Hearing loss is the most prevalent disabling disease. Cochlear implantation（CI） serves as the primary intervention for severe to profound hearing loss. This consensus systematically explores the value of genetic diagnosis in the pre-operative assessment and efficacy prognosis for CI. Drawing upon domestic and international research and clinical experience, it proposes an evidence-based medicine three-tiered prognostic classification system（Favorable, Marginal, Poor）. The consensus focuses on common hereditary non-syndromic hearing loss（such as that caused by mutations in genes like GJB2, SLC26A4, OTOF, LOXHD1） and syndromic hereditary hearing loss（such as Jervell & Lange-Nielsen syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome）, which are closely associated with congenital hearing loss, analyzing the impact of their pathological mechanisms on CI outcomes. The consensus provides recommendations based on multiple round of expert discussion and voting. It emphasizes that genetic diagnosis can optimize patient selection, predict prognosis, guide post-operative rehabilitation, offer stratified management strategies for patients with different genotypes, and advance the application of precision medicine in the field of CI.
Humans ; Cochlear Implantation ; Prognosis ; Hearing Loss/surgery* ; Consensus ; Connexin 26 ; Mutation ; Sulfate Transporters ; Connexins/genetics*

Objective:To investigate and analyze case reporting ethical review and patient informed consent reports published in the comprehensive journals of clinical medicine in China in 2022.Methods:According to the data from the 2022 Edition of the Chinese Science and Technology Journal of the Citation Reports(Extended Version),the case reports published in comprehensive journals of clinical medicine in 2022 were selected as the research objects.The information on ethics and patient informed consent was extracted from the case reports that met the selection criteria,and Microsoft Excel 2021 and SPSS 21.0 were used to sort out and analyze the data.Results:A total of 587 case reporting articles were published in the 42 included journals in 2022,of which 36(6.13%)reported on science and technology ethics and/or informed consent.Case reports reporting on science and technology ethics and/or informed consent mostly came from the key magazine of China technology(88.89%Vs.65.88%),and the proportion of manuscripts involving science and technology ethics on the official website of the journal was relatively high(86.11%Vs.63.88%),and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.01).Conclusion:The proportion of case reports of science and technology ethics and/or informed consent in journals of comprehensive discipline classification of clinical medicine was relatively low.Currently,most international journals are required to obtain the informed consent of patients or legal guardians before publishing case reports.Compared with this,there are still certain gaps in China,which need to be paid great attention to.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics, diagnosis, treat-ment and prognosis of gallbladder cancer in China from 2010 to 2017.Methods:The single disease retrospective registration cohort study was conducted. Based on the concept of the real world study, the clinicopathological data, from multicenter retrospective clinical data database of gallbladder cancer of Chinese Research Group of Gallbladder Cancer (CRGGC), of 6 159 patients with gallbladder cancer who were admitted to 42 hospitals from January 2010 to December 2017 were collected. Observation indicators: (1) case resources; (2) age and sex distribution; (3) diagnosis; (4) surgical treatment and prognosis; (5) multimodality therapy and prognosis. The follow-up data of the 42 hospitals were collected and analyzed by the CRGGC. The main outcome indicator was the overall survival time from date of operation for surgical patients or date of diagnosis for non-surgical patients to the end of outcome event or the last follow-up. Measurement data with normal distribu-tion were represented as Mean±SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( Q1, Q3) or M(range), and com-parison between groups was conducted using the U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test. Univariate analysis was performed using the Logistic forced regression model, and variables with P<0.1 in the univariate analysis were included for multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Logistic stepwise regression model. The life table method was used to calculate survival rates