Diabetic kidney disease（DKD） is a chronic kidney structural and functional disorder caused by diabetes. With the global prevalence of diabetes continuing to rise， DKD has gradually become a major cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease（ESRD）， posing a serious threat to patients' quality of life and long-term health outcomes. Studies have shown that apoptosis plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of DKD， with its mechanisms involving abnormal activation of multiple signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptor 4（TLR4）/nuclear transcription factor-κB（NF-κB）/B-cell lymphoma-2（Bcl-2）/cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase（Caspase）-3， protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase（PERK）/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α（eIF2α）/activating transcript factor 4（ATF4）/CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein（CHOP）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase（PI3K）/protein kinase B（Akt）/glycogen synthase kinase-3β（GSK-3β）， Janus kinase 2（JAK2）/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3（STAT3）， adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase（AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin（mTOR） and silent information regulator 1（SIRT1）/tumor suppressor protein 53（p53）， thereby accelerating renal pathological damage in DKD. Extensive evidence-based medical studies have confirmed that traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）， leveraging its unique therapeutic advantages of multi-target， multi-component and multi-pathway approaches， has demonstrated remarkable efficacy and favorable safety profiles in treating DKD. Recent studies have demonstrated that active components of TCM can specifically target and modulate key effectors in apoptotic signaling pathways. Meanwhile， traditional compound formulations exert synergistic effects through multiple approaches such as replenishing deficiency and activating blood circulation， detoxifying and dredging collaterals， tonifying kidney essence， and removing stasis and purging turbidity， thereby comprehensively regulating critical pathological processes including endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. This combined therapeutic approach of molecular targeting and holistic regulation provides novel strategies for delaying the progression of DKD. Based on this， this paper provides an in-depth analysis of key apoptotic signaling pathways and their regulatory mechanisms， while systematically summarizing recent research advances regarding the therapeutic effects of TCM active components， compound formulations， and proprietary Chinese medicines on DKD through modulation of these pathways， with particular emphasis on their underlying molecular mechanisms. These findings not only elucidate the modern scientific connotation and theoretical basis of TCM in treating DKD but also establish a solid theoretical and practical foundation for promoting the wider clinical application and further research of TCM in the field of DKD treatment.

Microbial communities such as those residing in the human gut are highly diverse and complex, and many with important implications for health and diseases. The effects and functions of these microbial communities are determined not only by their species compositions and diversities but also by the dynamic intra- and inter-cellular states at the transcriptional level. Powerful and scalable technologies capable of acquiring single-microbe-resolution RNA sequencing information in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of complex microbial communities together with their hosts are therefore utterly needed. Here we report the development and utilization of a droplet-based smRNA-seq (single-microbe RNA sequencing) method capable of identifying large species varieties in human samples, which we name smRandom-seq2. Together with a triple-module computational pipeline designed for the bacteria and bacteriophage sequencing data by smRandom-seq2 in four human gut samples, we established a single-cell level bacterial transcriptional landscape of human gut microbiome, which included 29,742 single microbes and 329 unique species. Distinct adaptive response states among species in Prevotella and Roseburia genera and intrinsic adaptive strategy heterogeneity in Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens were uncovered. Additionally, we identified hundreds of novel host-phage transcriptional activity associations in the human gut microbiome. Our results indicated that smRandom-seq2 is a high-throughput and high-resolution smRNA-seq technique that is highly adaptable to complex microbial communities in real-world situations and promises new perspectives in the understanding of human microbiomes.
Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics* ; Bacteriophages/physiology* ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods* ; Bacteria/virology*

