ObjectiveTo study on the different therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma（RH） before and after steaming with wine on constipation model mice. MethodsFifty-four male ICR mice were randomly divided into control group， model group， lactulose group（1.5 mg·kg^-1）， high， medium and low dose groups of RH and RH steaming with wine（PRH）（8， 4， 1 g·kg^-1）. Except for the control group， the constipation model was replicated by gavage of loperamide hydrochloride（6 mg·kg^-1） in the other groups. After 2 weeks of modeling， each administration group was gavaged with the corresponding dose of drug solution， and the control and model groups were given an equal volume of normal saline， 1 time/d for 2 consecutive weeks. After administration， the feces were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing， the levels of gastrin（GAS）， motilin（MTL）， interleukin-6（IL-6）， γ-interferon（IFN-γ） in the colonic tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）， the histopathological changes of colon were observed by hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining， flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion changes of CD4⁺， CD8⁺ and regulatory T cell（Treg） in peripheral blood. ResultsCompared with the control group， the model group showed significantly decrease in fecal number in 24 h， fecal quality and fecal water rate（P<0.01）， the colon was seen to have necrotic shedding of mucosal epithelium， localized intestinal glands in the lamina propria were degenerated， necrotic and atrophied， a few lymphocytes were seen to infiltrate in the necrotic area in a scattered manner， the contents of GAS and MTL， the proportions of CD4⁺， CD8⁺ and Treg were significantly reduced（P<0.01）， the contents of IL-6 and IFN-γ were significantly elevated（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the fecal number in 24 h， fecal quality and fecal water rate of high-dose groups of RH and PRH were significantly increased（P<0.05， P<0.01）， the pathological damage of the colon was alleviated to varying degrees， the contents of GAS， MTL， IL-6 and IFN-γ were significantly regressed（P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the proportions of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ were significantly increased（P<0.01）， although the proportion of Treg showed an upward trend， there was no significant difference. In addition， the results of intestinal flora showed that the number of amplicon sequence variant（ASV） and Alpha diversity were decreased in the model group compared with the control group， and there was a significant difference in Beta diversity， with a decrease in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and an increase in the relative abundances of Bacillus and Helicobacter. Compared with the model group， the ASV number and Alpha diversity were increased in the high-dose groups of RH and PRH， and there was a trend of regression of Beta diversity to the control group， the relative abundance of Lactobacillus increased， and the relative abundances of Bacillus and Helicobacter decreased. ConclusionRH and PRH can improve dysbacteriosis， promote immune system activation， inhibit the release of inflammatory factors for enhancing the gastrointestinal function， which may be one of the potential mechanisms of their therapeutic effect on constipation.

With the widespread adoption of low-dose CT screening and the extensive application of high-resolution CT, the detection rate of sub-centimeter lung nodules has significantly increased. How to scientifically manage these nodules while avoiding overtreatment and diagnostic delays has become an important clinical issue. Among them, lung nodules with a consolidation tumor ratio less than 0.25, dominated by ground-glass shadows, are particularly worthy of attention. The therapeutic challenge for this group is how to achieve precise and complete resection of nodules during surgery while maximizing the preservation of the patient's lung function. The "watershed topography map" is a new technology based on big data and artificial intelligence algorithms. This method uses Dicom data from conventional dose CT scans, combined with microscopic (22-24 levels) capillary network anatomical watershed features, to generate high-precision simulated natural segmentation planes of lung sub-segments through specific textures and forms. This technology forms fluorescent watershed boundaries on the lung surface, which highly fit the actual lung anatomical structure. By analyzing the adjacent relationship between the nodule and the watershed boundary, real-time, visually accurate positioning of the nodule can be achieved. This innovative technology provides a new solution for the intraoperative positioning and resection of lung nodules. This consensus was led by four major domestic societies, jointly with expert teams in related fields, oriented to clinical practical needs, referring to domestic and foreign guidelines and consensus, and finally formed after multiple rounds of consultation, discussion, and voting. The main content covers the theoretical basis of the "watershed topography map" technology, indications, operation procedures, surgical planning details, and postoperative evaluation standards, aiming to provide scientific guidance and exploration directions for clinical peers who are currently or plan to carry out lung nodule resection using the fluorescent microscope watershed analysis method.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in patients with 10 years of hypertension. Methods A total of 350 patients with 10 years or longer course of hypertension who underwent physical examination in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from June 2021 to June 2024 were selected. General information of the patients was collected through questionnaires. Renal function related indicators and imaging results were obtained through relevant laboratory tests and imaging examinations. Based on the results of renal function related indicators, the epidemiological characteristics of chronic kidney disease in hypertensive patients with 10 years of hypertension, as well as risk factors for chronic kidney disease in the hypertensive patients were identified. Results Among the 350 patients enrolled in this study, there were 71 (20.29%) with proteinuria, 32 (9.14%) with hematuria, and 40 (11.43%) with decreased renal function. A total of 80 (22.86%) cases with structural variations such as kidney stones and cysts were detected by renal B-mode ultrasound. There were 121 (34.57%) patients with hypertension and chronic kidney disease. There were statistically significant differences in gender, age, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hyperuricemia between patients with chronic kidney disease and those without (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that gender, age, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hyperuricemia were the risk factors for chronic kidney disease in patients with hypertension (P<0.05). Conclusion Patients with 10 years of hypertension have a high risk of chronic kidney disease, and the risk factors include gender, age, diabetes, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia.

