ObjectiveTo investigate the potential mechanism of action of the Qufeng Tongqiao Cough-relieving Decoction （祛风通窍止咳方， QTCD） in the treatment of upper airway cough syndrome （UACS）. MethodsTwenty-four guinea pigs were randomly divided into blank group， model group， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） group， and inhibitor group， with six guinea pigs in each group. Except for the blank group， guinea pigs were sensitized with ovalbumin and aluminum hydroxide via intraperitoneal injection， followed by ovalbumin nasal drops combined with smoke exposure to establish the UACS model. After modeling， the TCM group was administered QTCD 0.9 g/（100 g·d） by gavage， the inhibitor group received the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 4 （TRPV4） inhibitor GSK2193874 1 mmol/L， 5 min by nebulisation， and the blank group and model group were given 2 ml/（100 g·d） normal saline by gavage once daily. After 7 days of treatment， a cough provocation test was performed using 0.4 mol/L citric acid. The levels of IgE in serum and inflammatory cytokines， including interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-8 （IL-8） in serum， bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF）， and nasal lavage fluid （NLF） were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Histopathological changes in lung and nasal mucosal tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein levels of TRPV4， substance P （SP）， and calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP） in lung and nasal mucosal tissues. Real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to detect the mRNA expression of TRPV4， SP， and CGRP in lung tissues. ResultsHE staining showed significant structural damage and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung and nasal mucosal tissues in the model group， while the TCM group and inhibitor group showed improved pathological changes. Compared with the blank group， the model group showed increased cough frequency， serum IgE level， and IL-6 and IL-8 levels in serum， BALF， and NLF. The protein levels of TRPV4， SP， and CGRP in lung and nasal mucosal tissues and their mRNA expression were elevated （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the model group， the TCM group and inhibitor group showed reduced cough frequency， serum IgE level， and TRPV4 and SP mRNA expression in lung tissues. The TCM group showed reduced IL-6 and IL-8 levels in serum， BALF， and NLF， and reduced TRPV4 and CGRP protein levels in lung and nasal mucosal tissues. The inhibitor group showed reduced IL-6 and IL-8 levels in serum， BALF， and NLF， reduced IL-6 in BALF， reduced IL-8 in NLF， and decreased TRPV4， SP， and CGRP protein levels in lung tissues and SP and CGRP protein levels in nasal mucosal tissues （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the TCM group， the inhibitor group had increased serum IgE， IL-6， and IL-8 levels， increased IL-6 level in BALF， and increased IL-8 levle in NLF， but decreased SP protein level in lung tissues and increased TRPV4 and SP mRNA expression in lung tissues （P＜0.01）. ConclusionQTCD effectively reduces cough frequency in the UACS guinea pig model. Its mechanism may involve inhibiting the activation of the TRPV4 pathway， improving airway neurogenic inflammation， alleviating inflammatory responses， and reducing cough hypersensitivity.

Objective:To explore the application effect of checklist teaching in clinical nursing internship teaching in nephrology.Methods:A total of 49 full-time undergraduate nursing students who interned between July and December 2023 were selected as the observation group, while 49 full-time undergraduate nursing students who interned between July and December 2022 were selected as the control group. During the internship teaching process, the observation group received a checklist teaching, while the control group received traditional teaching. The effectiveness of the checklist teaching method was evaluated by comparing the internship performance, sense of belonging, and satisfaction of both students and teachers between two groups of nursing students. SPSS 26.0 was used for chi-square test and t test. Results:After teaching, the theoretical scores [(97.45±1.63) vs. (93.26±2.38)] and operational skills scores [(96.15±1.90) vs. (93.25±2.46)] were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group ( P<0.05). After teaching, the observation group had significantly higher scores for the sense of belonging and satisfaction scores in all dimensions during the internship compared to the control group ( P<0.05). After teaching, the teaching staff showed significantly higher satisfaction scores in all dimensions in the observation group than in the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Applying checklist teaching to clinical teaching of nephrology nursing can significantly improve the internship assessment scores of students, promote the teaching performance of teaching staff, and enhance the satisfaction of both teachers and students.

