Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

The prevalence of Class III malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore, early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class III malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class III malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/classification* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Child

Objective Neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES)-evoked kinesthetic information in muscle spindle can be purely extracted from the mixed motor and sensory afferents using Ischemic nerve block(INB).This study aims to investigate the somatosensory cortical response evoked by NMES activating muscle spindle afferents in forearm.Methods All subjects performed four experimental tasks designed according to a 2×2 factors,including one factor of the INB state(without INB and within INB)and the other of the stimulation intensity(above and below motor threshold).During the experiment,we recorded EEG data with 64 channels and then beta event-related desynchronization(Beta ERD)were utilized quantize somatosensory cortical excitability evoked by the tasks.The subjective perception about the sensation and movement of the right hand were evaluated by a psychophysical test after the right wrist was performed by INB.Results INB significantly reduced beta ERD on the contralateral somatosensory cortex evoked by NMES above the motor threshold,and there was significant difference of NMES-evoked beta ERD values on the contralateral somatosensory cortex between above and below motor threshold.Meanwhile,contralateral dominance of NMES-evoked beta ERD on the somatosensory cortex was transferred to ipsilateral hemisphere under INB.Conclusion INB can significantly reduce NMES-evoked somatosensory cortical response above motor threshold and decrease cortical perception on the stimulus intensity,which may be due to INB resulting in rapid functional reorganization of somatosensory cortex.

Objective:To reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) dose distribution in radiotherapy based on the convolutional neural networks (CNN) through multi-perspective scintillation light processing.Methods:First, fluorescence images were captured from three orthogonal perspectives using a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) imaging sensor. Then, the images were converted into 3D images, which were input to the trained CNN for dose reconstruction. Finally, the reconstructed doses in different fields were evaluated in terms of gamma pass rate, mean-square error (MSE), percentage depth dose (PDD), and cross beam profile (CBP). Additionally, as the CNN model, 3D-Unet was pre-trained on a virtual dataset.Results:With the 50% maximum dose of as the threshold and 3%/3 mm as the standard, the central-plane and stereo-mean gamma pass rates of all field reconstruction distributions were over 90%, with MSEs remained below 1%. Besides, the PDD and CBP curves showed MSEs below 1‰ and below 1%, respectively.Conclusions:The deep learning-based method for 3D dose reconstruction using scintillation light contributes to enhanced verification of instantaneous 3D relative dose based on plastic scintillation detectors.

Objective:To investigate the effect and safety of one-staged hybrid surgery in the treatment of complicated Stanford B aortic dissection.Methods:246 consecutive patients who underwent one-staged hybrid technique with complicated type B aortic dissection (cTBAD) between January 2014 and July 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The perioperative mortality and morbidity of the hybrid technique was assessed and the early results of follow up were evaluated.Results:The mean age of patients was(57.1±11.2)years old, and 175 (71.1%) were male. There were 166 cases of left common carotid artery-left subclavian artery vessels bypass + TEVAR (A group), operation time(62±8)min, post-operated hospitalization(5.2±1.3)days; 62 cases of right common carotid artery-left common carotid artery vessels bypass+ left common carotid artery-left subclavian artery vessels bypass + TEVAR (B group), operation time(88±12)min, post-operated hospitalization(6.1±1.8)days; 18 cases of debranch + TEVAR, operation time(236±36)min, post-operated hospitalization(8.8±2.1)days. 246 patients underwent hybrid procedure successfully (The technique success rate was 100%). 1 patient(0.4%)with traumatic aortic dissection (with cerebral trauma) died after operation 7 days. The average follow-up period was 5 years(30.3±7.1)xmonths. 236 patients(96%) without endoleak, 10 patients(4%)with proximal endoleak, 5 patients with regular follow-up, 5 patients with surgical treatment during one year (3 patients with re-TEVAR; 2 patients with opening operation); 25 patients(10.2%)incision hematomas, all these patients settled with closely observing and conservative treatment, and all these patients without reintervention. The rate of second intervention was 2% (5/246) the patency of bridging vessel was 99.7% (343/344). There was no paraplegia and stroke during perioperative period.Conclusion:One-staged hybrid surgery has a good short-term and med-term efficacy and safety for complicated Stanford B aortic dissection.

