Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

The prevalence of Class III malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore, early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class III malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class III malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/classification* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Child

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Objective To review the diagnostic information of 3368 viral hepatitis B inpatient cases reported by some healthcare institutions in Qinghai Province in the National Notifiable Disease Report System(NNDRS)in 2021,and to analyse the consistency of their reports and influence factor.Methods The study used the typical survey method to study 3368 hospitalized cases of hepatitis B reported by 32 medical institutions in Qinghai Province in 2021 from July 2022 to April 2023.The consistency between the reported classification and the reviewed classification was evaluated by reviewing diagnostic information of the cases,combined with the Kappa consistency test,and the consistency-influencing factors were analysed in a univariate and multivariate analysis.Results The consistency between acute,chronic,and unclassified reporting classifications and review classifications was poor(Kappa＜0.40);the consistency between acute and chronic review was poor(Kappa＜0.40).The main influence factor of the consistency of review included the level of medical institution,the patient's gender,occupation,past history,and the unit of diagnosis of initial onset of illness.Provincial medical institutions reported higher consistency,and male cases and herder cases had better consistency than female cases and other occupations.Review consistency of cases with past history was better than that of cases with unclear past history.Conclusion The consistency of diagnosis and reporting of hepatitis B cases in healthcare institutions in Qinghai Province in 2021 was low,with problems of inaccurate classification and duplicate reporting.It is recommended to strengthen the training and supervision of healthcare institutions,standardise the filling of'attached card'information,and promote the hepatitis B core antibody IgM test to improve the classification and diagnosis of acute and chronic hepatitis B,so as to comprehensively improve the accuracy of the diagnosis and reporting of hepatitis B cases.

The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of Echinacea purpurea extract on the digestive ability,immune function and intestinal barrier of the Bamei ternary pigs.Forty-eight healthy pigs of 50 days old were randomly divided into four groups,each with three replicates and four pigs in each replicate.The control group(CON)was fed a basal diet,and the experimental group was divided into 5 g/kg(T1),10 g/kg(T2)and 15 g/kg(T3)of Echinacea extract in the basal diet.The pre-test period was 5 days and the main test period was 35 days with free feeding and drinking during the test period.The results showed that:There was no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of nutrients and jejunum morphology in the test group compared to the CON group(P＞0.05).Amylase and trypsin activities were significantly higher in the experimental group and lipase activities were significantly higher in T2 and T3 groups compared to CON group(P＜0.05).GSH,CAT and T-AOC activities were significantly higher in the experimental group compared to CON group(P＜0.05).In comparison with CON group,the levels of IL-1 and IL-6 were significantly lower in the experimental group(P＜0.05),and the levels of TNF-α were significantly lower in the T2 and T3 groups(P＜0.05);and the levels of IL-10 were signifi-cantly higher in the T3 group(P＜0.05).The mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4,MyD88,TRAF6,and NF-κB were significantly lower in the experimental group(P＜0.05).The mRNA and protein expression levels of CLDN-1,OCLN and ZO-1 were significantly increased in the test group(P＜0.05).The results between the test groups showed that the protein expression levels of CLDN-1 and OCLN were significantly increased in the T3 group compared with the T1 group(P＜0.05).In conclusion,the addition of Echinacea extract to the ration can,to a certain ex-tent,improve the digestive ability,balance the immune ability,and improve the intestinal barrier function of the Bamei ternary pigs,thus promoting the intestinal health of pigs.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

Objective To review the diagnostic information of 3368 viral hepatitis B inpatient cases reported by some healthcare institutions in Qinghai Province in the National Notifiable Disease Report System(NNDRS)in 2021,and to analyse the consistency of their reports and influence factor.Methods The study used the typical survey method to study 3368 hospitalized cases of hepatitis B reported by 32 medical institutions in Qinghai Province in 2021 from July 2022 to April 2023.The consistency between the reported classification and the reviewed classification was evaluated by reviewing diagnostic information of the cases,combined with the Kappa consistency test,and the consistency-influencing factors were analysed in a univariate and multivariate analysis.Results The consistency between acute,chronic,and unclassified reporting classifications and review classifications was poor(Kappa＜0.40);the consistency between acute and chronic review was poor(Kappa＜0.40).The main influence factor of the consistency of review included the level of medical institution,the patient's gender,occupation,past history,and the unit of diagnosis of initial onset of illness.Provincial medical institutions reported higher consistency,and male cases and herder cases had better consistency than female cases and other occupations.Review consistency of cases with past history was better than that of cases with unclear past history.Conclusion The consistency of diagnosis and reporting of hepatitis B cases in healthcare institutions in Qinghai Province in 2021 was low,with problems of inaccurate classification and duplicate reporting.It is recommended to strengthen the training and supervision of healthcare institutions,standardise the filling of'attached card'information,and promote the hepatitis B core antibody IgM test to improve the classification and diagnosis of acute and chronic hepatitis B,so as to comprehensively improve the accuracy of the diagnosis and reporting of hepatitis B cases.

