ObjectiveTo investigate the association between single and combined exposure to arsenic （As）， mercury （Hg）， and cadmium （Cd） in urine and hearing loss in adults. MethodsA total of 400 adult patients were recruited for the study， comprising 200 participants in the normal hearing group and 200 in the hearing loss group. General demographic information of the study subjects was collected by a self-administered questionnaire， morning urine samples were tested for As， Hg， and Cd concentrations， and hearing status was assessed by Pure Tone Audiometry. A binary Logistic regression model was used to explore the association between the concentrations of the three metals in urine and hearing loss， and a Bayesian kernel-machine regression （BKMR） model was used to further explore the association between the concentrations of the three metal mixtures and hearing loss. ResultsAfter correction for urinary creatinine， As， Hg， and Cd concentrations were higher in the hearing loss group than those in the normal hearing group （P<0.05）. Binary Logistic regression indicated that concentrations of As， Hg， and Cd were positively associated with hearing loss， and the risk of hearing loss was significantly higher in the second quartile of Cd concentration compared to the first quartile （OR=2.000， 95%CI： 1.009-3.964）. BKMR modeling analysis showed that the combined exposure levels of As， Hg， and Cd significantly increased the risk of hearing loss， with Cd being the most important contributor （posterior inclusion probability=0.412）， and that there were potential interactions between As and Cd， and Cd and Hg. ConclusionCombined exposure to As， Hg， and Cd in urine is significantly associated with adult hearing loss， with Cd being the primary contributor in the exposure combination. The interactions between As and Cd， as well as Cd and Hg， may have adverse effects on hearing loss.

During the progression of ischemic stroke,cells experience oxidative stress and intracellular energy depletion,triggering the dynamic assembly and disassembly of stress granules.Stress granules may have a dual role in ischemic stroke.In the ultra-early reperfusion period(6-36 h),under acute stress,the stress granules may inhibit neuronal apoptosis and exert neuroprotective effects through reversible liquid-liquid phase separation.In contrast,in the acute reperfusion period(36 h to 2 weeks),under prolonged stress,pathological stress granules may accumulate through liquid-solid phase transition,leading to neuronal dysfunction and inducing ischemic stroke sequelae such as motor and cognitive impairments.This article reviewed the mechanisms of stress granules dynamic phase transitions during ischemic stroke and their effects on neurons,aiming to provide references and insights for future stress granule-targeted interventions for ischemic stroke and its sequelae.

Objective:To assess cognitive impairment in children with obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (OSDB) using event-related potentials (ERPs).Methods:This case-control study analyzed data from 143 OSDB children[94 males, 49 females, aged 9.0(7.0-11.0) years] scheduled for adenotonsillectomy at the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, between June 2023 and September 2024, along with 17 healthy controls [control group: 10 males, 7 females, aged 10.0 (7.5-12.0) years]. Based on polysomnography results, OSDB children were divided into a mild group [obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI)≤5 events/hour, 49 males, 29 females, aged 9.0 (7.0-10.0) years] and a moderate-to-severe group [OAHI>5 events/hour, 45 males, 20 females, aged 9.0 (8.0-10.0) years]. All children completed a face perception integration task. The occipital P100 and parietal, central and frontal P300 components of incomplete face stimuli (S1) and complete face stimuli (S2) were recorded. Amplitude and latency differences across groups were analyzed. Intergroup comparisons were performed using ANOVA, while independent samples t-tests were used for pairwise comparisons. Non-normally distributed data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results:(1) P100: Both the mild group [occipital P100 amplitude: O1-S1(12.44±5.96) μV, O2-S1(14.19±6.39) μV, O2-S2(30.34±11.30) μV] and moderate-to-severe group [O1-S1 (12.12±5.58) μV, O2-S1 (14.08±5.48) μV, O2-S2(29.12±10.89) μV] showed significantly higher amplitudes than the control group [O1-S1(8.46±4.74) μV,O2-S1(9.68±3.70) μV,O2-S2(23.09±9.16) μV] ( F=3.501, 4.486, 3.072; all P<0.05). No significant differences were found between the two OSDB subgroups ( P>0.05), suggesting compensatory neuronal hyperactivity maintaining normal perceptual function. The moderate-to-severe group exhibited significantly prolonged P100 latency [O2-S1 (134.52±13.42) ms] compared to controls [O2-S1 (125.18±15.31) ms] ( F=3.156 , P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between the mild group and either the control or moderate-to-severe groups ( P>0.05), indicating delayed visual processing in severely affected children. (2) P300: The mild group exhibited significantly higher P300 amplitudes in parietal regions [P4-S1(8.22±4.32) μV, P4-S2(17.67±9.42) μV] compared to controls [P4-S1 (4.84±2.89) μV, P4-S2 (13.19±7.23) μV] ( F=7.19, 4.771; both P<0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed between the moderate-to-severe group and either the control or mild groups ( P>0.05), indicating mild group reduced alertness. The latency of P300 in the central region showed an increase in the mild group, although not significantly ( P>0.05), indicating a potential decrease in attentional response speed. However, the moderate-to-severe group demonstrated significantly shorter P300 latencies [CZ-S1(394.18±89.12) ms] compared to the mild group [CZ-S1 (433.33±100.33) ms] ( F=3.145, P<0.05), possibly reflecting compensatory enhancement of attentional engagement in more severe cases. Conclusion:Children with OSDB exhibit impairments in primary visual processing and attentional regulation, as evidenced by altered ERP components such as P100 and P300. These findings suggest that OSDB may affect neural mechanisms underlying sensory integration and executive functioning.