and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw survival curves. Log-rank test was used for survival analysis. Results:(1) Case resources: of the 42 hospitals, there were 35 class A of tertiary hospitals and 7 class B of tertiary hospitals, 16 hospitals with high admission of gallbladder cancer and 26 hospitals with low admission of gallbladder cancer, respectively. Geographical distribution of the 42 hospitals: there were 9 hospitals in central China, 5 hospitals in northeast China, 22 hospitals in eastern China and 6 hospitals in western China. Geographical distribution of the 6 159 patients: there were 2 154 cases(34.973%) from central China, 705 cases(11.447%) from northeast China, 1 969 cases(31.969%) from eastern China and 1 331 cases(21.611%) from western China. The total average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of the 6 159 patients was 18.3±4.5 per year, in which the average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of 4 974 patients(80.760%) from hospitals with high admission of gallbladder cancer was 38.8±8.9 per year and the average number of cases undergoing diagnosis and treatment in hospitals of 1 185 patients(19.240%) from hospitals with low admission of gallbladder cancer was 5.7±1.9 per year. (2) Age and sex distribution: the age of 6 159 patients diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 64(56,71) years, in which the age of 2 247 male patients(36.483%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 64(58,71)years and the age of 3 912 female patients(63.517%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer was 63(55,71)years. The sex ratio of female to male was 1.74:1. Of 6 159 patients, 3 886 cases(63.095%) were diagnosed as gallbladder cancer at 56 to 75 years old. There was a significant difference on age at diagnosis between male and female patients ( Z=-3.99, P<0.001). (3) Diagnosis: of 6 159 patients, 2 503 cases(40.640%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 3 656 cases(59.360%) were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. There were 2 110 patients(34.259%) not undergoing surgical treatment, of which 200 cases(9.479%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 1 910 cases(90.521%) were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. There were 4 049 patients(65.741%) undergoing surgical treatment, of which 2 303 cases(56.878%) were initially diagnosed as gallbladder cancer and 1 746 cases(43.122%) were initial diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer. Of the 1 746 patients who were initially diagnosed as non-gallbladder cancer, there were 774 cases(19.116%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer during operation and 972 cases(24.006%) diagnosed as gallbladder cancer after operation. Of 6 159 patients, there were 2 521 cases(40.932%), 2 335 cases(37.912%) and 1 114 cases(18.087%) undergoing ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination before initial diagnosis, respec-tively, and there were 3 259 cases(52.914%), 3 172 cases(51.502%) and 4 016 cases(65.205%) undergoing serum carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9 or CA125 examination before initially diagnosis, respectively. One patient may underwent multiple examinations. Results of univariate analysis showed that geographical distribution of hospitals (eastern China or western China), age ≥72 years, gallbladder cancer annual admission of hospitals, whether undergoing ultrasound, CT, MRI, serum carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19-9 or CA125 examination before initially diagnosis were related factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients ( odds ratio=1.45, 1.98, 0.69, 0.68, 2.43, 0.41, 1.63, 0.41, 0.39, 0.42, 95% confidence interval as 1.21-1.74, 1.64-2.40, 0.59-0.80, 0.60-0.78, 2.19-2.70, 0.37-0.45, 1.43-1.86, 0.37-0.45, 0.35-0.43, 0.38-0.47, P<0.05). Results of multivariate analysis showed that geographical distribution of hospitals (eastern China or western China), sex, age ≥72 years, gallbladder cancer annual admission of hospitals and cases undergoing ultrasound, CT, serum CA19-9 examination before initially diagnosis were indepen-dent influencing factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients ( odds ratio=1.36, 1.42, 0.89, 0.67, 1.85, 1.56, 1.57, 0.39, 95% confidence interval as 1.13-1.64, 1.16-1.73, 0.79-0.99, 0.57-0.78, 1.60-2.14, 1.38-1.77, 1.38-1.79, 0.35-0.43, P<0.05). (4) Surgical treatment and prognosis. Of the 4 049 patients undergoing surgical treatment, there were 2 447 