Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease occurring in the oral mucosa. Clinically, OLP presents with various lesion morphologies, attributed to differences in host immune responses. T-helper 17 cells (Th17) are a crucial component of the cellular immune response, primarily functioning through the secretion of interleukin 17 (IL-17). IL-17 plays a dual role in the oral mucosa: on one hand, it exerts a protective effect by promoting the recruitment of neutrophils driven by chemokines, enhancing the secretion of antimicrobial peptides, and strengthening the mucosal barrier; on the other hand, it binds to target cells in the mucosal tissue, activating downstream inflammatory signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), thereby initiating a pro-inflammatory cascade. This process increases the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and promotes the recruitment and activation of immune cells, exacerbating inflammation. Current research extensively explores the correlation between the Th17/IL-17 axis and the pathogenesis and progression of OLP. This paper aims to review these developments to provide a research foundation for further elucidating the immunological mechanisms of OLP. Literature review results indicate that upregulation of Th17 and IL-17 in local lesion tissues and peripheral blood of OLP patients may be a key molecular event in the development of OLP. Compared to non-erosive OLP, higher expression levels of Th17 and IL-17 in the tissues and blood of patients with erosive OLP suggest a positive correlation between Th17/IL-17 and disease severity. Clinical studies demonstrate that targeted drugs against the Th17/IL-17 axis, by directly blocking IL-17 or inhibiting the production of Th17 cells, can effectively improve mucosal damage in OLP patients, showcasing potential as a new target for immune therapy. However, whether Th17 and IL-17 influence the pathogenesis of OLP by regulating the oral microbiome remains unclear. In summary, the Th17/IL-17 axis holds potential value as a new target for the immune therapy of OLP, warranting further in-depth research into its biological functions and signaling mechanisms within the inflammatory process of OLP.

Objective:To investigate the differences in cross-frequency coupling (CFC) characteristics of electroencephalography (EEG) between narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and narcolepsy type 2 (NT2).Methods:A total of 23 NT1 and 31 NT2 patients were included from the Chinese Clinical Sleep Database (CCSD) between October 2022 and September 2023. All participants underwent overnight polysomnography and a multiple sleep latency test. CFC features were extracted from EEG signals during polysomnography, encompassing various combinations of sleep stages, electrode pairs, frequency bands, and coupling types. Feature selection was performed using elastic net regularization. The Spearman correlation between key CFC features and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores was analyzed. Finally, a support vector classification (SVC) model was constructed to distinguish NT1 from NT2, and leave-one-out cross-validation was used to assess the generalization performance.Results:Among all coupling features during non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 1 (N1), the fronto-occipital θ-α1 and central δ-α1 couplings showed the highest absolute coefficients, reaching 1.13 and 1.10, respectively. In the NT1 group, the α1-β2 imaginary part of phase-locking value (iPLV) of the F3-C3 pair during N1 was significantly positively correlated with ESS scores ( r=0.52, P=0.012). In the machine learning classification task, the SVC model achieved an accuracy of 85% using leave-one-out cross-validation. Conclusion:The CFC features during the sleep-wake transition stage play an important role in distinguishing NT1 from NT2 and show a significant correlation with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in NT1. CFC may serve as a potential biomarker for differentiating narcolepsy subtypes and provide new insights into the mechanisms and clinical evaluation of EDS.

Diabetic foot is one of the most common and serious chronic complications in diabetic patients.With the advancement of digital healthcare,digital therapy has been gradually implemented and promoted among diabetic foot patients as an emerging tool with the advantages of safety,efficiency,and intelligence that can make up for the shortcomings of traditional diabetic foot risk assessment,health education,and self-management.This study provides an overview of digital therapeutics,summarizes its application in patients with diabetic foot,and proposes relevant recommendations,aiming to provide a reference for improving the quality of life and satisfaction of patients with diabetic foot and reducing the recurrence of diabetic foot.