Objective To investigate whether a stable and reliable hyperuricemia model can be established in mice with an ICR background via a triple-modeling method(combined potassium oxazine,hypoxanthine,and 30％yeast paste),and to evaluate the effect of the positive drug febuxostat on the model.Methods A hyperuricemia model of ICR mice was established using a single drug or double-or triple-drug combinations.Serum uric acid and creatinine concentrations,xanthine oxidase(XOD)and urate oxidase(UOX)activity,and uric acid transporter(URAT)1,glucose transporter(Glut)9,anion transporter(OAT)1,and ATP-binding box subfamily G member(ABCG)2 mRNA levels were detected to evaluate whether the hyperuricemia model was formed successfully.Results The serum uric acid levels of ICR mice were not significantly changed by potassium oxazine alone,as they showed an increase but were not significantly different to those of the 30％yeast paste diet or hypoxanthine combined groups.Serum uric acid levels in the triple administration group were significantly increased at 7 days(P＜0.01),while XOD enzyme activity had increased(P＜0.01)and UOX enzyme activity decreased(P＜0.001)at the same timepoint.There were increased expression levels of URAT1 and Glut9(P＜0.05,P＜0.001),and decreased expression levels of OAT1 and ABCG2(P＜0.001).During dynamic monitoring,the blood uric acid levels of triple administration-induced ICR mice peaked at 7 days.In addition,triple administration-induced hyperuricemia in ICR mice was sensitive to the positive drug febuxostat,which caused a significant decrease in blood uric acid levels(P＜0.001).Conclusions A hyperuricemia model in ICR mice can be stably induced by triple administration for 7 days.

Objective:To explore the locations of the lumbosacral nerve roots by use of the magnetic stimulation.Methods:Thirty healthy subjects were studied. The projections of the right L 2 to S 1 intervertebral foramina on their body surfaces were determined manually with ultrasound assistance. Magnetic stimulation was applied to different nerve root segments to induce compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) in the vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles of the lower limbs. The changes in latency, amplitude, and motor threshold were observed. Results:Magnetic stimulation on the L 2-L 3 segment resulted in a significant direct excitation of the vastus medialis. That on the L 5-S 1 segment evoked a significant direct excitatory effect on the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius, with a motor threshold below 40%, an amplitude exceeding 1mV, and many effective responses. However, during the magnetic stimulation on the L 4 segment, the amplitude of the vastus medialis was above 1mV, with no significant differences in the number of effective responses among the muscle groups. Moreover, there was a stepwise change in the latency of effective muscle responses to magnetic stimulation at different segments. The CMAP latencies of 12+ ms for the tibialis anterior and 13+ ms for the gastrocnemius indicated activation of the L 5 and L 4 nerve roots, respectively, while those of 6+ ms, 7+ ms, and 8+ ms for the vastus medialis suggested activation of the L 4, L 3, and L 2 nerve roots, respectively. Conclusions:Based on the responses (CMAP latency, amplitude and motor threshold) of the vastus medialis, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius to magnetic stimulation at different L 2 to S 1 segments, the spinal nerve root segments responsible for innervation can be inferred.

Heart failure(HF)is a highly morbid syndrome that seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients and generates an enormous socio-economic burden.In addition to cardiac myocyte oxidative stress and apoptosis,which are considered mechanisms for the development of HF,alterations in cardiac energy metabolism and pathological autophagy also contribute to cardiac abnormalities and ultimately HF.Silent information regulator 1(Sirt1)and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD+)-dependent deacetylases and phosphorylated kinases,respectively.They play similar roles in regulating some pathological processes of the heart through regulating targets such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α(PGC-1α),protein 38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38 MAPK),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors(PPARs),and mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR).We summarized the synergistic effects of Sirt1 and AMPK in the heart,and listed the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)that exhibit cardioprotective properties by modulating the Sirt1/AMPK pathway,to provide a basis for the development of Sirt1/AMPK activators or inhibitors for the treatment of HF and other cardiovascular diseases(CVDs).