cases(60.435%) with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data. Cases with pathological staging as stage 0, stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲa, stage Ⅲb, stage Ⅳa and stage Ⅳb were 85(3.474%), 201(8.214%), 71(2.902%), 890(36.371%), 382(15.611%), 33(1.348%) and 785(32.080%), respectively. The median follow-up time and median postoperative overall survival time of the 2 447 cases were 55.75 months (95% confidence interval as 52.78-58.35) and 23.46 months (95% confidence interval as 21.23-25.71), respectively. There was a significant difference in the overall survival between cases with pathological staging as stage 0, stage Ⅰ, stage Ⅱ, stage Ⅲa, stage Ⅲb, stage Ⅳa and stage Ⅳb ( χ2=512.47, P<0.001). Of the 4 049 patients undergoing surgical treatment, there were 2 988 cases(73.796%) with resectable tumor, 177 cases(4.371%) with unresectable tumor and 884 cases(21.833%) with tumor unassessable for resectabi-lity. Of the 2 988 cases with resectable tumor, there were 2 036 cases(68.139%) undergoing radical resection, 504 cases(16.867%) undergoing non-radical resection and 448 cases(14.994%) with operation unassessable for curative effect. Of the 2 447 cases with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data who underwent surgical treatment, there were 53 cases(2.166%) with unresectable tumor, 300 cases(12.260%) with resectable tumor and receiving non-radical resection, 1 441 cases(58.888%) with resectable tumor and receiving radical resection, 653 cases(26.686%) with resectable tumor and receiving operation unassessable for curative effect. There were 733 cases not undergoing surgical treatment with complete pathological staging data and follow-up data. There was a significant difference in the overall survival between cases not undergoing surgical treatment, cases undergoing surgical treatment for unresectable tumor, cases undergoing non-radical resection for resectable tumor and cases undergoing radical resection for resectable tumor ( χ2=121.04, P<0.001). (5) Multimodality therapy and prognosis: of 6 159 patients, there were 541 cases(8.784%) under-going postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and advanced chemotherapy, 76 cases(1.234%) under-going radiotherapy. There were 1 170 advanced gallbladder cancer (pathological staging ≥stage Ⅲa) patients undergoing radical resection, including 126 cases(10.769%) with post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy and 1 044 cases(89.231%) without postoperative adjuvant chemo-therapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy and cases without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy ( χ2=0.23, P=0.629). There were 658 patients with pathological staging as stage Ⅲa who underwent radical resection, including 66 cases(10.030%) with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and 592 cases(89.970%) without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and cases without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy ( χ2=0.05, P=0.817). There were 512 patients with pathological staging ≥stage Ⅲb who underwent radical resection, including 60 cases(11.719%) with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and 452 cases(88.281%) without postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. There was no significant difference in the overall survival between cases with postoperative adjuvant chemo-therapy and cases without post-operative adjuvant chemo-therapy ( χ2=1.50, P=0.220). Conclusions:There are more women than men with gallbladder cancer in China and more than half of patients are diagnosed at the age of 56 to 75 years. Cases undergoing ultrasound, CT, serum CA19-9 examination before initial diagnosis are independent influencing factors influencing initial diagnosis of gallbladder cancer patients. Preoperative resectability evaluation can improve the therapy strategy and patient prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy for gallbladder cancer is not standardized and in low proportion in China.

The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have changed the pattern of anti-tumor therapy and brought new hope to the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Currently, ICIs are most widely studied mainly include programmed death-1/ligand-1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4. Altezumab is recommended for the first-line treatment of extensive SCLC, while pebrizizumab is recommended for the third-line treatment of extensive SCLC. There has been no breakthrough in the second-line and maintenance treatment of SCLC with ICIs.

