Objective : To evaluate the coverage and spatial clustering of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine(PCV13) among the 2017—2023 birth cohorts in Anhui Province. Methods : Obtained vaccination data of PCV13 for children born in 2017—2023 from the Anhui Immunization Information Management System.We estimated coverage levels and described characteristics of coverage.The spatial autocorrelation analysis of coverage was conducted. Results : Cumulative coverage,cumulative primary immunization coverage and cumulative full-series coverage of PCV13 were 17.19%,12.12% and 9.09% among the 2017—2023 birth cohort in Anhui Province.The coverage of PCV13 increased from 1.14% in the 2017 birth cohort to 41.59% in the 2022 birth cohort.The first dose of PCV13 at ages under 3,3—6,7—11,12—23 and not less than 24 months were 45.35%,29.84%,5.52%,10.75% and 8.53%,respectively.There were significant differences in the ages of the first dose between children of different years of born and kinds of PCV13(P<0.001).Significant differences were also observed in the cumulative coverage,cumulative primary immunization coverage,cumulative full-series coverage of PCV13 and ages of the first dose among children from various residence regions(P<0.001).From 2018 to 2023 birth cohort,the coverage of PCV13 in Anhui Province showed obvious positive spatial autocorrelation.Local spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the "high-high" agglomeration areas were concentrated in the central area of Anhui. Conclusion The coverage of PCV13 was low in Anhui Province with significant regional differences.

Objective: To monitor the prevelance of Neisseria meningitidis among healthy children and adolescents aged 3-18 in Anhui Province, so as to provide support for epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis prevention and control. Methods: From September to October in 2021 and 2022, 4 033 healthy children and adolescents aged 3-18 were selected by stratified random sampling from Anhui Province, including areas north of the Yangtze River (Bozhou, Fuyang, Bengbu, Huainan, Chuzhou, Hefei) and areas south of the Yangtze River (Wuhu, Maanshan, Tongling, Anqing, Chizhou, Xuancheng) and the secretions of children and adolescents were collected from the posterior pharyngeal wall above the uvula, and the strains were identified by bacterial culture and nucleic acid detection. McNemar test and Kappa consistency test were used for statistical analysis. Chisquare test and Chisquare trend test were used to compare the rates. Results: The carrier rates of Neisseria meningitidis were 0.47% and 1.07%, respectively. The sensitivity of nucleic acid detection was higher. Among the detected bacteria, group B accounted for the largest proportion of 76.74%. It was followed by group C (4.65%), group Y (4.65%), group W 135 (2.33%) and group X (2.33%). The bacteria bearing rate of male students was higher than that of female students (χ2=11.44); with the increase of age, the bacteria bearing rate of children and adolescents showed an increasing trend (χ2trend=42.69); the bacterial bearing rate of children and adolescents in the north of the Yangtze River was higher than that in the south of the Yangtze River (χ2=23.19); the bacteria bearing rate of children and adolescents without immune history was higher than that with immune history (χ2=11.02)(P<0.01). Conclusions Neisseria meningitidis group B has become an epidemic strain in Anhui Province, and senior children and adolescents have become the key population of epidemic prevention and control. It is necessary to continue to do a good job in the surveillance of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis disease and focuse on group B disease cases, so as to prevent the occurrence of cluster outbreaks in schools.

Visual impairment is one of the most common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Retinal changes may be the structural basis of visual impairment. This article reviews the visual impairment and retina morphology of PD patients, functional examination and possible mechanism to provide ideas for the study of mechanism of visual impairment in patients with PD.

It is generally accepted that both Parkinson's disease (PD) and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) are chronic diseases of central nervous system which are very common in middle aged and elderly people.Although their clinical manifestations are different,a large number of studies have shown that there is similar pathogenesis in many respects,including age,genetic factors,environmental factors,oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction.Furthermore,inflammation is one of the important pathogenesis of PD and it aggravates the damage of dopamine neurons;inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of CSVD,which may be involved in the pathogenesis of PD due to the immune responses that produce or accelerate the damage of dopaminergic neurons.This article will describe the relationship between PD and CSVD from the perspective of inflammation.

Objective To investigate the methods and internal quality control ( IQC ) leucorrhea routine examinationin clinical laboratories of medical institutions in Guizhou Province.Methods In 2009, 97 clinical laboratories were randomly selected for the first investigation.At the same time, staffs in theinvestigated laboratories were educated on the importance of IQC.The second investigation of the same items was carried out in 2011 inthe same laboratories.The results of the two investigations were analyzed byChi-square test.Results 2009 and 2011 numbers of laboratories thoseonly used normal saline suspension method for leucorrhea examination were 17and 16 (χ2 =0.037, P >0.05 ) respectively, used bothnormal saline and 10%KOH suspension methodswere 16and 2(χ2 =12.003,P<0.01), used staining method were 64and 79(χ2 =5.488,P<0.05), both used suspension and staining methods were 60and 73(χ2 =4.041, P<0.05), used normal salinesuspension method combined with Wright stain and Gram staining methods were3and 28(χ2 =23.996,P<0.01) respectively.Numbers of Laboratoriespracticing IQC were 2and 88in 2009 and 2011 respectivly(χ2 =153.293,P <0.01).Conclusions Currently, the most common used method for leucorrhea routine examination is suspension.Through the investigations and education, the quality ofleucorrhea routine examination was improved in Guizhou Province.

Objective To study the effects of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) on the expression of k1 opioid receptor and change of ultrastructure in heart atrium.Methods The mRNA and protein expressions of κ1 receptor in atrial tissue were detected with RT-PCR and immunochemistry,respectively,in 24 patients with AF and 24 patients with sinus rhythm (SR).Mitochondria were analyzed in the atrial tissue by electron microscopy in 4 patients with AF and 4cases with SR.Results The κ1 receptor mRNA in patients with AF was lower than in patients with SR (262±20 vs.196± 11,P＜0.05),and amount of protein expression was also deduced (1261±90vs.2325± 131,P＜0.05).Mitochondria size was decreased in persistent AF compared with SR[(1.0±0.2) μm vs.(0.8±0.2) μm,P＜0.05].Conclusions The decrease of k1 receptor expression suggests reduction of atrial protective capacity in persistent AF,combining with remodeling of ultrastructure.

[Objective] To investigate the relation among the polymorphism of interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene A-251T and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). [Methods] Polymerase chain reaction and restrietive fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were used to detect the polymorphism distribution of IL-8 gene A-251T and ApoE gene of 185 people in Han ethnicity of Guangdong province (study group: 88 LOAD patients, eontrolled group: 97 people). The correlation of these genes was analyzed. [Results] (1) The differences of genotypes and alleles of IL-8 gene A-251T between study group and controlled group had no statistical significance. (2) The frequency of ApoE 64 allele in study group was significantly higher than that in controlled group, as risk factor of LOAD (OR=2.272, P=0.003). (3) Study group and controlled group were both divided into two groups by carrying ApoE ε4 allele or not. The differenees of IL-8 genotypes were no significant whether in carrying ApoE ε4 allele group or not (carrying ε4 group: P=0.965; no carrying ε4 group: P=0.523). [Conclusion] It is suggested that lL-8 gene A-251T polymorphism perhaps has no relation with LOAD and has no interaction with ApoE ε4 allele.