ti6Al4V groups compared with the PEEK Cage group(P＜0.01).Moreover,the new method new method Ti6Al4V Cage group had more bone growth(P＜0.01).Hard tissue section staining demonstrated that the pores of the new method Ti6Al4V Cage and 3D-printed Ti6Al4V Cage had obvious bone growth and relatively dense pores in the new method Ti6Al4V and 3D-printed Ti6Al4V groups,and the combination was slightly better than that of PEEK Cage.Biomechanical evaluation indicated that the new method Ti6Al4V Cage and 3D-printed Ti6Al4V Cage reduced the range of cervical flexion-extension,lateral bending,and axial rotation(P＜0.05)compared with the PEEK cage,as well as enhancing the stability of the cervical vertebra,and the new method Ti6Al4 V Cage was more advantageous(P＜0.05).Conclusions After the establishment of the modified ACDF ovine model,reasonable and effective assessment method were used to demonstrate the suitability and effectiveness of the model and the good biosecurity of all three Cage materials.Compared with the PEEK Cage,the new method Ti6Al4V Cage and 3D-printed Ti6Al4V Cages showed better performances in terms of bone growth and bone fusion,which could enhance the stability of the cervical vertebrae.The new method Ti6Al4V Cage was particularly advantageous.

Objective:To discuss the clinical value of magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) on diagnosis and treatment of lumbosacral nerve injury associated with sacral fractures and analyze the characters of nerve injury which was caused by sacral fractures.Methods:The clinical data of 40 patients who had lumbosacral nerve injury associated with sacral fractures and accepted treatment in Tianjin hospital from August 2018 to December 2020 were collected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Twenty-four patients had unilateral sacral fractures (Tile C1) which included 16 Denis II type fractures and 8 Denis III type fractures. Sixteen patients had bilateral sacral fractures which were all Tile C3, U shaped and Denis II type sacral fractures. All patients had symptoms or signs of lumbosacral nerve injury, and accepted contrast-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance neurography (CE-3D MRN) to diagnose the injury part and severity degree. The L 5-S 4 nerves were separated to three parts based on injured side and intraspinal type (IS), intraforaminal type (IF) and extraforaminal type (EF) location, and were judged the mild, medium or severe degree of nerve injury severity. Overall and pairwise Chi-square test was performed on the number of nerve injuries. Eleven patients accepted the operation of nerve dissection and exploration. The nerve injury part and severity were recorded under direct vision, and were statistically analyzed with CE-3D MRN outcome. Results:The outcome of 239 lumbosacral nerve injuries which had different part and severity were found by MRN, and all combined with sacral fractures of the same side. The nerves which ranked from largest to fewest according to injured numbers were L 5, S 1, S 2, S 3 and S 4. The statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences of injured nerve numbers except between S 1 and S 2, S 3 and S 4, and there were no significant difference of nerve injury part and severity degree between the direct visual judgement intraoperatively and preoperative CE-3D MRN examination. Conclusion:MRN can reveal the part and severity degree of lumbosacral nerve injury associated with sacral fracture clearly and accurately, which has important clinical value and should become the preferred examination of such injuries. The lumbosacral nerve injury has the most frequent features of S 1 and S 2, followed by L 5, and the least in S 3 and S 4.

Objective:The aim of this study was to explore the associations of muscle size and density with handgrip strength(HGS)and the Timed Up and Go(TUG)test.Methods:Totally 301 participants living in the Xinjiekou community near Beijing Jishuitan Hospital were recruited for CT imaging of the hip and a 1-cm slice of the mid-thigh.The cross-sectional area and density of the gluteus maximus and the mid-thigh muscles were estimated by the Osirix viewer based on CT images.HGS and TUG were also performed in these subjects.Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the correlations of muscle density and size with TUG and grip strength.Results:In women, after adjustment for age and BMI, the density of the gluteus maximus was negatively correlated with TUG( P trend=0.0366), while the size of the gluteus maximus and the mid-thigh muscles was not correlated with TUG.In men, the density or size of these muscles was not correlated with TUG.After adjustment for age and BMI, the density of the gluteus maximus was positively correlated with grip strength( P trend=0.0334)and the size of the mid-thigh muscles was also positively correlated with grip strength( P trend=0.0155)in men, but they were not correlated with grip strength in women. Conclusions:There were sex differences in the relationship between muscle size or density and grip strength or timed up and go.The density of the gluteus maximus is associated with muscle strength and physical performance while the size of the mid-thigh muscles is correlated with muscle strength.

Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome caused by many reasons, mainly manifested as bradykinesia, stiffness, static tremor and postural instability. Common disease development patterns include occult onset, gradual development, and little natural remission. However, clinically there are some Parkinsonism that will improve, naturally alleviate or "cure", called reversible parkinsonism (RP). By searching the relevant literature, RP was classified into 12 different types: drugs induced, poisoning induced, infection induced, intracranial vascular induced, structural encephalopathy related, changes in intracranial pressure related, imbalance of internal environment induced, visceral diseases related, alcohol withdrawal related, surgery related, immunization and radiotherapy induced RP. This article aims to provide clinicians with more ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, so as to promote clinicians to make reasonable identification and diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism as soon as possible.

Objective:To explore the clinical features of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor-related anemia in advanced and relapsed epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).Methods:Patients diagnosed with advanced or relapsed EOC and treated with PARP inhibitor at National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College between January 2015 to October 2020 were accrued. The data included PARP inhibitors, treatment details, and lab tests before treatment and during treatment were collected and the clinical characteristics of PARP inhibitor-related anemia were analyzed.Results:(1) A total of 98 patients with a median age of 56.5 years old (30-82 years old) were enrolled in this study. All patients were treated with PARP inhibitor (65 cases of olaparib, 17 cases of niraparib, and 16 cases of fluzoparib). The median treatment duration was 37.5 weeks (4-119 weeks). (2) The anemia rate was 40% (39/98), including 5% (5/98) of grade Ⅰ, 14% (14/98) of grade Ⅱ, 11% (11/98) of grade Ⅲ, and 9% (9/98) of grade Ⅳ. Fourteen patients with pre-treatment grade Ⅰ anemia had a higher rate of anemia events than the 80 patients without pre-treatment anemia, 7/14 vs 35% (28/80; χ2=4.281, P=0.039). (3) The median anemia occurrence time was 7.0 weeks (1-52 weeks), including 41% (16/39) of anemia cases occurred in 1-4 weeks, 26% (10/39) occurred in 5-8 weeks, 13% (5/39) occurred in 9-12 weeks, 3% (1/39) occurred in 13-16 weeks, 10% (4/39) occurred in 17-20 weeks, 8% (3/39) occurred ≥21 weeks. At the time of the lowest hemoglobulin tested, the median value of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was 106 fl,which was higher than the up limit of normal range (100 fl), 74% (29/39) of anemia patients had an elevated MCV level; the median value of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) was 36 pg, 54% (21/39) of anemia patients had an elevated MCH level; the median value of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was 320 g/L, 69% (27/39) of anemia patients had a higher MCHC level; 92% (36/39) of anemia patients had a normal level of serum iron; 79% (31/39) of anemia patients had a normal level of transferrin. 74% (29/39) of the anemia patients were macrocytic orthochromatic anemia. (4) Among the 39 patients with anemia, 20 patients (51%, 20/39) withhold the treatment of PARP inhibitor due to grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ anemia, including 10 patients (50%, 10/20) who resumed the PARP inhibitor treatment by suppling iron, folate, and vitamin B 12. The median stopping time of PARP inhibitor was 5.5 weeks (2-10 weeks), while the other 10 patients terminated the PARP inhibitor treatment for not recovering from severe anemia. Conclusions:One of the common adverse effects of PARP inhibitors is anemia, which mostly happened in the first 3 months of treatment. In the treatment of EOC, PARP inhibitor-related anemia mainly manifest as macrocytic orthochromatic anemia, and most patients with normal serum iron and transferrin.

