The theory of"qi cycle in round"originates from HUANG Yuanyu's Sisheng Xinyuan,which takes qi monism as the philosophical foundation,and constructs a qi circulation system with the spleen and stomach as the hub,linking the liver,heart,lung,and kidney on the basis of the gasification theory of Huangdi Neijing.Based on theory of"qi cycle in round,"the pathogenesis of Hashimoto thyroiditis begins with liver depression,leading to liver and spleen imbalance,which in turn develops into spleen and kidney deficiency.In the treatment,guided by the principle of"treating same disease with different methods,"combined with objective indicators such as the thyroid function,autoantibody,and ultrasound imaging characteristics,Hashimoto thyroiditis was treated in three stages:early,middle,and late stages.In the early stage,characterized by liver depression and qi stagnation,therapy focuses on regulating wood qi to facilitate the pivot;in the middle stage,marked by liver depression and spleen deficiency,and the method of pungent opening and bitter descending should be adopted to restore the ascending and descending of the spleen and stomach;in the late stage,characterized by spleen and kidney yang deficiency,treatment aims to warm the kidney and tonify the spleen,which helps"qi cycle in round"and restores the normal state of qi transformation of zang-fu viscera.Stage-specific differentiation and treatment aims to restore the qi transformation of zang-fu viscera,promote"qi cycle in round,"improve thyroid function,and delay the progression of Hashimoto thyroiditis,thereby providing insights and methods for clinical differentiation and treatment of this disease.

The theory of"qi cycle in round"originates from HUANG Yuanyu's Sisheng Xinyuan,which takes qi monism as the philosophical foundation,and constructs a qi circulation system with the spleen and stomach as the hub,linking the liver,heart,lung,and kidney on the basis of the gasification theory of Huangdi Neijing.Based on theory of"qi cycle in round,"the pathogenesis of Hashimoto thyroiditis begins with liver depression,leading to liver and spleen imbalance,which in turn develops into spleen and kidney deficiency.In the treatment,guided by the principle of"treating same disease with different methods,"combined with objective indicators such as the thyroid function,autoantibody,and ultrasound imaging characteristics,Hashimoto thyroiditis was treated in three stages:early,middle,and late stages.In the early stage,characterized by liver depression and qi stagnation,therapy focuses on regulating wood qi to facilitate the pivot;in the middle stage,marked by liver depression and spleen deficiency,and the method of pungent opening and bitter descending should be adopted to restore the ascending and descending of the spleen and stomach;in the late stage,characterized by spleen and kidney yang deficiency,treatment aims to warm the kidney and tonify the spleen,which helps"qi cycle in round"and restores the normal state of qi transformation of zang-fu viscera.Stage-specific differentiation and treatment aims to restore the qi transformation of zang-fu viscera,promote"qi cycle in round,"improve thyroid function,and delay the progression of Hashimoto thyroiditis,thereby providing insights and methods for clinical differentiation and treatment of this disease.

With the extension of the global population's lifespan and the increasingly severe aging problem,cardio-vascular diseases have become the leading cause of death among the elderly population.Most cardiovascular diseases orig-inate from the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.In addition to common risk factors such as dyslipidemia,diabetes,hy-pertension,smoking,and obesity,circadian rhythm disruption is also regarded as an important but often overlooked risk factor for atherosclerosis.The circadian rhythm is involved in regulating key physiological processes such as inflammation and metabolism,which in turn affect the pathological processes of arteriosclerosis and thrombosis.In this process,the key genes that maintain the stability of the circadian rhythm,namely clock gene,play a crucial role.Clock gene have an important role in the pathological mechanism of atherosclerosis,and they may become potential new targets for the preven-tion and treatment of atherosclerosis.This paper reviews the latest research progress on the mechanism of action of clock gene in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis.These findings may provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis.