Objective:To explore the value of fusion imaging in the treatment of complex aortic pathology.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted of 29 patients with complex aortic pathology who underwent treatment with endovascular aortic repair using fusion imaging (FI+ ) technique or without FI (FI-) between June 2015 and June 2021. The perioperative outcomes and morbidity of the FI was assessed and the early results of follow up were evaluated.Results:The mean age of patients was (70.3±7.3) years old, and 24 (82.8%) males. Technical success was 96.5% (28/29). The FI+ group patients had lower procedure time[FI+ , (209±53) min vs. FI-, (306±24)min, P=0.005]and ionic contrast medium[(169±23)ml vs. (201±20)ml, P=0.040]. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI)[3.4%(FI+ 0 vs. FI-6.7%, P=0.33)], and operation-related reintervention[6.9%(FI+ 0 vs. FI-13.3%, P=0.16)] were similar. There were no significant differences in blood loss, fluoroscopy time. Conclusion:FI technique improves the accuracy during positioning in complex endovascular aortic repair, could reduce aortic related reintervention rate, operation time and contrast dose. Further studies and development are needed to obtain optimal image quality and higher precision.

【Objective】 To investigate the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid exosome-derived miR-630 and the function of brain microvascular endothelial cells （BMECs）. 【Methods】 The subarachnoid hemorrhage endothelial cell model was established to evaluate the effect of hemorrhagic cerebrospinal fluid （BCSF） on BMECs’ proliferation by MTT assay and cell cycle analysis. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expressions of endothelial cell tight junction protein （ZO-1） and adhesion molecule （ICAM-1 and VCAM-1）. Changes in NOx concentration were detected by radioimmunoassay. The cerebrospinal fluid exosomes in the experimental group （co-incubated with BCSF） and the control group （normal cerebrospinal fluid） were isolated and identified， and differences in the expressions of cerebrospinal fluid exosomal miR-630 between the two groups were compared. BMECs work changes after the intervention with miR-630 analogue were observed. 【Results】 The proliferation of BMECs was significantly inhibited in the experimental group； the mRNA and protein levels of ICAM-1， VCAM-1 and ZO-1 were significantly decreased， and the function of endothelial cells was significantly inhibited （P<0.05）. After the successful separation and identification of cerebrospinal fluid exosomes， the expression of miR-630 was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group （P<0.05）. The function of BMECs was significantly improved with miR-630 mimics. 【Conclusion】 The low expression of miR-630 in cerebrospinal fluid exosomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage is closely related to BMECs injury.