During the progression of ischemic stroke,cells experience oxidative stress and intracellular energy depletion,triggering the dynamic assembly and disassembly of stress granules.Stress granules may have a dual role in ischemic stroke.In the ultra-early reperfusion period(6-36 h),under acute stress,the stress granules may inhibit neuronal apoptosis and exert neuroprotective effects through reversible liquid-liquid phase separation.In contrast,in the acute reperfusion period(36 h to 2 weeks),under prolonged stress,pathological stress granules may accumulate through liquid-solid phase transition,leading to neuronal dysfunction and inducing ischemic stroke sequelae such as motor and cognitive impairments.This article reviewed the mechanisms of stress granules dynamic phase transitions during ischemic stroke and their effects on neurons,aiming to provide references and insights for future stress granule-targeted interventions for ischemic stroke and its sequelae.

Objective:To assess cognitive impairment in children with obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (OSDB) using event-related potentials (ERPs).Methods:This case-control study analyzed data from 143 OSDB children[94 males, 49 females, aged 9.0(7.0-11.0) years] scheduled for adenotonsillectomy at the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, between June 2023 and September 2024, along with 17 healthy controls [control group: 10 males, 7 females, aged 10.0 (7.5-12.0) years]. Based on polysomnography results, OSDB children were divided into a mild group [obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI)≤5 events/hour, 49 males, 29 females, aged 9.0 (7.0-10.0) years] and a moderate-to-severe group [OAHI>5 events/hour, 45 males, 20 females, aged 9.0 (8.0-10.0) years]. All children completed a face perception integration task. The occipital P100 and parietal, central and frontal P300 components of incomplete face stimuli (S1) and complete face stimuli (S2) were recorded. Amplitude and latency differences across groups were analyzed. Intergroup comparisons were performed using ANOVA, while independent samples t-tests were used for pairwise comparisons. Non-normally distributed data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results:(1) P100: Both the mild group [occipital P100 amplitude: O1-S1(12.44±5.96) μV, O2-S1(14.19±6.39) μV, O2-S2(30.34±11.30) μV] and moderate-to-severe group [O1-S1 (12.12±5.58) μV, O2-S1 (14.08±5.48) μV, O2-S2(29.12±10.89) μV] showed significantly higher amplitudes than the control group [O1-S1(8.46±4.74) μV,O2-S1(9.68±3.70) μV,O2-S2(23.09±9.16) μV] ( F=3.501, 4.486, 3.072; all P<0.05). No significant differences were found between the two OSDB subgroups ( P>0.05), suggesting compensatory neuronal hyperactivity maintaining normal perceptual function. The moderate-to-severe group exhibited significantly prolonged P100 latency [O2-S1 (134.52±13.42) ms] compared to controls [O2-S1 (125.18±15.31) ms] ( F=3.156 , P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between the mild group and either the control or moderate-to-severe groups ( P>0.05), indicating delayed visual processing in severely affected children. (2) P300: The mild group exhibited significantly higher P300 amplitudes in parietal regions [P4-S1(8.22±4.32) μV, P4-S2(17.67±9.42) μV] compared to controls [P4-S1 (4.84±2.89) μV, P4-S2 (13.19±7.23) μV] ( F=7.19, 4.771; both P<0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed between the moderate-to-severe group and either the control or mild groups ( P>0.05), indicating mild group reduced alertness. The latency of P300 in the central region showed an increase in the mild group, although not significantly ( P>0.05), indicating a potential decrease in attentional response speed. However, the moderate-to-severe group demonstrated significantly shorter P300 latencies [CZ-S1(394.18±89.12) ms] compared to the mild group [CZ-S1 (433.33±100.33) ms] ( F=3.145, P<0.05), possibly reflecting compensatory enhancement of attentional engagement in more severe cases. Conclusion:Children with OSDB exhibit impairments in primary visual processing and attentional regulation, as evidenced by altered ERP components such as P100 and P300. These findings suggest that OSDB may affect neural mechanisms underlying sensory integration and executive functioning.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of alprostadil combined with papaverine on blood coagulation indexes and complications in uremic hemodialysis patients after initial arteriovenous fistula.METHODS:One hundred and eighteen uremic hemodialysis patients undergoing initial arteriovenous fistula in our hospital during Feb.-Jun.2015 were divided into control group and observation group according to random number table,with 59 cases in each group.Both groups received local irradiation with hemodialysis internal fistula repair instrument 30 min,tid,from 3 days before surgery to 10 days after surgery.Control group was treated with Alprostadil injection 10 μg,iv,qd,immediately after surgery.Observation group was additionally treated with Papaverine in jection 30 mg,iv,qd,on the basis of control group.Both groups received treatment for 10 d.The orificium fistulae blood flow,hemodialysis blood flow and the time of initial hemodialysis were compared between 2 group.The plasma prothrombin time (PT),activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT),fibrinogen (Fib),platelet count (PLT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were observed in 2 groups before and after surgery.The occarrence of postoperative complications was observed.RESULTS:The orificium fistulae blood flow and hemodialysis blood flow of observation group were significantly higher than those of control group,and ini tial hemodialysis time was significantly shorter than control group,with statistical significance (P＜0.05).Before surgery,there was no statistical significance in PT,APTT,Fib,PLT and CRP between 2 groups (P＞0.05).After surgery,APTT and CRP of 2 groups were increased significantly,Fib was decreased significantly;the above indexes of observation group was significantly better than that of control group,with statistical significance (P＜0.05).There was no statistical significance in PT,PLT between 2 groups (P＞0.05).There was no statistical significance in the incidence of internal fistula infection and postoperative wound bleeding volume＞ 10 mL between 2 groups (P＞0.05).The incidence of internal fistula occlusion and orificium fistulae thrombus in observation group were significantly lower than control group,with statistical significance (P＜0.05).CONCLUSIONS:The application of alprostadil combined papaverine on uremic hemodialysis patients after initial arteriovenous fistula can effectively prevent inflammation reaction,fistula thrombus formation and fistula occlusion,and improve the maturation of fistula.