Objective: To investigate the environmental contamination of norovirus in nurseries and primary/secondary schools, so as to provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and control measures. Methods: A total of 483 external environmental samples were collected from 34 cluster outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in kindergartens and primary/secondary schools in Linhai City from 2021 to 2024. Pathogen detection was conducted using a rapid nucleic acid extraction kit and realtime fluorescence RT-PCR, and the results were analyzed using the χ2 test or Fishers exact test. Results: Among the collected external environmental samples, the total positive rate of surface contamination was 13.66%. The positive rates in kindergartens and primary/secondary schools were 12.20% and 15.82%, respectively. In kindergartens, the five surfaces with the highest detection rates were desks/chairs (23.33%), toilet stool troughs (20.69%), urinal troughs (12.00%), washbasins/sinks (11.11%), and toilet mops (9.38%). In primary/secondary schools, the top five were toilet stool troughs (38.30%), urinal troughs (23.53%), toilet door handles (13.04%), toilet mops (12.50%), and drinking cups (11.11%). The difference in positive detection rates among different external environments in primary/secondary schools was statistically significant (Fishers exact probability test, P<0.01). The positive detection rate in sanitary toilets was higher than that in classroom environments (χ2=17.38), while the positive detection rate in classroom environments of kindergartens was higher than that in primary/secondary schools (χ2=5.42)(P<0.05). Conclusions Norovirus exhibits a high contamination rate in nurseries and schools, particularly in restroom areas. Strengthening sanitation and disinfection in highrisk environments, and improving hygiene awareness among children and staff, are essential for the effective prevent and control of norovirus.

Objective: To explore the mediating effects of activities of daily living (ADL) and social participation on depressive symptoms and cognitive function among the elderly, so as to provide the basis for preventing cognitive decline. Methods: Basic information, depressive symptoms, cognitive function, ADL, and social participation of the elderly aged 60 and above were collected through the 2020 database of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The Process 4.3 program was used to analyze the mediating effects of ADL and social participation on depressive symptoms and cognitive function among the elderly. Results: A total of 6 722 elderly people were enrolled, including 3 791 males (56.40%) and 2 931 females (43.60%). The mean age was (68.52±6.00) years. The median depressive symptoms score was 7.00 (interquartile range, 9.00) points, with 2 436 individuals (36.24%) having depressive symptoms. The median cognitive function score was 12.50 (interquartile range, 4.50) points. The median ADL score was 0 (interquartile range, 1.00) point, with 2 173 individuals (32.33%) having ADL impairment. The median social participation score was 1.00 (interquartile range, 1.00) point. Mediating effect analysis showed that, after controlling for variables such as age, educational level, and residence, depressive symptoms indirectly negatively affected cognitive function through the independent mediating effects of ADL (β=-0.031, 95%CI: -0.042 to -0.020) and social participation (β=-0.008, 95%CI: -0.011 to -0.004), and negatively affected cognitive function via the chain mediating effects of ADL and social participation (β=-0.002, 95%CI: -0.003 to -0.001). The total mediating effect accounted for 25.79% of the total effect. Conclusion Depressive symptoms may indirectly and negatively affect the cognitive function among the elderly through ADL and social participation.

Objective: To estimate the incidence and mortality of lung cancer in 2021 and their trends from 2014 to 2021 within cancer registration areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, so as to provide the basis for formulating localized strategies for lung cancer prevention and control. Methods: The data on lung cancer cases in cancer registration areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2021 were collected from the China Cancer Registration, encompassing data from 55 registries within the region. Crude incidence and crude mortality were calculated by genders, urban/rural rareas, and ages. The Chinese population-standardized rate was calculated using the age structure of the standard population from the Fifth National Population Census in 2000, while the world population-standardized rate was calculated using Segi's world standard population. To assess the trends in Chinese population-standardized incidence and mortality of lung cancer from 2014 to 2021, data from nine qualifying cancer registries were analyzed using the average annual percent change (AAPC). Results: In 2021, within Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the crude, Chinese population-standardized, and world population-standardized incidences of lung cancer were 58.96/100 000, 31.58/100 000, and 31.50/100 000, respectively. The crude, Chinese population-standardized, and world population-standardized mortalities were 46.48/100 000, 24.65/100 000, and 24.36/100 000 , respectively. The Chinese population-standardized incidence and mortality of lung cancer were 1.59-fold and 1.88-fold higher in males compared to females, and 1.08-fold and 1.10-fold higher in urban areas relative to rural areas. The crude incidence and mortality of lung cancer reached their peaks at age of 80-<85 years (379.91/100 000 and 474.31/100 000, respectively). From 2014 to 2021, the Chinese population-standardized incidence of lung cancer in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region decreased from 43.28/100 000 to 31.41/100 000, showed a downward trend (AAPC=-3.312%, P<0.05), while the Chinese population-standardized mortality decreased from 31.55/100 000 to 24.11/100 000, showed no statistical significance (P>0.05). The Chinese population-standardized incidence of lung cancer in the group aged ≥75 years and the Chinese age-standardized mortality of lung cancer in the group aged 0-<45 years showed declining trends (AAPC=-4.307%, -7.355%, both P<0.05). Conclusions The disease burden of lung cancer in cancer registration areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has decreased, showing characteristics where the burden is higher in males than in females and slightly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The elderly population represents a key group for lung cancer prevention and control.

To promote the development of extracellular vesicles of herbal medicine especially the establishment of standardization, led by the National Expert Committee on Research and Application of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, research experts in the field of herbal medicine and extracellular vesicles were invited nationwide with the support of the Expert Committee on Research and Application of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, Professional Committee on Extracellular Vesicle Research and Application, Chinese Society of Research Hospitals and the Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Herbal Vesicles. Based on the collation of relevant literature, we have adopted the Delphi method, the consensus meeting method combined with the nominal group method to form a discussion draft of "Consensus statement on research and application of Chinese herbal medicine derived extracellular vesicles-like particles (2023)". The first draft was discussed in online and offline meetings on October 12, 14, November 2, 2022 and April and May 2023 on the current status of research, nomenclature, isolation methods, quality standards and research applications of extracellular vesicles of Chinese herbal medicines, and 13 consensus opinions were finally formed. At the Third Academic Conference on Research and Application of Chinese Herbal Vesicles, held on May 26, 2023, Kewei Zhao, convenor of the consensus, presented and read the consensus to the experts of the Expert Committee on Research and Application of Chinese Herbal Vesicles. The consensus highlights the characteristics and advantages of Chinese medicine, inherits the essence, and keeps the righteousness and innovation, aiming to provide a reference for colleagues engaged in research and application of Chinese herbal vesicles at home and abroad, decode the mystery behind Chinese herbal vesicles together, establish a safe, effective and controllable accurate Chinese herbal vesicle prevention and treatment system, and build a bridge for Chinese medicine to the world.

As polar cells, neurons are composed of a cell body, dendritic networks, and long, branched axons. To maintain normal physiological functions throughout the lifespan of vertebrates, differentiated neurons require substantial energy to sustain resting potential and synaptic transmission. Neurons predominantly rely on ATP generated through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for energy. They transport and accumulate healthy mitochondria to energy-demanding areas, such as the presynaptic terminals of axon branches, through long-distance transport and anchoring, while reversing the transport of aged or damaged mitochondria in the axon terminals back to the soma for degradation. This article, integrating authors’ research, discusses from a mechanical perspective how mitochondria overcome resistance to achieve long-distance transport along axons under the influence of driving forces. The review covers topics such as microtubule polarity, microtubule motor proteins, mitochondrial docking protein complexes, interactions between mitochondria and anchoring proteins, intracellular resistance, interactions between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, and aspects of mitochondrial biogenesis, fission, fusion, division, and quality control. These novel perspectives will provide important insights for understanding neurological diseases caused by mitochondrial transport dysfunctions.