With the extension of the global population's lifespan and the increasingly severe aging problem,cardio-vascular diseases have become the leading cause of death among the elderly population.Most cardiovascular diseases orig-inate from the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.In addition to common risk factors such as dyslipidemia,diabetes,hy-pertension,smoking,and obesity,circadian rhythm disruption is also regarded as an important but often overlooked risk factor for atherosclerosis.The circadian rhythm is involved in regulating key physiological processes such as inflammation and metabolism,which in turn affect the pathological processes of arteriosclerosis and thrombosis.In this process,the key genes that maintain the stability of the circadian rhythm,namely clock gene,play a crucial role.Clock gene have an important role in the pathological mechanism of atherosclerosis,and they may become potential new targets for the preven-tion and treatment of atherosclerosis.This paper reviews the latest research progress on the mechanism of action of clock gene in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis.These findings may provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis.

Objective:To systematically review and evaluate prediction models for aspiration risk in enteral nutrition patients, providing a reference for the development and application of future models.Methods:Literature related to prediction models for aspiration risk in enteral nutrition patients was searched in China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, China Biology Medicine disc, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, and PubMed, with the search period covering from the inception of the databases to August 30, 2024. Two researchers independently conducted literature screening and data extraction, and the PROBAST tool was used to assess the risk of bias and applicability of the included studies.Results:A total of 18 studies were included, involving 24 prediction models, with sample sizes ranging from 103 to 512 and an event rate of 9.46% to 49.87%. The top six predictive variables reported most frequently were baseline age, history of aspiration, length of nasogastric tube insertion, nutritional risk, impaired consciousness, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-Ⅱscore. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the models ranged from 0.756 to 0.992. Twelve studies reported model calibration, six studies conducted internal validation only, one study conducted external validation only, and four studies performed both internal and external validation. The overall applicability of the 18 studies was good, but the risk of bias was high, mainly due to improper handling of continuous variables and missing data.Conclusions:The aspiration risk prediction models developed in various studies for enteral nutrition patients show good applicability but carry a high risk of bias. Future efforts should focus on further optimizing the model construction process, internal and external validation, and result analysis to provide more reliable and scientific tools for clinical aspiration risk assessment.

Glioma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Despite the standard treatment of surgery combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the prognosis for high-grade glioma patients remains poor, highlighting the urgent need to further explore its pathogenesis and develop new therapeutic strategies. This article reviews the research progress in the field of glioma in China in 2024, covering tumorigenesis mechanisms, tumor immune microenvironment composition, advances in imaging techniques and novel imaging agents, improvements in surgical approaches, mechanisms of radio- and chemoresistance, and explorations of new therapeutic modalities. These studies provide a solid theoretical foundation for advancing clinical diagnosis and treatment of gliomas and may offer new opportunities to improve patient outcomes.

Objective:To systematically review and evaluate prediction models for aspiration risk in enteral nutrition patients, providing a reference for the development and application of future models.Methods:Literature related to prediction models for aspiration risk in enteral nutrition patients was searched in China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, China Biology Medicine disc, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, and PubMed, with the search period covering from the inception of the databases to August 30, 2024. Two researchers independently conducted literature screening and data extraction, and the PROBAST tool was used to assess the risk of bias and applicability of the included studies.Results:A total of 18 studies were included, involving 24 prediction models, with sample sizes ranging from 103 to 512 and an event rate of 9.46% to 49.87%. The top six predictive variables reported most frequently were baseline age, history of aspiration, length of nasogastric tube insertion, nutritional risk, impaired consciousness, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-Ⅱscore. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the models ranged from 0.756 to 0.992. Twelve studies reported model calibration, six studies conducted internal validation only, one study conducted external validation only, and four studies performed both internal and external validation. The overall applicability of the 18 studies was good, but the risk of bias was high, mainly due to improper handling of continuous variables and missing data.Conclusions:The aspiration risk prediction models developed in various studies for enteral nutrition patients show good applicability but carry a high risk of bias. Future efforts should focus on further optimizing the model construction process, internal and external validation, and result analysis to provide more reliable and scientific tools for clinical aspiration risk assessment.