Objective To observe the expression of uPA, tPA and PAI-1 in whole blood of rat membranous ne-phropathy ( MN) models induced by cationic bovine serum albumin ( C-BSA) , and to explore the effect of fibrinolytic sys-tem on podocyte apoptosis and pathological changes. To explore the possible preventive and therapeutic effects and the pos-sible mechanisms of early prevention of fibrinolysis. Methods We developed a MN model with the modified Border meth-od. At the end of the 1st, 2nd, 3th, and 4th week of immunization, respectively, the levels of whole blood uPA, tPA and PAI-1 were determined by ELISA. The rat kidney tissues were examined by light microscopy and electron microscopy to i-dentify the pathological changes. The expression levels of nephrin and WTl were detected with immumofluorescence staining and their correlation was analyzed. Results Compared the treatment group with control group, the levels of whole blood uPA, tPA and PAI-1 of the model group were decreased, while PAI-1 was elevated, showing a significant difference ( P<0. 05). The degree of renal interstitial fibrosis was more serious. Correlation analysis showed that the whole blood tPA and uPA levels were positively correlated with the changes of nephrin protein expression in the kidney tissue, while the whole blood PAI-1 level was negatively correlated with the nephrin protein expression in the kidney tissue. Conclusions In the process of MN development, the fibrinolytic system may have important significance for podocyte apoptosis. Determination of early phase of MN podocyte injury may be another therapy target for prevention of the disease development, and then pro-vide new ideas for clinical research and drug development for MN.

BACKGROUND:Establishing the animal model of membranous nephropathy is of importance to figure out the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the expression of nephrin and podocin in the model of membrane nephropathy in rats, and to investigate their relationships with the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy.
METHODS:A total of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats were equivalently randomized into model and control groups. Rats in the model group were in premunity by given subcutaneous and multi-point injection of 1 mg cationic bovine serum albumin firstly dissolved in 0.5 mL normal saline and then ful y emulsified with the equal incomplete Freund’s adjuvant for 1 week, and 16 mg/kg cationic bovine serum albumin was injected via vein tails, once every other day for 4 weeks. The same volume of normal saline was injected into the controls. The mRNA expressions of nephrin and podocin in renal tissues were detected using real-time PCR, and biochemical indicators and morphological observation were measured at 2 and 4 weeks after modeling.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) In the model group, the total amount of urine and serum albumin levels were significantly decreased accompanying with overt proteinuria, and the serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly increased al in a time-independent manner compared with the control group (P<0.01), and the difference was significant (P<0.05). (2) The pathological examination showed that rats in the model group had different degrees of renal tubular dilatation, glomerular basement membrane thickening, mesangial cel s and stromal hyperplasia, which was typical of membranous nephritis. (3) Moreover, the mRNA expressions of podocin and nephrin in the model group were lower than those in the control group. (4) In conclusion, the decreased expressions of podocin and nephfin may disturb the integrity of the slit membrane of podocytes giving rise to the damage of glomerular filtration barrier, and proteinuria appears in final.

[Objective]Observe the clinical effect of leverage replacement manipulation on lumbar intervertebral disc herniation.[Method]299 hospitalized patients were divided into two groups.153 cases were in trial group and 146 patients were in controlled group.Trial group accepted constant traction and leverage replacement manipulation.While the controlled group accepted the same traction and muscular massage.[Result]In trial group,90 patients were cured,57 improved and 6 no improvement.The total effective rate was 96.08%;in controlled group,21 were cured,75 cases improved,and 50 no improvement.The total effective rate was 65.75%.The effect of trial group was better than the controlled group(P