Objective To investigate the ameliorative effect of sulforaphane on inflammatory response and airway remodeling in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods Seventy-five SD rats were randomly divided into the normal group,the model group,and the low-,medium-,and high-dose groups of sulforaphane,with 15 rats in each group.Except for the normal group,the COPD model was prepared in the remaining group using aroma smoke inhalation combined with intratracheal droplet lipopolysaccharide(LPS)method.After the successful modelling,the rats were administered the drug by gavage for 28 days.At the end of the administration,the general conditions of the rats in each group were observed,and the lung function[forced vital capacity(FVC),peak expiratory flow-rate(PEF),forceful expiratory volume in 1 second(FEV1)]was examined,and the pathological changes of the lung tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining method,and the indexes of airway remodeling(thickness of the bronchial wall,thickness of the smooth muscle)were measured;the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to examine the lung function of the rats.The levels of inflammatory factors[tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α),interleukin 1β(IL-1β)]were detected in lung tissue by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and changes in the protein expressions of Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4),myeloid differentiation factor 88(MyD88),and nuclear transcription factor κB(NF-κB)were detected in lung tissue by Western Blot.Results(1)The rats in the model group had dry and lack of glossy fur,obvious coughing and nose scratching,shortness of breath,slow movement,and preferred to arch their backs and lie curled up;the rats in the low-,medium-and high-dose groups of sulforaphane showed significant improvement in shortness of breath,coughing,and other abnormal manifestations.(2)HE staining showed that the airway wall and smooth muscle of rats in the model group were thickened,the airway epithelium was damaged,and alveolar destruction,fusion,and massive infiltration of inflammatory cells were seen;the histopathological changes in the lungs of rats in the low-,medium-and high-dose groups of sulforaphane improved to varying degrees,with the airway wall becoming thinner,the degree of alveolar destruction being reduced,and the infiltration of inflammatory cells being reduced.(3)Compared with the normal group,FVC,PEF and FEV1 were significantly reduced in the model group(P＜0.05),and the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β,bronchial wall thickness,smooth muscle thickness,and the expression levels of TLR4,MyD88 and NF-κB were significantly increased in the model group(P＜0.05);and in comparison with the model group,the levels of FVC,PEF,and FEV1 were significantly increased in the rats in the sulforaphane low-,medium-,and high-dose groups(P＜0.05),and the levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,bronchial wall thickness,smooth muscle thickness,and the expression levels of TLR4,MyD88,and NF-κB were significantly decreased(P＜0.05)compared with the model group.Conclusion Sulforaphane helps to inhibit the inflammatory response,attenuate airway remodeling,and improve the pathological injury and lung function of lung tissue in rats with COPD,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TLR4,MyD88,and NF-κB protein expressions.

Objective:To investigate the morphological and biological characteristics of polyploid tumor giant cells (PGCC) produced by ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 induced by CoCl 2. Methods:Human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 was induced-cultured with 300 μmol/L CoCl 2 in the simulated hypoxic environment for 36 h, the live cells continued to be conventionally cultured and passaged, and the cells collected 20 days later were PGCC group; SKOV3 cell line cultured conventionally was the control group. The formation process and morphological characteristics of PGCC were observed by inverted microscope. The expression of tumor stem cell markers OCT4 and CD117 were detected by immunocytochemistry. The adipogenic differentiation and osteogenic differentiation potential of PGCC were detected by using human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell adipogenic differentiation assay kit and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation assay kit.The cell migration ability of PGCC was detected by scratch assay. PGCC group and control group SKOV3 cells were treated with 1 μmol/L paclitaxel, and the cell morphology of the two groups was observed by microscope at 0, 24 and 48 h to detect the resistance of PGCC to chemotherapy drugs. Results:A small amount of PGCC was observed in SKOV3 cell line cultured in conventional medium under the microscope. CoCl 2 can induce SKOV3 cells to form PGCC, which was nearly round in shape and lacked branching. Its volume was 3 times or more than that of SKOV3 cells, and the nuclei were usually megakaryons or multinucleates, PGCC can produce daughter cells by budding. Immunocytochemical staining showed that OCT4 was positive in some PGCC, but no CD117 was positive. Neither OCT4 nor CD117 was expressed in SKOV3 cells. When cultured with lipid-induced differentiation medium of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, the formation of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm of PGCC was observed at the 3rd cycle, and orange-red, round-like lipid droplets were shown by oil red O staining. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in osteogenic induction culture medium for 20 days, and alizarin red staining showed that calcium nodules formed significantly in cells of PGCC group compared with the control group. The cell scratch assay results showed that the migration rates of PGCC cultured in serum-free medium [(59±1)%, (66±3)%] were higher than those of the control group [(11±3)%, (14±5)%] at 24 and 48 h after scratch ( t values were 32.20 and 19.55, both P < 0.001). The migration rates of PGCC cultured in 10% serum medium [(92±3)%, (100±0)%] were higher than those of the control group [(20±6)%, (59±9)%] ( t values were 16.19 and 8.00, both P < 0.001). After 1 μmol/L paclitaxel treatment for 48 h, most of the cells in the PGCC group still survived, while most of the SKOV3 cells in the control group died. Conclusions:PGCC produces daughter cells by budding. PGCC has the characteristics of tumor stem cells: it expresses tumor stem cell markers and has the potential for multidirectional differentiation and strong resistance to chemotherapy drugs.