In order to explore the role of pre-basic course teaching in the standardized training of residents in clinical pathology, we have independently designed and constructed a pre-basic course teaching system mainly focusing on anatomy and histoembryology, consisting of two levels of theoretical teaching (small lectures by students and systematic lectures by instructors) and two dimensions of practical training (sample collection teaching and case teaching). This teaching model centering on participatory lecturing, practice, summarization, assessment, and feedback has been demonstrated effective. The results showed that the theoretical and practical assessment scores of the experimental group [(458.80±17.60) and (415.40±19.30), respectively] were significantly higher than those of the control group [(444.50±20.90) and (398.80±23.70), respectively]. Among 28 students of grades 2019 to 2021 surveyed for teaching effectiveness, 96.43% were satisfied with the teaching model. The established teaching model provides new ideas for the reform of teaching methods in the standardized training of residents in clinical pathology.

Pathological specimen sampling is not only the prerequisite of a good pathological diagnosis, but also the primary clinical skill that must be mastered by the standardized residency training trainees (resident trainees) in clinical pathology department. In view of the problems and difficulties encountered in the teaching of specimen sampling, through five years of exploration and attempt, this paper has gradually established a new model with five basic elements, including theory teaching, practice teaching, promoting teaching effect by examination, learning from senior students, and review teaching. The results of evaluation analysis and questionnaire survey show that the teaching mode can make the trainees master the methods of specimen sampling quickly and efficiently, learn and improve clinical skills in practice, and lay a solid foundation for the subsequent standardized training of histopathological diagnosis.

The gross specimens and tissue slices used for traditional experimental pathology curriculum are fragile, and some specimens or slices are difficult to be supplemented. Besides, the classroom and schedule for experimental pathology teaching are inflexible. Therefore, the teaching effects for experimental pathology course are limited. The development of digital technology has promoted the teaching reform of medical experimental curriculum. We have digitalized the gross specimens and tissue slices to preserve and expand the samples, and constructed pathological sample repository containing both physical samples and digital samples. Furthermore, we have established a platform for remote access, and thus improved the flexibility and autonomy of study for experimental pathology curriculum. Additionally, we have integrated clinical information of the teaching samples, and interpreted the specimens with the assistance of two-dimensional code technology and voice broadcast technology, to realize human-computer interactive learning. The questionnaire shows that the application of pathological sample repository in experimental teaching has improved student learning effect and recognition.

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features, special morphologic variants and potential diagnostic traps of classical follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS). Methods: A total of 25 cases of classical FDCS diagnosed in the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Medical University from 2006 to 2018 were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus-encoded mRNA (EBER). Meanwhile, the types and characteristics of the special variants of FDCS were summarized along with those reported in the literature. Results: The age of patients ranged from 23 to 77 years (mean 52 years), the male to female ratio was 1.5, and the maximum diameter of tumor was 1.5 to 20 cm (mean 7.4 cm). Twelve cases (48%) were misdiagnosed at the initial evaluation. Follow-up information was available for 17 patients, and the follow-up time was 5 to 96 months. The propotion of patients having recurrence, metastasis and mortality was 3/17, 5/17 and 2/17, respectively. Microscopically, besides the typical morphology, 10 cases of FDCS showed special histomorphologies and/or structures, including those mimicking lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, desmoplastic infiltrating carcinoma, classical Hodgkin′s lymphoma (CHL), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and hemangiopericytoma. These morphologic variants were potential diagnostic pitfalls and warranted attention. Immunohistochemistry showed that more than two markers of follicular dendritic cells (such as CD21, CD23, CD35, etc.) were expressed in cases showing typical morphology and the special variants. All 25 cases were all negative for EBER by in situ hybridization. Conclusions Classical FDCS is rare, besides the typical morphologic features, there are many special variants. In particular, these may be confused with lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma in the nasopharynx, CHL or ALCL in the mediastinum/lymph node. Awareness of these variants is essential for accurate diagnosis.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological features and prognosis of pleomorphic giant cell adenocarcinoma (PGCA) of the prostate, and to strengthen the understanding of this rare variant.Methods:From January 2009 to December 2019, 383 pathological samples of prostate adenocarcinoma with Gleason scores of 8-10 were selected from the First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University. PGCA was screened by reviewing the histomorphology of hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Then the expression of prostate specific markers and mismatch repair (MMR) proteins of PGCA were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and microsatellite instability (MSI) status was detected through polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-capillary electrophoresis. Meanwhile, the clinicopathological characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of PGCA were summarized and analyzed along with those reported in the literature.Results:Three patients with PGCA of the prostate were 68, 63 and 71 years old respectively, and case 1 had a history of transurethral resection of the prostate and oral bicalutamide 3 months before surgery. All 3 patients underwent radical prostatectomy and received endocrine therapy, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, and died at 18, 23, and 10 months after surgery, respectively. Histologically, both the usual prostate adenocarcinoma with Gleason score of 9-10 and the pleomorphic giant cell component with anaplastic characteristics were observed in 3 tumors, and the latter accounted for 90%, 10%, and 20%, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining showed that both components expressed epithelial markers (CK, CK8/18) and prostate-specific markers (NKX3.1, PSA, P504S) to varying degrees, and the expression of MMR proteins (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1 and PMS2) were not defective. MSI was not detected in the usual prostate adenocarcinoma and pleomorphic giant cell components obtained by microdissection in 3 cases. Combined with 10 cases reported in the literature, there were totally 13 cases of PGCA for reviewing. The patients were 45-81 years old, the average age was 66 years old, and the median age was 66 years old. During the follow-up period of 3-36 months, 7 cases relapsed/metastasized, 6 cases died within 23 months after diagnosis, and 4 of which died within 1 year.Conclusions:PGCA is a newly recognized rare variant of prostate adenocarcinoma. At present, all cases are accompanied with high-grade usual prostate adenocarcinoma with Gleason score of 9-10, but it is different from the latter in pathological morphology and clinical manifestations, by presenting high invasiveness and poor prognosis. PGCA is not sensitive to conventional endocrine therapy, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Accurate diagnosis of PGCA is helpful to judge the prognosis of patients and guide the treatment.