Objective:To evaluate the improvement of papilledema and visual acuities in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) after venous sinus stenting.Methods:The clinical data of 8 IIH patients who met the inclusion criteria underwent venous sinus stenting between January 2013 and December 2016 at Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. There were 6 females and 3 males,aged (32.9±14.4)years (range:19 to 57 years).The thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) was measured by optical coherence tomography. Fundus,visual acuity and visual field examination were performed before and after operation. If pressure gradient ≥10 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) across the venous stenosis was indicated by intraoperative pressure measurement,the patient would be treated with venous sinus stenting. Intracranial pressure was measured by lumbar puncture 3 to 7 days after operation. RNFL thickness and eye examination were detected 6 months after surgery. CT venogram was used to observe the sinus venous conditions. Paired t test was used to compare the data before and after surgery. Results:All the 8 patients underwent venous sinus stenting successfully. The mean pressure gradient across the venous stenosis was reduced from (24±9.2) mmHg to (2.6±2.0) mmHg ( t=8.02, P<0.01). Intracranial pressure decreased from preoperative (41.4±12.7) cmH 2O(1 cmH 2O=0.098 kPa) to postoperative (12.9±3.3) cmH 2O ( t=7.08, P<0.01). The RNFL thickness decreased from (275.3±68.3)μm to (131.4±31.8)μm( t=5.80, P<0.05) 6 months after surgery and the baseline visual acuity was improved from( M( Q R))0.24 (0.25) to 0.65 (0.23)( Z=-2.52, P<0.05).Papilledema was significantly improved in 6 patients,and no significant change in 2 patients. CT venogram indicated adjacent stent restenosis in 1 patient. Conclusion:Venous sinus stenting can effectively improve papilledema and visual acuity caused by IIH.

Objective:To evaluate the improvement of papilledema and visual acuities in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) after venous sinus stenting.Methods:The clinical data of 8 IIH patients who met the inclusion criteria underwent venous sinus stenting between January 2013 and December 2016 at Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. There were 6 females and 3 males,aged (32.9±14.4)years (range:19 to 57 years).The thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) was measured by optical coherence tomography. Fundus,visual acuity and visual field examination were performed before and after operation. If pressure gradient ≥10 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) across the venous stenosis was indicated by intraoperative pressure measurement,the patient would be treated with venous sinus stenting. Intracranial pressure was measured by lumbar puncture 3 to 7 days after operation. RNFL thickness and eye examination were detected 6 months after surgery. CT venogram was used to observe the sinus venous conditions. Paired t test was used to compare the data before and after surgery. Results:All the 8 patients underwent venous sinus stenting successfully. The mean pressure gradient across the venous stenosis was reduced from (24±9.2) mmHg to (2.6±2.0) mmHg ( t=8.02, P<0.01). Intracranial pressure decreased from preoperative (41.4±12.7) cmH 2O(1 cmH 2O=0.098 kPa) to postoperative (12.9±3.3) cmH 2O ( t=7.08, P<0.01). The RNFL thickness decreased from (275.3±68.3)μm to (131.4±31.8)μm( t=5.80, P<0.05) 6 months after surgery and the baseline visual acuity was improved from( M( Q R))0.24 (0.25) to 0.65 (0.23)( Z=-2.52, P<0.05).Papilledema was significantly improved in 6 patients,and no significant change in 2 patients. CT venogram indicated adjacent stent restenosis in 1 patient. Conclusion:Venous sinus stenting can effectively improve papilledema and visual acuity caused by IIH.