Objective:The characteristics and prognosis of ear fullness feeling in patients with all-frequency sudden deafness were explored.Method:104 patients (104 ears) with unilateral all-frequency sudden deafness were collected in study from June 2015 to March 2019, including 50 males and 54 females, the mean age ranged from 23-65 years, and the disease duration ranged from 1-9 days. Of those, 56 patients accompanied with the feeling of ear fullness (FEF) were enrolled into'the ear fullness group′, and 48 patients without FEF were included in'the without ear fullness group′. Patients′ treatment strategy followed the Chinese Medical Association Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of sudden deafness (2015). Moreover, VAS scale scores and subjective grading of FEF were acquired in patients with FEF. We analyzed the clinical characteristics and prognosis of FEF with SPSS 23.0 software.Results:There were no differences between the two groups in terms of age, gender, duration of disease, the side of deaf ear, degree of hearing loss, and auditory brainstem evoked potential results (age, t=1.566; gender,χ 2=0.001; duration, t=0.057; side,χ 2=0.033; degree of hearing loss Z=-0.180; ABR,χ 2=0.001;all P>0.05) . There was a positive correlation between the subjective grading of FEF and the degree of hearing loss in patients with FEF ( r=0.599, P<0.001) . The total rate of hearing improvement following one month of treatments in patients with FEF vs with no FEF was 35/56(62.5%) vs 28/48(58.3%) ( Z=-0.641, P=0.521). After one month of treatment, the total effective rate of FEF was 94.6%(53/56), and the improvement of FEF had nothing to improvement of hearing ( r=0.040, P=0.769) . Conclusions:The degree of hearing loss is positively correlated with the degree of FEF in patients with all-frequency sudden deafness. Hearing recovery is not related to FEF. The recovery effect of FEF is good, and has no correlation with hearing recovery.

Objective    To investigate the feature of the angulation between left pulmonary artery (LPA) and main pulmonary artery (MPA) and its relationship to pulmonary artery development in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Methods    A total of 101 TOF patients in West China Hospital from 2014 to 2018 were enrolled in a TOF group, including 62 males and 39 females, aged 6.8 (0.3-45.8) years, and another 20 patients without basic cardiac diseases at the same stage were enrolled in a control group, including 10 males and 10 females, aged 6.9 (0.3-54.0) years. Diameters of LPA, right pulmonary artery (RPA) and MPA, the angulation between LPA and MPA (MPA-LPA), McGoon ratio, and Nakata index were measured and compared between the two groups. The relationship between the above data and MPA-LPA angulation was also analyzed. Results    The average MPA-LPA angulation was smaller in the TOF group than that in the control group (113.63° vs. 128.45°, P=0.001 8). The MPA Z score was also smaller in the TOF group than that in the control group (0.46 vs. 2.75, P=0.000 4). No relationship was found by correlation analysis between the MPA-LPA angulation and MPA Z score or LPA Z score in the control group (P=0.239 6, 0.114 7) and the TOF group (P=0.759 3, 0.242 7). The McGoon ratios (2.22±0.72, 2.43±0.94, P=0.340 0) and Nakata index (359.3±294.24, 395.52±329.31, P=0.650 0) were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion    The angulation of LPA-MPA and MPA Z score are smaller in the TOF group than those in the control group. There is no relationship between MPA-LPA angulation and pulmonary artery diameters. The LPA-MPA angulation should not be considered as an influence factor for LPA development and trans-annular patch surgery.

Objective To investigate the associations between expression of Tensin1 protein and clinicpathological characteristics and prognoses of gastric cancer (GC) patients.Methods The retrospective casecontrol study was conducted.The clinicopathological data of 163 GC patients who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University between July 31,2011 and December 31,2013 were collected.The GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were taken to paraffin imbedding,and then were detected by immunohistochemistry.Observation indicator:(1) expressions of Tensinl protein in GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues;(2) association between expression of Tensinl protein in GC tissues and clinicopathological characteristics;(3) followup and survival situations;(4) prognostic factors analysis.Follow-up using telephone interview was performed to detect survival up to January 1,2017.Measurement data with skewed distribution were described as M (range).Count data were analyzed using the chi-square test or pairing chi-square test.The survival curve and rate were respectively drawn and calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method,and Log-rank test was used for survival analysis.The univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were done using the COX roportional hazard model.Results (1) Expressions of Tensinl protein in GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues:immunohistochemistry showed that Tensinl protein in GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues mainly expressed in cytoplasm.Of 163 patients,154 (66 with high expression and 88 with low expression) and 9 had respectively positive and negative expressions of Tensinl protein in GC tissues;79 (37 with high expression and 42 with low expression) and 84 had respectively positive and negative expressions of Tensinl protein in adjacent normal tissues,with statistically significant differences in positive expression ratio and expression levels (x2=64.65,12.93,P＜0.05).