Avian coccidiosis, an acute parasitic disease that mainly harms chicks, is widely prevalent across the world, which poses a serious threat to poultry industry. Because of the single prophylactic formulations, veterinary clinical treatment of coccidiosis mainly relies on chemically synthesized agents, polyether ionophores and Chinese herbal medicines. The introduction of novel anticoccidial drugs is slow for a long period of time, and there is an increasing problem of anticoccidial drug resistance following long-term use, which has become an urgent problem to be solved in poultry industry. This review summarizes the levels of anticoccidial drug resistance across China from 2018 to 2023, and analyzes the resistance to various anticoccidial agents in coccidia. It is indicated that the overall prevalence of anticoccidial drug resistance is high in coccidia, and development of novel anticoccidial agents and products with reduced antibiotics use and alternatives of antibiotics is of an urgent need.

Objective To analyze the distribution and drug resistance patterns of pathogenic bacteria in bile and blood cultures obtained from patients with biliary stones accompanied by acute biliary tract infection,to evaluate the clinical appropriate-ness of antibiotic use based on drug sensitivity results,and to provide evidence for empirical antibiotic treatment in such patients.Methods The clinical data of 161 patients with biliary calculi complicated by acute biliary tract infection who were admitted to the First People's Hospital of Neijiang from 2017 to 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.The results of microbial culture,drug sensitivity analysis,and patient characteristics were assessed to evaluate the appropriateness of clinical antimicrobial therapy.Results Among the 161 patients with positive cultures,212 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected.The predominant patho-gens were Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies,and Enterococcus faecium.Age and underlying diseases significantly affected the distribution of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies.Within the gram-negative bacterial group,Esche-richia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies exhibited higher drug resistance to commonly used broad-spectrum penicillin,third-generation cephalosporin and quinolones but lower resistance rates to piperacillin and tazobactam;furthermore,elderly indi-viduals aged ≥65 years showed higher resistance rates to ceftriaxone than those under age 65 while people with drug exposure history had higher ceftazidime resistance rates that were statistically significant.In contrast to Enterococcus faecalis which displayed low antimicrobial resistance rates for most drugs tested in this study,Enterococcus faecium demonstrated high levels of antibiotic resistance;however,both Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium exhibited zero-resistance rates against vancomycin and tigecycline although this may be attributed to their small sample size in our study cohort.Finally,we found that empirical anti-in-fective drugs,as well as target anti-infective drugs,were not prescribed rationally among these patients due mainly to inappropriate combinations of antibiotics or incorrect dosages.Conclusions The predominant pathogens in patients with acute biliary tract infection are gram-negative bacteria,Gram-positive bacteria,and fungi;however,the potential involvement of anaerobic bacteria should not be overlooked.Vancomycin exhibits sensitivity against gram-positive bacteria,yet the overall rationality of antibiotic usage remains suboptimal.Enhanced clinical testing for pathogenic microorganisms is imperative in the management of biliary stones accompanied by acute biliary tract infection.In contrast,clinical pharmacists should provide comprehensive training on anti-infective drugs to clinicians to facilitate their judicious selection of antibiotics based on drug sensitivity results and prevent the e-mergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of belumosudil for the treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) .Methods:We retrospectively collected data on patients with cGVHD who received belumosudil at Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from May 2023 to March 2024. The study endpoints were overall response rate (ORR), organ-specific response rates, time to response (TTR), changes in Lee Symptom Scale (LSS) scores, tapering or discontinuation of corticosteroid treatment, failure-free survival (FFS), and adverse events.Results:The study included 20 patients with cGVHD who received belumosudil, of whom 15 were men and 5 women. The median age was 34.5 (12-67) years, and three patients were under 18 years old. The median follow-up duration was 5.0 (1.4 - 9.8) months. All patients had severe cGVHD, and 18 (90.0%) showed involvement of at least four organs. The median number of prior treatment lines was 4, and 15 patients (75%) had previously received ruxolitinib. All patients received 200 mg of belumosudil once daily in combination with other cGVHD systemic therapies. The ORR was 90.0% (95% CI: 68.3%-98.8%), and all responses were partial responses. The median TTR was 1.6 (0.9 - 8.4) months. The LSS scores improved in a clinically meaningful way in 80.0% (16/20) of the patients within 3 months. The corticosteroid dose was reduced in 42.6% (6/14) of the patients. The 3-month FFS was 79.6% (95% CI: 61.4%-100.0%). Most adverse events were grade 1 or grade 2, and two patients (10.0%) experienced grade 3 or higher-grade adverse events. Conclusions:In the real-world setting, belumosudil demonstrated good effectiveness and safety in patients with cGVHD with a history of severe disease and multiorgan involvement.