The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of Echinacea purpurea extract on the digestive ability,immune function and intestinal barrier of the Bamei ternary pigs.Forty-eight healthy pigs of 50 days old were randomly divided into four groups,each with three replicates and four pigs in each replicate.The control group(CON)was fed a basal diet,and the experimental group was divided into 5 g/kg(T1),10 g/kg(T2)and 15 g/kg(T3)of Echinacea extract in the basal diet.The pre-test period was 5 days and the main test period was 35 days with free feeding and drinking during the test period.The results showed that:There was no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of nutrients and jejunum morphology in the test group compared to the CON group(P＞0.05).Amylase and trypsin activities were significantly higher in the experimental group and lipase activities were significantly higher in T2 and T3 groups compared to CON group(P＜0.05).GSH,CAT and T-AOC activities were significantly higher in the experimental group compared to CON group(P＜0.05).In comparison with CON group,the levels of IL-1 and IL-6 were significantly lower in the experimental group(P＜0.05),and the levels of TNF-α were significantly lower in the T2 and T3 groups(P＜0.05);and the levels of IL-10 were signifi-cantly higher in the T3 group(P＜0.05).The mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4,MyD88,TRAF6,and NF-κB were significantly lower in the experimental group(P＜0.05).The mRNA and protein expression levels of CLDN-1,OCLN and ZO-1 were significantly increased in the test group(P＜0.05).The results between the test groups showed that the protein expression levels of CLDN-1 and OCLN were significantly increased in the T3 group compared with the T1 group(P＜0.05).In conclusion,the addition of Echinacea extract to the ration can,to a certain ex-tent,improve the digestive ability,balance the immune ability,and improve the intestinal barrier function of the Bamei ternary pigs,thus promoting the intestinal health of pigs.

Purpose/Significance To investigate and analyze the current situation of data security in the national medical industry,and to provide suggestions for data security construction for regulatory authorities,hospital informatization practitioners and hospital infor-matization manufacturers.Method/Process A survey and research on medical industry data security is conducted for the heads of hospital information technology departments and relevant management personnel in data security construction and maintenance nationwide.The content includes understanding of laws and regulations,as well as the current situation,existing problems,system functions,and hierar-chical evaluation of hospital data security construction,in order to analyze the current situation of data security in the national medical in-dustry.Result/Conclusion The awareness of data compliance in hospitals across the country has significantly strengthened,and the vast majority of hospitals have a certain level of data security technology support capabilities.However,there are still many shortcomings in data security and personal information protection.

Abstract: Objective　To analyze the risk factors for HIV/AIDS mortality after receiving antiviral treatment in Tongchuan City, and to provide a scientific basis for implementing precision treatment in Tongchuan City. Methods　A retrospective cohort study was conducted to collect general demographic characteristics and survival-related information of HIV/AIDS individuals who received antiviral treatment in Tongchuan City from 2005 to 2023. Mortality table analysis was used to assess the cumulative survival rate, Cox regression model was used to analyze survival influencing factors, and a nomogram was constructed to predict the prognosis of antiviral treatment. Results A total of 410 HIV/AIDS patients underwent antiviral treatment, with the shortest observation period being 0 months and the longest 222 months, and the median survival time was 71 months (QR: 64-106); among the 362 cases followed up, there were 39 AIDS-related deaths. The cumulative survival rates after 1, 5, and 10 years of antiretroviral therapy were 96.2%, 91.3%, and 83.0%, respectively. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that patients with a higher level of education (college degree or above) (HR=0.349, 95%CI: 0.159-0.769) and without clinical symptoms (HR=0.357, 95%CI: 0.178-0.715) had a lower risk of death after antiretroviral treatment, whereas patients with a CD4 cell count <200 cells/μL group (HR=9.383, 95% CI: 2.879-30.578) had a higher risk of death. Based on the above three influencing factors, a nomogram model was constructed. Internal validation showed that the model's discriminative ability with a C-index of 0.859 (95% CI: 0.762-0.956), and the calibration curve indicated good consistency, demonstrating the model's good predictive ability. Conclusions　Tongchuan City should expand health education on AIDS prevention and control, strengthen HIV monitoring, carry out education on compliance with antiviral treatment among HIV/AIDS individuals, conduct timely CD4 cell count detection, and use the constructed nomogram model to assist in precise diagnosis and treatment in clinical practice.