Objective:To investigate the etiologic characteristics of adults with community acquired pneumonia (CAP).Methods:Respiratory tract specimens were collected from 246 cases of community acquired pneumonia in Peking University Third Hospital after excluding tuberculosis, pulmonary tumor, non-infectious pulmonary interstitial disease, pulmonary edema, pulmonary atelectasis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary eosinophil infiltration and pulmonary vasculitis. Nineteen respiratory pathogens were tested by multiple real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR to investigate the distribution of respiratory pathogens.Results:The positive rate of nucleic acid detection in respiratory pathogens was 46.7%, among which 25.6% was virus, 19.9% atypical pathogens and 18.7% bacteria. The most prevalent viruses were influenza virus (14.6%), parainfluenza virus (2.8%) and rhinovirus (2.8%). The three most prevalent bacteria were Streptococcus pneumoniae (8.5%), Haemophilus influenzae (6.1%)and Klebsiella pneumoniae (2.4%). The positive rate of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was higher in patients <65 years than that in patients≥65 years (21.3% vs 2.6%, χ 2=10.376, P=0.001). Conclusions:Respiratory virus is the leading respiratory pathogens in community acquired pneumonia exceeding bacteria and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the top three pathogens in CAP.

Objective: To explore the clinical effects and the influence factors of olfactory training in the treatment of olfactory dysfunction. Methods: A total of 86 patients with olfactory dysfunction (49 post-infectious and 37 post-traumatic) in Beijing Anzhen Hospital during Dec 2016 to May 2017 were recruited in this prospective study. The clinical data of patients were analyzed, including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), course of disease, smoking history, drinking history, diabetes history, hypertension history, hyperlipidemia history, and anxiety visual analogue score (VAS). All patients were treated with olfactory training for 16 weeks, and all of them underwent Sniffin′ Sticks olfactory test before and after treatment, which was evaluated by composite threshold-discrimination-identification score (TDI). SPSS 23.0 software, paired t test and univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: Eighty patients received treatment, including 46 post-infectious olfactory dysfunction and 34 post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction. After olfactory training, the total scores of TDI increased with statistically significant (18.3±8.6 vs 13.6±7.4, t=-6.158, P<0.05). The overall efficacy was 40% (32/80). The effective rate were 45.7% (21/46) in post-infectious olfactory dysfunction and 32.4% (11/34) in post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction respectively, with no statistically significant difference (χ²=1.441, P=0.230). Logistic regression analysis showed that the course of disease was an influence factor in the clinical curative effect (OR=0.881, 95%CI: 0.799-0.973, P=0.012). In patients with less than a year of olfactory dysfunction, the olfactory function improved obviously with the efficiency of 50.9% (29/57). Conclusion Sixteen weeks of olfactory training provides a significant therapeutic effect on the post-infectious and post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction, and the olfactory training can achieve better therapeutic effects at the early stage.

Objective: Using ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) and microPET-CT to test the feasibility of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT for validation of olfactory function of rats with standard phenethyl alcohol (PEA) and isovaleric acid (IVA) odors stimulation. To verify the possibility of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT as a new objective examination method for olfactory function. Methods: Six healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were selected with a weight of 250-300 g. First of all, buried food pellet test (BFT) was used to confirm the normal olfactory function of rats. Then in the next 3 days, after the intravenous injection of ¹⁸F-FDG (18 MBq/100 g), awaken rats were placed in a ventilated plexiglas cage for 30 min. Subsequently, pure air (the first day), PEA (the second day) and IVA (the third day) were delivered. After odor stimulation for 30 min, rats were performed by a static PET-CT under anesthesia. Images reconstructed were assessed by SPM method and analyzed by VBM method. Data was analysied by paired t test. Results: Activation regions of rat′s brain after PEA stimulation included bed nucleus and insula. Activation regions of rat′s brain after IVA stimulation included olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, olfactory cortex, piriform cortex, insula, prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and bed nucleus (P<0.005, Ke>20 voxels). Conclusions Through microPET-CT, we can observe that olfactory stimulation with different odors can induce metabolic activation in different regions of rat′s brain, which was in concordance with olfactory regions. The olfactory related brain regions of rats have strong responses to odor stimulation of IVA.