ObjectiveTo understand the utilization of preconception healthcare services and the influencing factors among the women expecting additional childbirth in Jiading District， Shanghai， and to provide references for promoting the utilization of preconception healthcare services under the new population policy. MethodsA questionnaire survey on the utilization of preconception healthcare services and related influencing factors was carried out among 682 women expecting additional childbirth across six subdistricts in Jiading District， Shanghai. The results were statistically analyzed. ResultsThe average age of the women was （31.7±4.5） years， 30.2% of whom were ≥35 years old. The proportion of women having their third or subsequent children was low， at 16.4%. A significant majority， 92.4%， were found to have various risk factors during initial pregnancy screening. The utilization rate of preconception healthcare services among women seeking additional childbirth was relatively low at 26.7%. Awareness of the free preconception check-up program in Jiading District was also low at 28.6%， and the utilization rate for these services was even lower at 7.69%. Unplanned pregnancies were the primary reason for not utilizing preconception healthcare services， accounting for 63.6%. The results of multifactorial binary logistic regression analysis showed that the utilization rate of preconception healthcare services before the current pregnancy was higher for women aged between 35 and 39 compared to women aged ≤29 years old （OR=1.789， 95%CI： 1.033‒3.099）. Women with planned pregnancies had a higher utilization of preconception healthcare services prior to this pregnancy （OR=4.164， 95%CI： 2.627‒6.602）. Women who had received preconception care prior to their first birth had a higher utilization rate of preconception care prior to the current pregnancy （OR=7.534， 95%CI： 4.954‒11.456）. Women without a family history of chronic diseases had a higher utilization rate of preconception healthcare services （OR=1.903， 95%CI： 1.083‒3.345）. ConclusionUnder the context of three-child policy， the proportion of women seeking three or more children in Jiading District is low. Most of these women have risk factors identified during initial pregnancy screenings. The utilization rate of preconception healthcare services and the awareness of the free preconception screening program in Jiading District are both low. Unplanned pregnancies remain the primary reason for failing to receive timely preconception healthcare services. Age， whether the pregnancy was planned， whether the women had received preconception healthcare services before their first baby and family history of chronic diseases are the main factors affecting the utilization of preconception healthcare services. Relevant departments should enhance the promotion of preconception healthcare service programs， especially for women of childbearing age who have not yet given birth， so as to improve the utilization rate of preconception health care services.

Objective:To explore the effect of external application of Traditional Chinese Medicine on preventing peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) associated phlebitis in tumor patients by network Meta-analysis.Methods:Randomized controlled trials on the prevention of PICC associated phlebitis in tumor patients with external application of Traditional Chinese Medicine were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Database, and China Biomedical Medicine disc. The search period was from the establishment of the database to July 1, 2022. Stata 17.0 software was used for network Meta-analysis.Results:A total of 15 articles were included, including 1 160 patients and 13 types of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Probability ranking according to the surface under the cumulative ranking curve showed that the top four traditional Chinese medicines in terms of effectiveness in preventing PICC associated phlebitis in tumor patients were Rhizoma Corydalis Mixture, Liuhe Dan, Qingfu Ointment, and Ruhuangbing Ointment.Conclusions:The external application of Rhizoma Corydalis Mixture, Liuhe Dan, Qingfu Ointment, and Ruhuangbing Ointment can effectively prevent the occurrence of PICC associated phlebitis in tumor patients. Although Rhizoma Corydalis Mixture has the best effect in preventing phlebitis, due to the limited sample size involved in the analysis and insufficient accuracy of the combined effects, its effectiveness in preventing phlebitis can be further verified in the future.

Organoid is a newly developed cellular there-dimensional culture system in recent years. Organoids have a three-dimensional structure, which is similar to that of the real organs. Together with the characteristics of self-renewal and reproduction of tissue origin, organoids can better simulate the function of real organs. Organoids provide a new platform for the study of organogenesis, regeneration, disease pathogenesis, and drug screening. The digestive system is an essential part of the human body and performs important functions. To date, organoid models of various digestive organs have been successfully established. This review summarizes the latest research progress of organoids of taste buds, esophagi, stomachs, livers and intestines, and prospects future application of organoids.
Humans ; Organoids ; Intestines ; Liver

