In modern society, sugary foods have become an integral part of many people′s lives. However, excessive sugar consumption has adverse effects on both overall health and oral health, serving as a contributing factor to the global increasing incidence in oral diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, obesity, and diabetes. In response to the health risks related to high-sugar diets, the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Dental Federation (FDI) have proposed initiatives and recommendations, with various governments implementing different policies and strategies to reduce sugar intake. Chinese government has also taken proactive measures. The "Healthy China Action (2019-2030)" initiative introduced by the State Council in 2019 established a crucial benchmark in limiting the average daily intake of added sugar to 25 g per person forward to 2030. Experts from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the field of oral health have meticulously examined the impacts of sugar reduction on oral health, as well as strategies, methods, and practical considerations related to reducing sugar intake through several meeting and wrote the "Expert consensus: reducing free-sugar for caries prevention", which was subsequently reviewed and revised based on the feedback from multiple stakeholders. They have conducted thorough analyses of global trends in sugar reduction and best practices to provide valuable insights to China for crafting effective policies and strategies on sugar reduction. This consensus mainly includes the classification of free sugars, the latest scientific evidence on dental caries, recommendations from WHO on sugar-sweetened beverage taxes, nutrition labeling, advertising, food reform, adjusting supply systems, education, and promotion strategies, as well as sugar reduction actions taken by various governments around the world. Combining the actual situation in China, policy recommendations and authoritative popular science knowledge on sugar reduction for caries prevention to public are proposed to advocate for experts in multiple fields to focus on sugar reduction for caries prevention, promote the work process, and provide the scientific basis for oral health educators.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Objective To evaluate the correlation between MRI burden of cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment in elderly hypertensive people.Methods Data of elderly hypertensive people with CSVD at Xingtai People's Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University from January 2018 to September 2024 were analyzed.According to the total MRI burden score,patients were divided into mild to moderate(0-2)and severe(3-4)burden groups.The baseline data and cognitive impairment were compared between groups.The correlation between risk factors of MRI burden and cognitive impairment was analyzed.Results The severe burden group had higher systolic blood pressure[178(155,180)mmHg vs.159.50(147.75,170)mmHg,higher fasting blood glucose[5.70(5.37,5.92)mmHg vs.5.38(4.83,5.70)mmHg,P<0.05]and higher the proportion of cognitive impairment[8(28.1%)vs.3(6.8%),P<0.05]than the mild to moderate group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that systolic blood pressure(OR=1.033,95%CI:1.001-1.067,P<0.05)was the independent risk factor for total MRI burden.Spearman correlation analysis revealed that MRI total burden was negatively correlated with MMSE score(r=-0.315,P=0.011)and MoCA score(r=-0.662,P<0.001).Compared with the mild to moderate burden group,the severe group performed worse in the areas of orientation,attention and computation,language ability on the MMSE,and worse in visual space and executive ability,attention,language,delayed recall,and orientation on the MoCA(P<0.05).Conclusion Systolic blood pressure is the independent risk factor of MRI total burden in elderly hypertensive people.The higher the total MRI burden,the more severe the cognitive impairment,the worse performance in orientation,visual space and executive ability,attention and computation,language,and delayed recall.

Objective To explore the transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound characteristics in women with abnormal uterine cavity and compare the diagnostic value with hysteroscopy.Methods A total of 102 women who underwent transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound and hysteroscopy in the Department of Ultrasound of Lu'an People's Hospital for various reasons were selected as the research subjects.Hysteroscopy was the gold standard.The three-dimensional ultrasound characteristics of patients with different uterine cavity lesions were statistically analyzed.A 2×2 4-grid table was drawn to calculate the diagnostic value of transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound for various types of uterine cavity lesions.Results There were 22 cases of endometrial polyps,9 cases of intrauterine adhesions,and 5 cases of submucosal fibroids.The accuracy rates of diagnosing endometrial polyps,intrauterine adhesions and submucosal fibroids through transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound were 90.91%,88.89%and 80.00%,respectively.The transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound of patients with endometrial polyps mainly showed deformation of the uterine cavity line,high echoic masses,clear differentiation between the edge of the echogenic mass and the endometrium,almost no deformation of the endometrial basal line,and scattered distribution of blood flow on CDFI ultrasound.Intrauterine adhesions mainly manifested as uneven endometrial thickness and low echogenicity by transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound,and fluid accumulation may found in the uterine cavity of some patients.Transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound showed that submucosal fibroids were mainly hypoechoic,elliptical or irregular in shape,with CDFI revealing abundant blood flow signals.Conclusion When women with abnormal uterine cavity are examined with transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound,patients with different types of lesions have different typical ultrasound characteristics,and transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound diagnosis has a high diagnostic accuracy with respect to hysteroscopy as the gold standard,exhibiting its advantages of non-invasive and rapid diagnosis,worthy of clinical promotion.