The rising prevalence of allergic diseases imposes a significant burden on healthcare resources and socio-economic systems. Allergen testing plays a critical role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic diseases. However, its application in clinical practice still faces numerous challenges. This article reviews the current status of allergen testing in clinical settings and discusses the challenges in managing allergic diseases. Additionally, it provides recommendations for improving medical education on allergen testing and promoting standardized clinical management of allergic diseases.

In recent years, the continuous rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases has posed a significant threat to public health in China. With advancements in molecular biology technologies, allergen component resolved diagnosis (CRD) has gradually become an essential tool for precise diagnosis and personalized treatment. The Allergy Prevention and Control Specialty Committee of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, in collaboration with multidisciplinary experts, has developed the Expert Consensus on Allergen Component Resolved Diagnosis in China. This article provides an in-depth interpretation of the expert consensus, aiming to assist clinicians and researchers in better understanding and utilizing CRD in the diagnosis and management of allergic diseases. It seeks to promote the standardized application and technological advancement of CRD in China, thereby enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases.

Objective To investigate whether evodiamine(EVO)can alleviate liver injury in septic rats by influencing the nucleo-tide-binding and oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)/interleukin-1 β(IL-1β)/caspase-1 signaling pathway.Methods A rat model of sepsis-induced liver damage was constructed,and the successfully modeled rats were assigned to the model,L-EVO,M-EVO,H-EVO(administered orally at 4,8,and 16 mg/kg of EVO),and H-EVO+NLRP3(administered orally at 16 mg/kg of EVO+intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg/kg of NLRP3 signaling pathway activator sodium salt)groups,each with ten rats.In addition,ten normal rats were selected as the control group(that is,the sham surgery group,without ligation or puncture,using the same steps as for the model group).The control and model groups were administered with equal amounts of physiological saline once daily for 28 d,consecutively.A reagent kit was used to assess rat liver function.Hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining was used to analyze pathological changes in the liver tissue.Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)staining was used to assess apoptosis in liver tissue cells.ELISA was used to analyze IL-6,tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α),and IL-1β levels in serum.Western blotting was used to detect changes in protein expression of the NLRP3/IL-1β/caspase-1 signaling pathway components in liver tissues.Results For the control group,the liver tissues of rats in the model group lost their normal structure,with an uneven distribution of liver cells accompanied by edema and vacuoles.For the model group,the L-EVO,M-EVO,and H-EVO groups exhibited a relatively neat arrangement of liver tissue cells,reduced edema,and vacuoles.As the dose increased,the morphology of liver tissue cells recovered significantly.For the H-EVO group,the H-EVO+NLRP3 group exhibited a disordered arrangement of liver tissue cells with edema and vacuoles.For the control group,the model group showed increased alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),liver tissue cell apoptosis rate,serum IL-6,TNF-α,and IL-1β levels,and expression of NLRP,IL-1β,and caspase-1 protein in the liver tissue(P＜0.05).For the model group,the L-EVO,M-EVO,and H-EVO groups showed lower ALT,AST,liver tissue cell apoptosis rate,serum IL-6,TNF-α,and IL-1β levels,and expression of NLRP,IL-1β,and caspase-1 protein in the liver tissue(P＜0.05).For the H-EVO group,the H-EVO+NLRP3 group had higher ALT,AST,liver tissue cell apoptosis rate,serum IL-6,TNF-α,and IL-1β levels,and expression of NLRP,IL-1β,and caspase-1 pro-tein in the liver tissue(P＜0.05).Conclusion EVO can alleviate liver injury in septic rats by influencing the NLRP3/IL-1β/caspase-1 signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate whether evodiamine(EVO)can alleviate liver injury in septic rats by influencing the nucleo-tide-binding and oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)/interleukin-1 β(IL-1β)/caspase-1 signaling pathway.Methods A rat model of sepsis-induced liver damage was constructed,and the successfully modeled rats were assigned to the model,L-EVO,M-EVO,H-EVO(administered orally at 4,8,and 16 mg/kg of EVO),and H-EVO+NLRP3(administered orally at 16 mg/kg of EVO+intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg/kg of NLRP3 signaling pathway activator sodium salt)groups,each with ten rats.In addition,ten normal rats were selected as the control group(that is,the sham surgery group,without ligation or puncture,using the same steps as for the model group).The control and model groups were administered with equal amounts of physiological saline once daily for 28 d,consecutively.A reagent kit was used to assess rat liver function.Hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining was used to analyze pathological changes in the liver tissue.Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)staining was used to assess apoptosis in liver tissue cells.ELISA was used to analyze IL-6,tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α),and IL-1β levels in serum.Western blotting was used to detect changes in protein expression of the NLRP3/IL-1β/caspase-1 signaling pathway components in liver tissues.Results For the control group,the liver tissues of rats in the model group lost their normal structure,with an uneven distribution of liver cells accompanied by edema and vacuoles.For the model group,the L-EVO,M-EVO,and H-EVO groups exhibited a relatively neat arrangement of liver tissue cells,reduced edema,and vacuoles.As the dose increased,the morphology of liver tissue cells recovered significantly.For the H-EVO group,the H-EVO+NLRP3 group exhibited a disordered arrangement of liver tissue cells with edema and vacuoles.For the control group,the model group showed increased alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),liver tissue cell apoptosis rate,serum IL-6,TNF-α,and IL-1β levels,and expression of NLRP,IL-1β,and caspase-1 protein in the liver tissue(P＜0.05).For the model group,the L-EVO,M-EVO,and H-EVO groups showed lower ALT,AST,liver tissue cell apoptosis rate,serum IL-6,TNF-α,and IL-1β levels,and expression of NLRP,IL-1β,and caspase-1 protein in the liver tissue(P＜0.05).For the H-EVO group,the H-EVO+NLRP3 group had higher ALT,AST,liver tissue cell apoptosis rate,serum IL-6,TNF-α,and IL-1β levels,and expression of NLRP,IL-1β,and caspase-1 pro-tein in the liver tissue(P＜0.05).Conclusion EVO can alleviate liver injury in septic rats by influencing the NLRP3/IL-1β/caspase-1 signaling pathway.