Objective:To investigate the influencing factors of surgical site infection (SSI) after abdominal surgery.Methods:The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. The clinical data of 567 patients undergoing abdominal surgery in 6 medical centers, including 445 cases in the Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, 54 cases in the the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 49 cases in the Shangqiu First People's Hospital, 10 cases in the Luoyang Central Hospital, 5 cases in the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology and 4 cases in the Henan Provincial People's Hospital, from June 1 to June 30, 2020 were collected. There were 284 males and 283 females, aged (51±18)years. Observation indicators: (1) incidence of SSI after surgery; (2) influencing factors of SSI. Follow-up was conducted using outpatient examination and telephone interview to detect the incidence of SSI. Patients without implant were followed up within postoperative 30 days, and patients with implant were followed up within postoperative 1 year. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the independent sample t test. Measure-ment data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range), and comparison between groups was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was performed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Univariate analysis was performed using the corresponding statistical methods. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Logistic stepwise regression model advance method. Results:(1) Incidence of SSI after surgery. All the 567 patients were followed up after surgery as planned. There were 27 cases with SSI after surgery including 9 cases with superficial incision infection, 9 cases with deep incision infection, 9 cases with organ/gap infection. Of the 27 cases with SSI after surgery, 18 cases with positive results of incisional microbial culture including 8 cases with positive results of Escherichia coli, 6 cases with positive results of Klebsiella pneumonia, 3 cases with positive results of Enterococcus faecium and 1 case with positive result of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (2) Influencing factors of SSI. Results of univariate analysis showed that age, preoperative hemoglo-bin, preoperative albumin, preoperative fasting blood glucose, preoperative intestinal preparation, surgical type, surgical site, surgical incision type, duration of intensive cure unite, duration of post-operative hospital stay, duration of total hospital stay, operation time, hospital expense were related factors affecting the incidence of SSI of patients undergoing abdominal surgery ( χ2=40.12, Z=?4.22, ?2.21, ?4.75, χ2=7.07, 16.43, 38.06, 17.50, Z=?4.43, ?4.42, ?7.14, ?7.15, ?5.90, P<0.05) and the American Association of Anesthesiologists Classification, preoperative oral antibiotics, surgical methods and postoperative intensive care unit stay were related factors affecting the incidence of SSI of patients undergoing abdominal surgery ( P<0.05). Results of multivariate analysis showed that age, preopera-tive fasting blood glucose, preoperative intestinal preparation, surgical type, surgical site as appendix and rectum, surgical methods, surgical incision type as infective incision and polluted incision, operation time were independent factors affecting the incidence of SSI of patients undergoing abdo-minal surgery ( odds ratio=7.69, 1.21, 0.27, 5.82, 5.19, 19.08, 0.23, 27.76, 4.97, 1.01, 95% confidence intervals as 2.04?28.95, 1.04?1.41, 0.08?0.94, 1.36?24.85, 1.10?24.43, 4.48?81.25, 0.06?0.87, 2.54?303.53, 1.12?22.14, 1.01?1.02, P<0.05). Conclusion:Age, preoperative fasting blood glucose, preoperative intestinal preparation, surgical type, surgical site as appendix and rectum, surgical methods, surgical incision type as infective incision and polluted incision, operation time are independent factors affecting the incidence of SSI of patients undergoing abdominal surgery.

ObjectiveTo investigate the role and mechanism of Panax notoginseng saponins （PNS） in inhibiting transforming growth factor-β₁ （TGF-β₁）-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury. MethodNRK-52E renal tubular epithelial cells were cultured and divided into control group， TGF-β₁ group，TGF-β₁+12.5 mg·L^-1 PNS group，TGF-β₁+25 mg·L^-1 PNS group and TGF-β₁+50 mg·L^-1 PNS group. After 48 hours of PNS intervention， the cells and the supernatant were collected， and cell morphology was observed by inverted microscope. Western blot was used to detect the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT）-related proteins and autophagy-related proteins. Flow liquid chromatography for multiple protein quantification and flow cytometry were employed to determine the content of inflammatory factors and apoptosis rate， respectively. ResultCompared with the conditions in the control group， after TGF-β₁ induction， the cells showed a spindle-shaped change and the expression of E-cadherin was down-regulated （P<0.05）， while the expression of α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA） was up-regulated （P<0.05）. After PNS treatment， most of the cells tended to be normal and reversed the occurrence of EMT. In addition， compared with the conditions in the control group， the level of TNF-α was increased while that of IL-10 was decreased， with elevated apoptosis rate （P<0.05） in the TGF-β₁ group. After PNS treatment， the level of TNF-α was lowered while that of IL-10 was boosted with the increase of the dose， with reduced apoptosis rate （P<0.05）. Moreover， after TGF-β₁ induction， the expression of autophagy-related proteins Beclin 1 and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ in renal tubular epithelial cells were up-regulated， while PNS inhibited their expression（P<0.05，P<0.01）. ConclusionPNS had a protective effect on TGF-β₁-induced renal tubular epithelial cells， and the mechanism might be that it reduced inflammation and apoptosis by inhibiting autophagy， thus alleviating TGF-β₁-induced injury.