Objective: To understand the consistency of ALK Ventana-D5F3 immunohistochemistry (IHC) interpretation in Chinese lung adenocarcinoma among histopathologists from different hospitals, and to recommend solution for the problems found during the interpretation of ALK IHC in real world, with the aim of the precise selection of patients who can benefit from ALK targeted therapy. Methods: This was a multicenter and retrospective study. A total of 109 lung adenocarcinoma cases with ALK Ventana-D5F3 IHC staining were collected from 31 lung cancer centers in RATICAL research group from January to June in 2018. All cases were scanned into digital imaging with Ventana iSCANcoreo Digital Slide Scanning System and scored by 31 histopathologists from different centers according to ALK binary (positive or negative) interpretation based on its manufacturer′s protocol. The cases with high inconsistency rate were further analyzed using FISH/RT-PCR/NGS. Results: There were 49 ALK positive cases and 60 ALK negative cases, confirmed by re-evaluation by the specialist panel. Two cases (No. 2302 and No.2701) scored as positive by local hospitals were rescored as negative, and were confirmed to be negative by RT-PCR/FISH/NGS. The false interpretation rate of these two cases was 58.1% (18/31) and 48.4% (15/31), respectively. Six out of 31 (19.4%) pathologists got 100% accuracy. The minimum consistency between every two pathologists was 75.8%.At least one pathologist gave negative judgement (false negative) or positive judgement (false positive) in the 49 positive or 60 negative cases, accounted for 26.5% (13/49), 41.7% (25/60), respectively, with at least one uncertainty interpretation accounted for 31.2% (34/109). Conclusion There are certain heterogeneities and misclassifications in the real world interpretation of ALK-D5F3 IHC test, which need to be guided by the oncoming expert consensus based on the real world data.

To meet the requirement of pathological practice and development, we systematically analyzed the situation of pathological residents training and the importance of initiating the clinical scientific research training. Additionally, we proposed the principle and implementation strategy for clinical scientific research training. According to features of pathological practice, we employed the modularized teaching to divide the training courses into several modules: discussion module for clinical pathology, lecture module for advanced research, and training modules for basic scientific theory, technology and writing skill. With these approaches, the systematic and structured system of standardized residents training is implemented to improve the clinical research ability of pathological residents.

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features and prognostic parameters of the inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (IPT-like FDCS) of liver and spleen. Methods: Ninteen cases of inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) and 5 cases of IPT-like FDCS of the liver and spleen were collected at the First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University from 2006 to 2016. HE sections, immunohistochemical staining, and Epstein-Barr virus encoded nuclear RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization were reviewed along with a summary of the literature. Results: Among the previously diagnosed 19 cases of IPT of the liver and spleen, 2 cases were misdiagnosed (the ratio of 2/19). Among 7 new cases including 3 males and 4 females, 3 cases involved the liver and 4 cases involved the spleen. The age range was 37-64 years (mean 53 years). The maximum tumor diameter ranged from 3.0 to 11.0 cm (mean 6.5 cm). Surgical resections were performed in all patients with follow-up time ranging from 3 to 84 months.All patients were disease-free.7 new cases were all positive for EBER, and showed the expression of at least one of the FDC markers, including CD21, CD23, and CD35. The rest of 17 cases of IPT were all negative for EBER and essentially negative for FDC markers, but were all positive for SMA. Conclusions IPT-like FDCS of the liver and spleen is a rare low-grade malignant tumor morphologically mimicking inflammatory pseudotumor, and is easy to be misdiagnosis due to under-recognition. EBER in situ hybridization and FDC markers are indispensable for confirming the diagnosis.

Pathology is a subject that studies the etiology,pathogenesis,pathological changes,progression and outcome of diseases.Pathology links the basic research and clinical practice and is an important part of translational medicine.In order to cultivate qualified pathological graduates with solid pathological theories and the abilities of proposing and addressing scientific hypotheses from pathological morphology changes,we employ modularized special training to divide the pathology training courses into morphology learning module,article searching and reading module,project design module,experiment operation module and scientific presentation module.The training contents among these modules are relatively independent but closely connected,and compose a strategy that aims to improve the scientific innovation ability of pathological graduates.

Purpose To investigate the mutations of ID3,TCF3 and MYC genes in Chinese Burkitt lymphoma and discuss their significance.Methods Total DNA was extracted from tumor tissues of 32 patients with Burkitt lymphoma,then the DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR),and the products of PCR were sequenced directly with Sanger sequencing methods.Results The mutation rates of ID3 and TCF3 genes were 35.5％ (11/31) and 18.8％ (6/32) respectively.The mutation rate of MYC was 50％.The mutation rates of MYC exon 1,MYC exon 2 and MYC exon 3 were 3.3％ (1/30),50％ (15/30) and 7.7％ (2/26) respectively.Conclusion Recurrent mutations of the ID3,TCF3 and MYC genes in Chinese Burkitt lymphoma were identified by Sanger sequencing.For TCF3 gene,a novel mutation c.2202G ＞ C p.L569V was found in three cases.In two cases,a novel mutation of c.1070A ＞G p.G182D was found in MYC gene.