Objective To investigate the correlation between voice fatigue index(VFI)and the subjective and objective assessment results of voice impairment.Methods Fifty-one patients with voice disorders and 48 normal subjects were selected for VFI assessment and comparison of the differences in scores between the two groups.Sub-jective voice handicap index(VHI)and objective acoustic assessment were performed on the patients with voice dis-orders to analyze the correlation between VFI scores and the results of subjective and objective assessment of voice disorders.Results There was significant difference of the VFI scores between the voice disorder patients and the control group,with the total VFI score,part Ⅰ and part Ⅱ scores higher than those of control group,and the partⅢ score lower than those of the control group(P＜0.05),and there was a strong correlation between the total and part VFI scores and the total and part VHI scores(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).The VFI part Ⅰ and part Ⅱ scores were regatively correlated with the I-low(P＜0.05),but there was not a significant correlation with the other acoustics parameters and the dysphonia severity index(DSI)(P＞0.05).Conclusion Voice fatigue symptoms were more prominent in the voice-impaired population,and the VFI score was significantly correlated with the subjective voice disorder severity,but the correlation with the objective acoustic parameters was not significant.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of laryngeal diadochokinesis(LDDK)in children with functional articulation disorder(FAD)using different corpus.Methods A total of 23 children with FAD and 21 typically developing(TD)children,aged 4-6,from Shanghai's general kindergartens were recruited.Five types of acoustic parameters were collected:average rate and jitter(％)of LDDK(/?a/,/ha/,/??/,/h?/),the diadochoki-nesis rate(/pataka/),the jitter and shimmer of the vowel/a/,maximum phonation time(MPT).Differences across different corpora of the LDDK were analyzed between the two groups.Results ① Between-group compari-son:the rate of/?a/was significantly lower in FAD children than in TD children(P＜0.05).② Different corpora comparison:the LDDK speed of/?a/-/ha/was significantly different for both groups,/?a/-/??/was significantly different in TD children,and/ha/-/h?/was significantly different in FAD children.The LDDK jitter of/ha/-/h?/was significantly different among FAD children.Conclusion The LDDK of children with FAD is weaker than the TD children,and both groups exhibiting varying abilities across different corpora.

Objective This study aims to elucidate the functional mechanism through which seminal plasma exosomal miR-26a-5p and its target genes contribute to idiopathic teratozoospermia,with emphasis on their regulatory pathways in sperm morphogenesis defects,thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for novel diagnostic markers and targeted therapies.Methods A case-control study design was adopted,enrolling 154 male subjects(84 in the teratozoospermia group[TZS]and 70 in the normal control group[NC]).Seminal plasma exosomes were isolated to screen differentially expressed miRNAs,followed by prediction and analysis of target genes and signaling pathways.Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were employed to validate the direct binding of miR-26a-5p to PTEN.Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were used to measure miRNA and protein expression levels.Spearman correlation analysis evaluated relationships between miR-26a-5p,PTEN,and sperm morphological parameters,while ROC curve analysis assessed diagnostic efficacy.Results Seminal plasma exosomal miRNA sequencing identified 11 differentially expressed miRNAs,with miR-26a-5p significantly upregulated in the TZS group(P<0.05)and negatively correlated with the percentage of normal sperm morphology in TZS(r=-0.762,P<0.05).PTEN was confirmed as a direct target of miR-26a-5p,with its expression significantly reduced in the TZS group(P<0.05)and positively correlated with normal sperm morphology(r=0.821,P<0.05).A negative correlation was observed between miR-26a-5p and PTEN(r=-0.878,P<0.05).Dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that miR-26a-5p specifically inhibited PTEN 3'UTR activity(45%reduction in luciferase activity,P<0.05).Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the miR-26a-5p-PTEN axis exacerbates oxidative stress,DNA damage,and abnormal spermatocyte division by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR,p53,Wnt/β-catenin,and NF-κB pathways.ROC analysis showed diagnostic efficacy for teratozoospermia with AUCROC values of 0.785(sensitivity 78.9%,specificity 71.3%)for miR-26a-5p and 0.754(sensitivity 73.3%,specificity 75.1%)for PTEN.Conclusions miR-26a-5p suppresses PTEN through targeted inhibition,activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways while impairing DNA repair functions.This cascade leads to accumulated oxidative stress and sperm morphological abnormalities.The combined pattern of elevated seminal plasma exosomal miR-26a-5p expression and reduced PTEN levels demonstrates diagnostic potential for idiopathic teratozoospermia,with its molecular mechanism providing a theoretical foundation for biomarker development.Targeted silencing of miR-26a-5p,either alone or in combination with AKT/mTOR inhibitors and antioxidant therapy,may represent a novel strategy for improving sperm morphology.