Objective:To investigate the predictive value of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) on the outcome of microscopic testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) in patients with non-mosaic Klinefelter syndrome (KS) of the clinical data and to identify effective predictors for successful micro-TESE.Methods:A retrospective case-control study was conducted on the clinical data of 118 non-mosaic KS patients treated at the Center for Reproductive Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between May 2018 and September 2023. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether sperm were successfully retrieved via micro-TESE: the sperm retrieved group ( n=45) and the no sperm retrieved group ( n=73). Differences between the two groups were compared, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing sperm retrieval. Changes in testicular volume and sex hormone levels before and after surgery were also assessed. Results:The sperm retrieval rate was 38.1% (45/118). Patients in the sperm retrieved group were significantly younger [(26.93±3.80) years] than those in the no sperm retrieved group [(28.27±3.92) years, P=0.029], and the AMH level was significantly higher [0.44 (0.18, 1.13) μg/L] than that in the no sperm retrieved group [0.10 (0.03, 0.22) μg/L, P<0.001]. AMH was identified as an independent predictor of micro-TESE outcome in non-mosaic KS patients ( OR=7.867, 95% CI: 2.727-27.242, P=0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.802 (95% CI: 0.722-0.883), and the optimal reference threshold for AMH was ≥0.265 μg/L. Postoperatively, testosterone levels decreased significantly by a median of 0.27 μg/L ( P=0.019), while luteinizing hormone levels increased by a median of 2.08 U/L ( P=0.049), with a more significant decline in testosterone levels observed in the no sperm retrieved group by a median of 0.29 μg/L ( P=0.022). Conclusion:AMH can predict successful micro-TESE in non-mosaic KS patients, with higher AMH levels indicating a higher likelihood of success.

Objective:To investigate the predictive value of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) on the outcome of microscopic testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) in patients with non-mosaic Klinefelter syndrome (KS) of the clinical data and to identify effective predictors for successful micro-TESE.Methods:A retrospective case-control study was conducted on the clinical data of 118 non-mosaic KS patients treated at the Center for Reproductive Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between May 2018 and September 2023. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether sperm were successfully retrieved via micro-TESE: the sperm retrieved group ( n=45) and the no sperm retrieved group ( n=73). Differences between the two groups were compared, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing sperm retrieval. Changes in testicular volume and sex hormone levels before and after surgery were also assessed. Results:The sperm retrieval rate was 38.1% (45/118). Patients in the sperm retrieved group were significantly younger [(26.93±3.80) years] than those in the no sperm retrieved group [(28.27±3.92) years, P=0.029], and the AMH level was significantly higher [0.44 (0.18, 1.13) μg/L] than that in the no sperm retrieved group [0.10 (0.03, 0.22) μg/L, P<0.001]. AMH was identified as an independent predictor of micro-TESE outcome in non-mosaic KS patients ( OR=7.867, 95% CI: 2.727-27.242, P=0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.802 (95% CI: 0.722-0.883), and the optimal reference threshold for AMH was ≥0.265 μg/L. Postoperatively, testosterone levels decreased significantly by a median of 0.27 μg/L ( P=0.019), while luteinizing hormone levels increased by a median of 2.08 U/L ( P=0.049), with a more significant decline in testosterone levels observed in the no sperm retrieved group by a median of 0.29 μg/L ( P=0.022). Conclusion:AMH can predict successful micro-TESE in non-mosaic KS patients, with higher AMH levels indicating a higher likelihood of success.

Diabetic foot is one of the most common and serious chronic complications in diabetic patients.With the advancement of digital healthcare,digital therapy has been gradually implemented and promoted among diabetic foot patients as an emerging tool with the advantages of safety,efficiency,and intelligence that can make up for the shortcomings of traditional diabetic foot risk assessment,health education,and self-management.This study provides an overview of digital therapeutics,summarizes its application in patients with diabetic foot,and proposes relevant recommendations,aiming to provide a reference for improving the quality of life and satisfaction of patients with diabetic foot and reducing the recurrence of diabetic foot.

Objective:To investigate the differences in cross-frequency coupling (CFC) characteristics of electroencephalography (EEG) between narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and narcolepsy type 2 (NT2).Methods:A total of 23 NT1 and 31 NT2 patients were included from the Chinese Clinical Sleep Database (CCSD) between October 2022 and September 2023. All participants underwent overnight polysomnography and a multiple sleep latency test. CFC features were extracted from EEG signals during polysomnography, encompassing various combinations of sleep stages, electrode pairs, frequency bands, and coupling types. Feature selection was performed using elastic net regularization. The Spearman correlation between key CFC features and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores was analyzed. Finally, a support vector classification (SVC) model was constructed to distinguish NT1 from NT2, and leave-one-out cross-validation was used to assess the generalization performance.Results:Among all coupling features during non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 1 (N1), the fronto-occipital θ-α1 and central δ-α1 couplings showed the highest absolute coefficients, reaching 1.13 and 1.10, respectively. In the NT1 group, the α1-β2 imaginary part of phase-locking value (iPLV) of the F3-C3 pair during N1 was significantly positively correlated with ESS scores ( r=0.52, P=0.012). In the machine learning classification task, the SVC model achieved an accuracy of 85% using leave-one-out cross-validation. Conclusion:The CFC features during the sleep-wake transition stage play an important role in distinguishing NT1 from NT2 and show a significant correlation with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in NT1. CFC may serve as a potential biomarker for differentiating narcolepsy subtypes and provide new insights into the mechanisms and clinical evaluation of EDS.

BACKGROUND:Currently,electrospun nanofibers,which are biomimetic materials of natural extracellular matrix and contain a three-dimensional network of interconnected pores,have been successfully used as scaffolds for various tissue regeneration,but are still faced with the challenge of extending the biomaterials into three-dimensional structures to reproduce the physiological,chemical as well as mechanical properties of the tissue microenvironment. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the process and principles of electrostatic spinning and to explore the applications of the resulting electrospun nanofibers in tissue regeneration of skin,blood vessels,nerves,bone,cartilage and tendons/ligaments. METHODS:With"electrospinning,electrospun nanofibers,electrospun nanofiber scaffolds,tissue regeneration"as the Chinese and English search terms,Google Academic Database,PubMed,and CNKI were searched,and finally 88 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The electrospun nanofibers are a natural fibrous extracellular matrix mimetic material and contain a three-dimensional network of interconnected pores that have been successfully used as scaffolds for a variety of tissue regeneration applications.(2)Several papers have described the great potential of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds applied to the regeneration of skin,blood vessels,nerves,bones,cartilage and tendons/ligaments,providing a solid theoretical basis for its final application in clinical disease treatment,or for its transformation into practical products to enter the market.(3)However,the current research results are mostly based on cell experimental research results in vitro,and whether it can be finally applied to human body still needs clinical verification.(4)At present,many kinds of electrospun products for various clinical needs have been commercialized in and outside China,indicating that the research field of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds for soft and hard tissue regeneration has great research value and application potential.

Objective·To explore the correlation between body compositions and cardiovascular fitness(CRF)in patients with coronary heart disease(CHD).Methods·The CHD patients(CHD group)who underwent elective percutaneous coronary intervention treatment at Renji Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from October 2022 to June 2023 as well as healthy people(control group)were selected.All the participants completed cardiopulmonary exercise testing(CPET)to determine CRF and bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA)to determine body compositions on the same day.Results·A total of 191 patients with coronary heart disease and 188 healthy individuals were included.There was no statistically significant difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups.Compared with the control group,the CRF indicators of the CHD group were significantly reduced(all P<0.05).In terms of body composition indicators,the trunk muscle mass(TMM)of the CHD group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.01),and the trunk fat mass(TFM)was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.01).Correlation analysis showed that TMM(R=0.538),lower limbs muscle mass(LMM)(R=0.754),and lower limbs fat mass(LFM)(R=0.593)were positively correlated with peak oxygen uptake per kilogram of bodyweight(VO2peak/kg)in the CHD group(all P<0.01),while TFM(R=-0.563)was negatively correlated with VO2peak/kg(P<0.01).There was no statistically significant correlation between other body composition indicators and VO2peak/kg.According to VO2peak/kg,the CHD patients were divided into low CRF group,medium CRF group,and high CRF group.The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in LMM,TMM,LFM,and TFM among the three groups of patients(all P<0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that age,gender,TMM,TFM,LMM,and LFM were related factors of VO2peak/kg in the patients with CHD.The VO2peak/kg of CHD patients increased with the increase of TMM,LMM,and LFM and the decrease of age and TFM;the female patients had lower VO2peak/kg compared to the males.Conclusion·The CRF of CHD patients is significantly lower than that of the healthy population,with higher TFM and lower TMM;in the CHD patients,CRF is negatively correlated with TFM and positively correlated with TMM,LMM,and LFM.

Objective:To determine the relative correction factor of pre-vitamin D and simplify the calculation method of vitamin D assay.Methods:By studying the calculation method of vitamin D content in drug standards of various countries,HPLC was used to determine the relative correction factor of pre-vitamin D,and the influencing factors of determination were investigated.Results:The relative correction factors of pre-vitamin D at 254 nm and 265nm wavelength were determined by statistical analysis of 7 laboratories in China.Conclusion:Using the pre-vi-tamin D relative correction factor method to calculate the total amount of vitamin D simplified the experimental steps can be simplified by the pre-vitamin D relative correction factor method to calculate the total amount of vitamin D and the random operating errors can be avoided.The method is rapid and accurate,and lay a solid foundation for further improving the standard of vitamin D preparations.