Primary biliary cholangitis （PBC） is a liver autoimmune disease with a strong genetic tendency characterized by the degeneration and necrosis of bile duct epithelial cells， and it is often observed in middle-aged and elderly women. With the continuous development of genome-wide association studies， the genetic susceptibility of PBC has attracted more and more attention. This article elaborates on the research advances in the genetic susceptibility genes closely associated with PBC， in order to provide effective targets for the treatment of PBC.

Primary biliary cholangitis （PBC） is a chronic autoimmune disease of cholestasis in which immune factors lead to progressive small bile duct destruction， cholestasis， and eventually liver fibrosis， liver cirrhosis， and even liver failure. Macrophages， as a group with functional heterogeneity， play different roles in the whole disease process of PBC. This article summarizes the possible ways by which macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of PBC and discusses their impact on the disease and the potential therapeutic targets of macrophages. It is pointed out that macrophages are mainly involved in innate immunity in PBC injury and are associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis， and they are also associated with cholestasis， liver fibrosis， and liver cirrhosis in the later stages of the disease.

Objective To explore the improvements of high-fat intake on lung injury induced by Paragonimus proliferus infection in rats, and to preliminarily explore the mechanisms underlying the role of cytochrome P450 4A1 (CYP 4A1) in the improve ments. Methods SD rats were randomly assigned into three groups, including the normal control group (n = 10), the infection and normal diet group (n = 12) and the infection and high-fat diet group (n = 12). Rats in the normal control group were fed with normal diet and without any other treatments, and animals in the infection and normal diet group were subcutaneously injected with 8 excysted metacercariae of P. proliferus via the abdominal wall, followed by feeding with normal diet, while rats in the infection and high-fat diet group were subcutaneously injected with 8 excysted metacercariae of P. proliferus via the abdominal wall, followed by feeding with high-fat diet. All rats were sacrificed 28 weeks post-infection, and serum samples and lung specimens were collected. Following hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of rat lung specimens, the rat lung injury was observed under an optical microscope, and alveolitis was evaluated using semi-quantitative scoring. Serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the cytochrome P450 4A1 (CYP 4A1) expression was quantified in rat lung specimens at transcriptional and translational levels using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting assays. Results Alveolar wall thickening, edema and inflammatory cell infiltration were alleviated 28 weeks post-infection with P. proliferus in rats in the infection and high-fat diet group relative to the infection and normal diet group, and no alveolar consolidation was seen in the infection and high-fat diet group. The semi-quantitative score of alveolitis was significantly higher in the infection and normal diet group [(2.200 ± 0.289) points] than in the normal control group [(0.300 ± 0.083) points] and the infection and high-fat diet group [(1.300 ± 0.475) points] (both P values < 0.05), and higher serum IL-1β [(151.586 ± 20.492)] pg/mL and TNF-α levels [(180.207 ± 23.379) pg/mL] were detected in the infection and normal diet group than in the normal control group [IL-1β: (103.226 ± 3.366) pg/mL; TNF-α: (144.807 ± 1.348) pg/mL] and the infection and high-fat diet group [IL-1β: (110.131 ± 12.946) pg/mL; TNF-α: (131.764 ± 27.831) pg/mL] (all P values < 0.05). In addition, lower CYP 4A1 mRNA (3.00 ± 0.81) and protein expression (0.40 ± 0.02) was quantified in lung specimens in the infection and normal diet group than in the normal control group [(5.03 ± 2.05) and (0.84 ± 0.14)] and the infection and high-fat diet group [(11.19 ± 3.51) and (0.68 ± 0.18)] (all P values < 0.05). Conclusion High-fat intake may alleviate lung injuries caused by P. proliferus infection in rats through up-regulating CYP 4A1 expression in lung tissues at both translational and transcriptional levels.