(2) Association between expression of Tensinl protein in GC tissues and clinicopathological characteristics:high expression rate of Tensinl protein in GC tissues were respectively 31.34％ (21/67) in GC patients with tumor metastases and 46.88％ (45/96) in GC patients without tumor metastasis,with a statistically significant difference (x2 =3.95,P＜0.05).(3) Follow-up and survival situations:all the 163 patients were followed up for 3.3-64.7 months,with a median time of 28.7 months.The 3-year cumulative disease-free survival rate and cumulative overall survival rate in GC tissues were 63.12％,74.22％ in 66 patients with high expression of Tensinl protein and 47.30％,55.74％ in 97 patients with low and negative expressions of Tensin1 protein,showing statistically significant differences in above indicators (x2 =4.58,4.11,P＜0.05).Survival analysis of subgroups showed that 3-year cumulative disease-free survival rate in GC tissues of patients with maximum tumor dimension ≥ 5 cm,nerve and / or vascular invasions and stage Ⅲ of TNM staging were 45.98％,62.79％,52.75％ in patients with high expression of Tensin1 protein and 18.11％,31.10％,32.80％ in patients with low and negative expressions of Tensin1 protein,with a statistically significant difference (x2 =5.85,7.89,4.96,P＜0.05).The 3-year cumulative overall survival rate was respectively 66.00％,75.75％,67.93％ in patients with high expression of Tensin1 protein and 30.74％,40.15％,44.67％ in patients with low and negative expressions of Tensinl protein,with statistically significant differences (x2 =7.59,9.62,4.32,P ＜ 0.05).(4) Prognostic factors analysis:results of univariate analysis showed that maximum tumor dimension,histological grade,nerve and / or vascular invasions,postoperative TNM staging,postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and expression of Tensin1 protein were related factors affecting prognoses of GC patients [hazard ratio (HR) =3.66,2.45,2.17,3.36,0.41,0.54,95％ confidence interval (CI):2.09-6.41,1.43-4.19,1.17-4.04,1.52-7.41,0.23-0.72,0.31-0.96,P＜0.05].Results of multivariate analysis showed that maximum tumor dimension ≥ 5 cm and grade Ⅲ of histological grade were independent risk factors affecting prognoses of GC patients (HR=3.21,2.17,95％CI:1.63-6.32,1.18-3.99,P＜0.05),and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and high expression of Tensin1 protein were independent protective factors affecting prognoses of GC patients (HR=0.50,0.44,95％CI:0.28-0.90,0.24-0.82,P＜0.05).Conclusion High expression of Tensin1 protein may inhibit GC metastasis,and it is also an independent protective factor affecting prognoses of GC patients.

Objective To evaluate the effect of intelligentized patient-controlled analgesia ( PCA) management on the quality of postoperative analgesia in the patients. Methods A total of 6601 patients who underwent postoperative PCA from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017 searched from the intelli-gentized PCA system database were selected as intelligentized PCA management group ( I group) , and then were divided into 3 subgroups according to the year: 2015 subgroup ( n=2221 ) , 2016 subgroup ( n=2152) and 2017 subgroup (n=2228). A total of 1235 patients who underwent PCA which was mainly performed by a department of anesthesiology in the postoperative analgesia-related multi-center questionnaire from April 11, 2016 to April 22, 2016 in 12 grade A tertiary hospitals in Guangdong Province were select-ed as the traditional PCA management group (C group). The development of moderate and severe pain, nausea and vomiting, over-sedation at rest and during activity and patient′s satisfaction were recorded on 1st and 2nd days after operation. Results Compared with C group, the incidence of moderate and severe pain, nausea and vomiting and over-sedation at rest and during activity was significantly decreased, and the rate of patient′s satisfaction was increased at each time point after operation in I group ( P<0. 05 or 0. 01) . Com-pared with 2015 subgroup, the incidence of moderate and severe pain at rest and severe pain during activity was significantly decreased in 2016 and 2017 subgroups ( P<0. 05 or 0. 01) , and the incidence of nausea and vomiting was significantly increased in 2017 subgroup ( P<0. 05) . Compared with 2016 subgroup, the incidence of nausea and vomiting was significantly increased in 2017 subgroup (P<0. 05). Conclusion Intelligentized PCA management can improve the efficacy of PCA, mitigates the occurrence of adverse reac-tions and raise the quality of postoperative analgesia in the patients.