Objective To analyze the distribution and drug resistance patterns of pathogenic bacteria in bile and blood cultures obtained from patients with biliary stones accompanied by acute biliary tract infection,to evaluate the clinical appropriate-ness of antibiotic use based on drug sensitivity results,and to provide evidence for empirical antibiotic treatment in such patients.Methods The clinical data of 161 patients with biliary calculi complicated by acute biliary tract infection who were admitted to the First People's Hospital of Neijiang from 2017 to 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.The results of microbial culture,drug sensitivity analysis,and patient characteristics were assessed to evaluate the appropriateness of clinical antimicrobial therapy.Results Among the 161 patients with positive cultures,212 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected.The predominant patho-gens were Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies,and Enterococcus faecium.Age and underlying diseases significantly affected the distribution of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies.Within the gram-negative bacterial group,Esche-richia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies exhibited higher drug resistance to commonly used broad-spectrum penicillin,third-generation cephalosporin and quinolones but lower resistance rates to piperacillin and tazobactam;furthermore,elderly indi-viduals aged ≥65 years showed higher resistance rates to ceftriaxone than those under age 65 while people with drug exposure history had higher ceftazidime resistance rates that were statistically significant.In contrast to Enterococcus faecalis which displayed low antimicrobial resistance rates for most drugs tested in this study,Enterococcus faecium demonstrated high levels of antibiotic resistance;however,both Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium exhibited zero-resistance rates against vancomycin and tigecycline although this may be attributed to their small sample size in our study cohort.Finally,we found that empirical anti-in-fective drugs,as well as target anti-infective drugs,were not prescribed rationally among these patients due mainly to inappropriate combinations of antibiotics or incorrect dosages.Conclusions The predominant pathogens in patients with acute biliary tract infection are gram-negative bacteria,Gram-positive bacteria,and fungi;however,the potential involvement of anaerobic bacteria should not be overlooked.Vancomycin exhibits sensitivity against gram-positive bacteria,yet the overall rationality of antibiotic usage remains suboptimal.Enhanced clinical testing for pathogenic microorganisms is imperative in the management of biliary stones accompanied by acute biliary tract infection.In contrast,clinical pharmacists should provide comprehensive training on anti-infective drugs to clinicians to facilitate their judicious selection of antibiotics based on drug sensitivity results and prevent the e-mergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

The rising prevalence of allergic diseases imposes a significant burden on healthcare resources and socio-economic systems. Allergen testing plays a critical role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic diseases. However, its application in clinical practice still faces numerous challenges. This article reviews the current status of allergen testing in clinical settings and discusses the challenges in managing allergic diseases. Additionally, it provides recommendations for improving medical education on allergen testing and promoting standardized clinical management of allergic diseases.

In recent years, the continuous rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases has posed a significant threat to public health in China. With advancements in molecular biology technologies, allergen component resolved diagnosis (CRD) has gradually become an essential tool for precise diagnosis and personalized treatment. The Allergy Prevention and Control Specialty Committee of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, in collaboration with multidisciplinary experts, has developed the Expert Consensus on Allergen Component Resolved Diagnosis in China. This article provides an in-depth interpretation of the expert consensus, aiming to assist clinicians and researchers in better understanding and utilizing CRD in the diagnosis and management of allergic diseases. It seeks to promote the standardized application and technological advancement of CRD in China, thereby enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases.