Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is a growing public health challenge. Neuroinflammation has been proposed as a prominent pathological feature of AD and has traditionally been attributed to the innate immune system. However, emerging evidence highlights the involvement of adaptive immunity, particularly T and B lymphocytes, in the neuroinflammatory processes of AD. It remains unclear how adaptive immune responses, originally intended to protect the body, contribute to chronic inflammation and neuronal dysfunction in AD. Here, we review the roles of adaptive immunity, cellular composition, and niches and their contribution to AD development and progression. Notably, we synthesize the crosstalk between adaptive immunity and the innate immune system of the central nervous system (CNS), which is mainly mediated by glial cells and myeloid cells, and their interrelationships with amyloid-β (Aβ)/Tau pathology. We hypothesized that the alterations observed in innate immunity in AD mirror age-related immune alterations, whereas the dysregulation of adaptive immunity contributes more accurately to disease-specific immune responses. Targeting adaptive immunity in the context of neuroinflammation may provide new insights into potential therapeutic strategies designed to modulate immune responses, thereby facilitating the diagnosis, intervention, and treatment of AD.
Alzheimer Disease/metabolism* ; Humans ; Adaptive Immunity/physiology* ; Immunity, Innate/immunology* ; Animals ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases/immunology* ; Inflammation/immunology* ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism*

Objective To investigate the pathological and molecular characteristics of subcutaneous implanted thyroid lesions after endoscopic thyroid surgery. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on three postoperative implantation cases diagnosed in the Department of Pathology of our hospital from 2017 to 2024. Morphological evaluation, immunohistochemical staining, and next generation sequencing (NGS) targeting 66 cancer-related genes and 177 fusion loci were performed to compare features between primary and implanted lesions. Results All three implanted lesions exhibited morphological similarity to their primary counterparts, but displayed enriched mutational profiles. Case 1: a 13-year-old female. The primary lesion was an atypical follicular adenoma progressing to follicular carcinoma, while the implanted lesion was follicular carcinoma. Both lesions harbored MEN1 mutations, with an additional PTPRT mutation detected in the implanted lesion. Case 2: a 45-year-old male. The primary lesion was bilateral nodular goiter, and the implanted lesion showed follicular epithelial hyperplasia with a 0.3 cm papillary carcinoma focus. No mutations were identified in the primary lesion, whereas the implanted lesion exhibited MEN1, GLIS3, EZH1, and KMT2C mutations. Case 3: a 42-year-old female. The primary lesion included a left thyroid adenoma with cystic degeneration and right nodular goiter. A nodular goiter-like implanted lesion was detected in the right breast 5 years postoperatively. The primary lesion harbored TERT, GLIS3, and SPOP mutations, while the implanted lesion showed TERT, GLIS3, EIF1AX, and KMT2C mutations. Conclusions Endoscopic thyroid surgery is widely applied in clinical practice, however, implantation dissemination of thyroid lesions along surgical pathways may occur, encompassing both benign and malignant entities. Implanted lesions exhibit pathological similarities to their primary counterparts, but demonstrate mutational enrichment.

Objective To investigate the expression of lncRNA SNHG8 in placenta accrete(PA)and its effect on trophoblast invasion and migration.Methods qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of lncRNA SNHG8 in placenta tissue of 30 cases in PA group and 30 cases in control group,and the correlation between lncRNA SNHG8 expression and prenatal ultrasound score of 30 cases in PA group was analyzed.Transwell and scratch assay were used to detect the effect of lncRNA SNHG8 interference on the invasion and migration of human chorionic trophoblast cells(HTR8/SVneo cells),and western blot was used to detect the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9.The downstream targets of lncRNA SNHG8 were predicted by StarBase software,and the expression of lncRNA SNHG8 was detected in placental tissues of the two groups.Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the targeting relationship between lncRNA SNHG8 and miR-542-3p.Results Compared with that of the control group,the expression of lncRNA SNHG8 was up-regulated in the placenta tissue of the PA group(P<0.05),and it was positively correlated with prenatal ultrasound score.Interference with lncRNA SNHG8 inhibited the invasion and migration of trophoblast cells(P<0.05);the protein expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2 also decreased signifi-cantly(P<0.05).Biological prediction indicates that miR-542-3p had a binding site with lncRNA SNHG8,and miR-542-3p expression was down-regulated in PA placental tissue(P<0.05).Dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that lncRNA SNHG8 could target miR-542-3p.Compared with si-SNHG8+inhibitor-NC,co-transfection of si-SNHG8 and miR-542-3p inhibitor enhanced the invasion and migration ability of trophoblast cells(P<0.05).Conclusion lncRNA SNHG8 is highly expressed in PA and is related to the severity of PA.LncRNA SNHG8 promotes the invasion and migration of trophoblast by regulating the level of miR-542-3p.The study suggests that lncRNA SNHG8 plays an important role in the invasion and migration of PA trophoblast cells,which is expected to be a clinical diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target.

Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effects of Yufu ointment for acute radiation-induced skin injury. Methods:We enrolled a total of 104 patients with malignant tumors who developed acute skin injury of grade 2-3 during or after the first course of radiotherapy from June 2019 to February 2023. The observation group ( n=53) and control group ( n=51) received external application of Yufu ointment and Shirun Shaoshang ointment, respectively. We recorded the changes in the grade of skin injury and associated symptoms (such as pain, itching, and burning sensation) and healing speed and time for the two groups. Results:A total of 102 patients completed the study, with 53 cases in the observation group and 49 cases in the control group. The incidence rate of moisture skin lesions in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (62.26% vs. 83.67%, P<0.05). The healing speed of moisture skin ulcerations was significantly faster in the observation group than in the control group (1.67 cm 2/d vs. 0.55 cm 2/d, P<0.05). The observation group had a significantly shorter time to skin injury healing than the control group (10.40 d vs. 14.41 d, P<0.05), significantly different for skin injury of grade 2 (10.21 d vs. 17.57 d, P<0.05) but not for skin injury of grades 2.5 and 3 ( P>0.05). Regarding clinical symptoms, both groups experienced significant reductions in pain and burning sensation scores after treatment ( P<0.05); the grade of itching was significantly decreased for the observation group ( P<0.05), but had no significant change for the control group after treatment ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Yufu ointment can significantly alleviate secondary damage for patients with acute radiation-induced skin injury, by accelerating the healing process and relieving symptoms such as pain, itching, and burning sensation with good tolerability, which deserves further promotion.

This article reports the clinica diagnosis and treatment of a 66-year-old male patient with elevated free thyroxine(FT 4) following coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) infection. The thyroid function tests showed a significant increase in FT 4, while thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) was not suppressed. Re-testing on different platforms revealed inconsistent FT 4 elevations, indicating potential interference in FT 4 measurement. Radioimmunoprecipitation assays confirmed the presence of anti-thyroxine autoantibodies(T 4Ab) in the patient′s body, specifically the IgM subtype. This article reviews relevant literature, focusing on the identification and differential diagnosis of thyroid hormone autoantibodies interference.

Objective:To evaluate the application value of extended latissimusdorsi musculocutaneous flap combined with breast precision hand in stage Ⅰ breast reconstruction.Methods:Twelve cases of extended latissimusdorsi musculocutaneous flap combined with stage Ⅰ breast reconstruction for breast cancer precision surgery were collected from January 2022 to February 2023 in our department, the postoperative complications of surgical techniques were analyzed, and the cosmetic effects of breast reconstruction were evaluated according to Harris standards.Results:All 12 cases underwent breast reconstruction with extended latissimusdorsi musculocutaneous flap, and the survival rate of the flap was 100%. There was local cutaneous margin necrosis in 1 case of back incision, partial ischemic necrosis of the nipple in 1 case, and effusion in the donor area of the back in 5 cases. Harris evaluation of cosmetic effect of breast reconstruction was excellent in 3 cases, good in 6 cases, and fair in 3 cases. Follow-up time was 4-16 months (median was 12 months), and no local recurrence or distant metastasis was observed during follow-up.Conclusions:The extended latissimusdorsi musculocutaneous flap combined with precision mastectomy stage Ⅰ reconstruction is a safe and feasible treatment method for breast cancer.

In recent years, the perioperative surgical home model has been gradually applied to the posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This review summarizes the application of perioperative surgical home model in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery, including the concept, connotation and elements, hoping to provide reference and reference for complex and high-risk surgical procedures.

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) interventions are under rapid development. The K-Clip? system is the first domestic transcatheter tricuspid annuloplasty system with unique clamping procedure to achieve annular reduction.Intraoperative echocardiographic monitoring procedures for transcatheter tricuspid annuloplasty have not been reported yet in China. Thus, this review aimed to propose the standard two-dimensional and three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic workplanes and procedures to guide and monitor the implantation of K-Clip system based on our experience in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University to provide a reference point for the intraoperative echocardiographic monitoring of future transcatheter tricuspid annuloplasty devices in China.