Objective To investigated the correlation between the focus-to-flat panel detector distance and entrance surface dosed in digital radiography of lumbar spine.Methods The spine phantom used for bone mineral density(BMD) calibration was radiographed at different value of FFD (100 ～ 240 cm with the interval 10 cm,totally 15 times) using 70 kV and 90 kV with the automatic exposure control (AEC) mode without anti-scatter grid.The parameters measured by QUART dido 2100K type X-ray dose meter.So record the value parameters of the tube current (mAs) and entrance surface dose (ESD).The relation curve were counted between FFD,ESD,mAs and Exposure index (EI) use excle.Pearson correlation analysis and related coefficient difference analysis were performed using the SPSS 19.0 software (P ＜0.05 for the statistically significant level).The FFD and ESD values of regression equation were obtained with regression analysis.Results (1) When the tube voltage was 70 kV:FFD and ESD were negative correlation (r =-0.922,P ＜ 0.001),FFD and mAs were positive correlation (r =0.991,P ＜0.001),FFD and EI negative correlation (r =-0.938,P ＜ 0.001).(2) When the tube voltage was 90 kV:FFD and ESDwere negative correlation (r=-0.955,P ＜0.001),FFD and mAs were positive correlation (r=0.994,P ＜0.001),FFD and EI showed no significant correlation (r=-0.523,P＞0.05).(3) Different position correlation coefficient analysis of the difference was not statistically significant difference.(4) The regression analysis results:The regression equation of the lumbar anteriorposterior position FFD and the ESD at 70 kV:y=0.805 x + 319.731 (F=74.175,P ＜0.001).The regression equation of the lumbar lateral position FFD and the ESD at 90 kV:y =3.152 x + 457.613 (F =133.524,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusions The FFD and ESD in the lumbar spine X-ray radiography were relevant and highly negative correlation.It can effectively reduce the radiographic ESD of lumbar spine with the increasing of the FFD.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and understand the relationship between NAFLD and metabolic risk factors in middle-aged and elderly adults.Methods This cross-sectional study recruited 2 935 subjects in Guangzhou,Guangdong province.Face-to-face interviews and laboratory analyses were conducted to collect general information and other covariates.Analysis of covariance and logistic regression analysis were performed to investigate the relationship between metabolic factors and the prevalence of NAFLD.NAFLD was diagnosed based on standard criteria recommend by the Fatty Liver Disease and Alcoholic Liver Disease Branch of Chinese Hepatology Society,and the degree of steatosis was assessed (mild,moderate or severe).Results Compared with normal subjects,those with NAFLD had higher levels of WC,BMI,FPG,TG,SBP,DBP and greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome,but lower levels of physical activity and HDL-C.After adjusted for covariates,the OR for each standard deviation change was 2.70(95％CI:2.45-2.98) for WC,1.47(95％ CI:1.35-1.59) for SBP,1.48 (95％CI:1.37-1.60) for DBP,1.88 (95％CI:1.66-2.12) for TG,1.25 (95％ CI:1.15-1.36) for FPG and 0.51 (95％CI:0.47-0.56) for HDL-C (all P＜0.001).Higher levels of WC,BMI,TG,SBP,DBP and FPG were significantly related with the increase in degree of NAFLD (P-trend＜0.001).Conclusion There is a relatively high prevalence of NAFLD in middle-aged and elderly adults in China.NAFLD is closely related with the different forms of metabolic syndrome,and WC is the leading risk factor for NAFLD.