Objective:To explore the efficacy and safety of transvaginal anterior pelvic floor reconstruction with mesh in treatment of patients with cystocele and lower urinary tract symptoms.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 32 patients who underwent transvaginal anterior pelvic reconstruction with mesh from June 2015 to February 2019 was performed. The age of the patients was 57-86 years old, with an average of (67.8±7.6) years; body mass index(BMI) (22.6±3.0) kg/m 2; mean duration of disease (2.9±2.3) years; delivery 1-7 times, mean(3.0±1.5) times. All patients underwent transvaginal anterior pelvic reconstruction. The anterior wall of the vagina was incised, and the space between the pelvic floor and the bladder was bluntly separated. The mesh was placed under the guidance of the puncture needle after locating marks of body surface. Patients underwent the American Urological Association Symptom Scoring (AUASS) with (14.2±3.5) points, the residual urine (71.3±53.0) ml and the maximum urine flow rate (16.9 ± 3.8) ml/s were measured preoperative. The Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory(POPDI-6), Urogenital Distress Inventory(UDI-6) and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire(PFIQ-7) were recorded as the value of (48.0±7.3) points, (41.7 ± 8.2) points and (62.5 ± 16.4) points, respectively. Thirty-two patients were divided into 2 groups as the group of urinary storage symptom (22 patients) and the group of voiding symptom (10 patients) according to the preoperative lower urinary tract symptoms. The operative time, intraoperative bleeding volume and average hospital stay were recorded. The patients were followed up with AUASS, maximum urine flow rate, residual urine, POPDI-6, UDI-6, PFIQ-7 and complications during and after operations. Results:All the operations of 32 cases were successfull. The average operation time was (61.1±18.6) min, the average intraoperative blood loss was (41.5±12.3)ml, and the average hospital day was (9.1±1.8)d. There were no major organ injuries such as bladder, ureter, iliac vessels and rectum. 27 patients were followed up for 3 to 36 months, with an average of (24.7±10.8) months. There significant improvement of LUTS. At the last follow-up, the AUASS storage phase score (3.4±1.9) points in the urinary storage symptom group(19 patients) and the AUASS urinating phase score (3.9±1.7) points in the voiding symptom group(8 patients) were compared with the preoperative AUASS scores (11.6±1.9) points and (13.9±1.2) points which were significantly reduced. By the last follow up of all the 27 patients, residual urine (23.4±11.0)ml, POPDI-6(3.1±5.4) points, UDI-6 (3.2±5.1) points and PFIQ-7 (12.4±1.7) points were significantly lower than preoperative data. The maximum urinary flow rate(22.4±4.1)ml/s, was significantly higher than that before the operation. All the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). All patients had no recurrence of cystocele. One patient had anterior vaginal wall mesh exposure 3 months after surgery. After removing excess mesh in the outpatient clinic, she was cured by smearing with estrogen ointment. One patient experienced frequent urination and urgency who was cured by oral tolterodine tartrate. One patient with de novo mild SUI during the 1-year follow-up. The symptoms were improved in the outpatient clinic after pelvic floor muscle exercise. At 2-year follow-up, one patient was observed de novo mild posterior wall prolapse with no clinical manifestations and no treatment was carried out. Conclusions:Transvaginal anterior pelvic reconstruction with mesh could be effective in treating cystocele with lower urinary tract symptoms with less surgical trauma, fewer complications and lower recurrence rate. It could effectively improve lower urinary tract symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency and difficulty urinating.However, safety issues such as the incidence of long-term de novo SUI and mesh exposure still require further long-term follow-up.

Gastric cancer highly expressed transcript 1 (GHET1) is first found in gastric cancer and is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). GHET1 is located on chromosome 7q36.1, and is highly expressed in many tumors. High expression of GHET1 is closely related to poor prognosis. Studies have found that GHET1 is involved in regulating many physiological and pathological processes of the body through interaction with microRNAs (miRNAs) or proteins, especially in digestive system tumors, and is expected to become a valuable tumor marker and therapeutic target in the future.

Objective: To explore the therapeutic effect of subcutaneous negative pressure drainage and absorbable suture in preventing postoperative complications of cranioplasty. Methods: The clinical data of 175 cases of skull defect admitted and treated in Department of Neurosurgeryof the Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University from January 2012 to February 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the different intraoperative treatment methods, 97 cases were treated with thread suture to the galea aponeurotica combined with general drainage(the general drainage group), and 78 cases were treated with absorbable suture to the galea aponeurotica combined with negative pressure drainage(the negative pressure drainage group). The galea aponeurotica were sutured intermittently with both silk thread and absorbable suture, and the drainage tube was placed outside the metal titanium plate under the skin, and removed after 48-72 hours.The postoperative complications of the two groups were compared. Results: The incidence rates of subcutaneous hemorrhage, knotting reaction, infection of incision in the negative pressure drainage group were 1.3%(1/78), 0.0%(0/78), and 0.0%(0/78), respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the average drainage group[11.3%(11/97), 20.6%(20/97), 7.2%(7/97)], the differences were statistically significant(χ²=6.85, 18.16, 4.13, all P<0.05). Conclusion The application of absorbable suture suturing galea aponeurotica and subcutaneous negative pressure drainage in skull repair can significantly reduce and prevent postoperative complications of cranioplasty.