Objective To study the syntactic impairment characteristics of wh-question comprehension and expression in Chinese non-fluent aphasic patients.Methods The differences in comprehension and expression be-tween 25 non-fluent aphasic patients and 25 normal subjects were tested in the form of sentence-figure matching and elicitation-repetition to analyze syntactic impairment characteristics related to sentence patterns,question objects,and question words.Results The patients with non-fluent aphasia had impaired comprehension and expression of specific interrogative sentences,and the order of correct comprehension was:(active interrogative sentence,object pseudo-split interrogative sentence)＞(subject pseudo-split interrogative sentence,passive interrogative sentence),and the order of correct expression was:active interrogative sentence＞(pseudo-split interrogative sentence,pas-sive interrogative sentence).Conclusion The pattern of impaired comprehension and expression of wh-question was similar in patients with Chinese non-fluent aphasia.The main influences on syntactic structure included the object of questioning(subject-object)and the type of sentence.Obstacles were more pronounced in sentences with wh-move-ment and non-canonical order.

Objective To explore the application value of different deep learning models in predicting the lung cancer spread through air spaces(STAS).Methods A total of 203 patients with stage Ⅰ—Ⅱ primary lung cancer were included,of which 74 were STAS-positive and 129 were STAS-negative.Patients were randomly divided into training set(142 cases)and test set(61 cases)at a 7∶3 ratio.Region of interest(ROI)was outlined using ITK-SNAP software,facilitating the extraction of tumor and peritumoral images.The Resnet18,Inception_v3,and Vision Transformer(Vit)were employed for model training and feature extraction.Feature selection was performed by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)algorithm and Spearman correlation coefficient,followed by the establishment of a predictive model using the Naive Bayes machine learning algorithm.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was drawn to compare the prediction performance of each model.The assessment of calibration was performed using calibration curves,and the evaluation of clinical application value was conducted using decision curve analysis(DCA).Results The area under the curve(AUC)for the training and test sets were as follows:the training set Resnet18 0.849-0.930,Inception_v3 0.848-0.888,Vit 0.747-0.842;and the test set Resnet18 0.796-0.846,Inception_v3 0.783-0.804,Vit 0.690-0.796.In tumor-peritumoral images,Resnet18 had a higher calibration and better clinical net benefit,while Vit showed superior calibration and clinical net benefit when only tumor tissue was considered.Conclusion Deep learning models can effectively predict lung cancer STAS,providing more decision support for the preoperative diagnosis and treatment of stages Ⅰ—Ⅱ lung cancer.

The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of Echinacea purpurea extract on the digestive ability,immune function and intestinal barrier of the Bamei ternary pigs.Forty-eight healthy pigs of 50 days old were randomly divided into four groups,each with three replicates and four pigs in each replicate.The control group(CON)was fed a basal diet,and the experimental group was divided into 5 g/kg(T1),10 g/kg(T2)and 15 g/kg(T3)of Echinacea extract in the basal diet.The pre-test period was 5 days and the main test period was 35 days with free feeding and drinking during the test period.The results showed that:There was no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of nutrients and jejunum morphology in the test group compared to the CON group(P＞0.05).Amylase and trypsin activities were significantly higher in the experimental group and lipase activities were significantly higher in T2 and T3 groups compared to CON group(P＜0.05).GSH,CAT and T-AOC activities were significantly higher in the experimental group compared to CON group(P＜0.05).In comparison with CON group,the levels of IL-1 and IL-6 were significantly lower in the experimental group(P＜0.05),and the levels of TNF-α were significantly lower in the T2 and T3 groups(P＜0.05);and the levels of IL-10 were signifi-cantly higher in the T3 group(P＜0.05).The mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4,MyD88,TRAF6,and NF-κB were significantly lower in the experimental group(P＜0.05).The mRNA and protein expression levels of CLDN-1,OCLN and ZO-1 were significantly increased in the test group(P＜0.05).The results between the test groups showed that the protein expression levels of CLDN-1 and OCLN were significantly increased in the T3 group compared with the T1 group(P＜0.05).In conclusion,the addition of Echinacea extract to the ration can,to a certain ex-tent,improve the digestive ability,balance the immune ability,and improve the intestinal barrier function of the Bamei ternary pigs,thus promoting the intestinal health of pigs.