In-depth study of the components of polymyxins is the key to controlling the quality of this class of antibiotics. Similarities and variations of components present significant analytical challenges. A two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometr (LC-MS) method was established for screening and comprehensive profiling of compositions of the antibiotic colistimethate sodium (CMS). A high concentration of phosphate buffer mobile phase was used in the first-dimensional LC system to get the components well separated. For efficient and high-accuracy screening of CMS, a targeted method based on a self-constructed high resolution (HR) mass spectrum database of CMS components was established. The database was built based on the commercial MassHunter Personal Compound Database and Library (PCDL) software and its accuracy of the compound matching result was verified with six known components before being applied to genuine sample screening. On this basis, the unknown peaks in the CMS chromatograms were deduced and assigned. The molecular formula, group composition, and origins of a total of 99 compounds, of which the combined area percentage accounted for more than 95% of CMS components, were deduced by this 2D-LC-MS method combined with the MassHunter PCDL. This profiling method was highly efficient and could distinguish hundreds of components within 3 h, providing reliable results for quality control of this kind of complex drugs.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of dengue fever inpatients in Guangzhou area, so that to provide references for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods:The demographic data, laboratory findings, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of 116 dengue fever cases admitted to Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University and the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University from August 1st to December 21st, 2024 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 116 patients, 99 cases (85.34%) were classified as non-severe dengue, while 17(14.66%) progressed to severe dengue (SD). The cohort was comprised of 62(53.45%) males and 54(46.55%) females, with an age of 63.5(22.0) years, and the hospitalization duration was 6(4) days, with the fever duration of 6(2) days. Sixty-two patients (53.45%) were complicated with comorbidities, among which hypertension (66.13%(41/62)), diabetes mellitus (25.81%(16/62)) and coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (22.58%(14/62)) accounted for the highest proportion. Primary clinical manifestations included fever (113 cases, 97.41%), with 86.21%(100/116) experiencing fever ≥five days, followed by fatigue (92 cases, 79.31%), myalgia (65 cases, 56.03%), anorexia (56 cases, 48.28%), cough/sputum (55 cases, 47.41%), and headache (54 cases, 46.55%). Early laboratory findings revealed leukopenia (2.22(1.75)×10 9/L], lymphopenia (0.63(0.50)×10 9/L), and thrombocytopenia (77.00(57.00)×10 9/L). Among 17 SD cases, 17 cases experienced severe organ damage, two cases had severe gastrointestinal bleeding, and two cases had septic shock. Among the patients with severe organ damage, there were eight cases of severe cardiac injury, followed by six cases of severe respiratory system injury, four cases of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, three cases of acute kidney injury, three cases of neurological injury, and three cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Severe cardiac injury was manifested with acute heart failure in five cases, malignant arrhythmia in three cases, stress cardiomyopathy in one case, and acute myocardial infarction in one case. Severe respiratory system injuries were manifested with acute respiratory distress syndrome in five cases, severe pneumonia in three cases, and acute pulmonary embolism in one case. Neurological damage was manifested with viral meningitis in one case, acute cerebral infarction in one case, and sensorineural hearing loss in one case. All patients were cured or discharged after symptomatic supportive treatment and active prevention and treatment of complications. Conclusions:In 2024, dengue fever inpatients in Guangzhou area predominantly consist of elderly patients, who are complicated with comorbidities and present a high proportion of severe cases. Severe patients are primarily characterized by organ damage, with cardiovascular system injury being the most common severe manifestation. Dengue patients have a good prognosis.

Drug addiction is a chronic disease that causes serious physical and psychological harm to the individual,as well as damage to society.Biomarkers are indicators that differ significantly between healthy people and patients and are important for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.The increasing incidence of drug addiction in recent years and the wider variety and number of new drugs has led to an increase in the study of biomarkers of drug addiction and their analysis in different biological samples.This paper reviews biomarkers of drug addiction in hair,blood,urine,and feces,to help to explore the biological signatures of drug addiction and facilitate its clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective Based on metrology analysis of the literatures on the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)by traditional Chinese medicine,the research trends,hot spots and current situation in this field in the past 10 years were discussed,so as to provide reference for future clinical application and academic research.Methods Clinical research literatures on the treatment of PCOS by traditional Chinese medicine published on CNKI,Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform and VIP database from January 2014 to October 2024 were searched.CiteSpace software was used to visualize the knowledge graph of authors,institutional cooperation,key words and other relevant data.Results A total of 1154 Chinese literatures were obtained through the search.The visual analysis found that the traditional Chinese medicine research of PCOS was mainly represented by Hou Lihui and Xu Fang,and the institutions were concentrated in the universities of traditional Chinese medicine and their affiliated hospitals in Northeast and East China.The key words analysis showed that infertility,obesity,insulin resistance,intestinal flora,metabolomics and other research hots pots in this field.Conclusion Chinese medicine has significant efficacy in treatment of PCOS,and its holistic regulation theory is highly compatible with the systemic metabolic disorder of PCOS.However,existing studies are characterized by regional concentration,and cross-regional cooperation and disciplinary integration need to be strengthened.Future studies should focus on multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment combining Chinese and Western medicine to promote the modernization and precision of PCOS treatment.

Purpose To explore the diagnostic efficacy of 99Tcm labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor(FAPI)SPECT/CT for metastatic lesions in advanced colorectal cancer and its impact on decisions regarding immunotherapy,and to compare it with 18F-FDG PET/CT.Materials and Methods A total of 34 patients with advanced colorectal cancer who underwent both 99Tcm-FAPI SPECT/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging from August 2022 to November 2023 in Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital were prospectively included.The gold standard was based on biopsy or clinical and imaging follow-up results.Chi-square tests and rank sum tests were used to compare differences between the groups.Results Among the 34 patients,17 patients subsequently received immunotherapy.The uptake of 99Tcm-FAPI was significantly higher than that of 18F-FDG for the primary tumor site(Z=-2.389,P=0.017),peritoneal metastasis(Z=-2.497,P=0.013)and liver metastasis(Z=-0.106,P=0.015).The diagnostic efficacy of 99Tcm-FAPI SPECT/CT for patients with peritoneal metastasis was superior to that of 18F-FDG PET/CT(χ2=4.65,P=0.033).Metastatic lesions that did not uptake 99Tcm-FAPI had a better clinical prognosis after immunotherapy(χ2=11.839,P=0.006),and maximum standardized uptake value(SUVmax)-FDG/SUVmax-FAPI ratio was a promising predictive factor for a better prognosis after immunotherapy,with an optimal cut-off value of 5.04.Conclusion 99Tcm-FAPI SPECT/CT has superior diagnostic efficacy for peritoneal metastasis in advanced colorectal cancer compared with 18F-FDG PET/CT.SUVmax-FDG/SUVmax-FAPI ratio is a promising radiomic parameter for predicting patient prognosis after immunotherapy,which can help guide clinical decision-making further.

The standardized implementation of intraoperative nerve monitoring technology significantly minimizes surgical injury risks. Its application in endoscopic and robotic thyroid surgeries enhances procedural safety. Building upon standardized protocols, our team has innovated technical extensions through accumulated clinical experience, systematically formulated as operational guidelines. This article elucidated these technical extensions through pictures and videos, aiming to improve the safety and procedural fluency of endoscopic and robotic thyroidectomies.

Objective To explore the efficiency of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging-guided hepatectomy and its short-term prognosis in patients with primary liver carcinoma. Methods Retrospective analysis was conducted on 166 patients diagnosed with primary liver carcinoma and admitted to the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Shanghai General Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from June 2018 to June 2021. Patients were categorized into ICG group (n=72) and non-ICG group (n=94) based on the utilization of ICG during surgery. Moreover, the clinical information of preoperation, intraoperation, and postoperation were collected and compared between the two groups. ICG fluorescence images of the lesions in the ICG group were recorded for analysis. Results ICG fluorescence intensity is associated with the histopathology, differentiation grade of primary liver cancer, and the presence of liver cirrhosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma lesions predominantly displayed partial fluorescence, while intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma lesions showed circular fluorescence. Well differentiated tumors exhibited complete fluorescence (7/11), moderately differentiated tumors demonstrated partial fluorescence (28/51), and poorly differentiated tumors displayed circular fluorescence (7/10). Most patients with liver cirrhosis exhibited partial fluorescence (18/35) or complete fluorescence (13/35).Compared to the non-ICG group, the ICG group demonstrated higher serum albumin levels on the first (34.6 g/L vs. 31.4 g/L) and the third postoperative days (32.4 g/L vs. 31.2 g/L)(P<0.001). Conversely, the ICG group showed shorter operation time (170 min vs. 210 min), lower rate of intraoperative hepatic portal blockade (9.7% vs. 33.0%), less intraoperative blood loss (400 mL vs. 430 mL), shorter postoperative hospital stay (10 d vs. 14 d), and lower incidence of short-term postoperative complications (4.2% vs. 20.2%) (P<0.05) compared to the non-ICG group. Conclusions ICG fluorescence intensity is associated with the histopathology, differentiation grade of primary liver cancer, and the presence of liver cirrhosis.The judicious application of ICG fluorescence imaging technology alongside surgical techniques holds promise for improving short-term prognosis and expediting the postoperative recovery.

In-depth study of the components of polymyxins is the key to controlling the quality of this class of antibiotics.Similarities and variations of components present significant analytical challenges.A two-dimensional(2D)liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)method was established for screening and comprehensive profiling of compositions of the antibiotic colistimethate sodium(CMS).A high concentration of phosphate buffer mobile phase was used in the first-dimensional LC system to get the components well separated.For efficient and high-accuracy screening of CMS,a targeted method based on a self-constructed high resolution(HR)mass spectrum database of CMS components was established.The database was built based on the commercial MassHunter Personal Compound Database and Library(PCDL)software and its accuracy of the compound matching result was verified with six known components before being applied to genuine sample screening.On this basis,the unknown peaks in the CMS chromatograms were deduced and assigned.The molecular formula,group composition,and origins of a total of 99 compounds,of which the combined area percentage accounted for more than 95％of CMS components,were deduced by this 2D-LC-MS method combined with the MassHunter PCDL.This profiling method was highly efficient and could distinguish hundreds of components within 3 h,providing reliable results for quality control of this kind of complex drugs.