Diabetic nephropathy（DN） is a common and severe microvascular complication of diabetes. In recent years， the classical herbal formula Shenqi dihuang decoction has demonstrated unique advantages in the clinical treatment of DN. This article conducts a systematic review of the mechanisms of action and clinical applications of Shenqi dihuang decoction in the treatment of DN. It reveals that the mechanism by which this formula improves DN involves multi-target synergistic regulation. For instance, Shenqi dihuang decoction exerts multiple pharmacological effects by regulating signaling pathways including phosphatidy linostiol 3-kinase/protein kinase B， AMP-activated protein kinase/silent information regulator 1/forkhead box O1， and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathways.These effects include regulating glucose and lipid metabolism， inhibiting oxidative stress， reducing inflammation， improving insulin resistance， modulating cell death （apoptosis/autophagy/ferroptosis/pyroptosis）， and preventing renal fibrosis. Existing clinical studies indicate that Shenqi dihuang decoction and its modified formulas， alone or in combination with other therapeutic methods， can significantly improve glucose and lipid metabolism， reduce proteinuria， and delay renal function decline in patients with DN. These effects are superior to those of Western medicines such as irbesartan， valsartan， and empagliflozin， and the treatment demonstrates good safety. Future research should leverage systems biology and artificial intelligence technologies to further elucidate the integrated mechanisms in the treatment of DN by Shenqi dihuang decoction， thereby advancing the precision and standardization of its clinical application.

ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the potential of different orders of magnitude single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) locus combinations for predicting distant kinship relationships. A high-density SNP locus set was constructed, and a comprehensive assessment of its inference capability was conducted. MethodsFirstly, we selected three commercial chip panels, CGA (Chinese genotyping array, Illumina), GSA (Global screening array, Illumina), Affy (23MF_V2 high-density SNP array, Affymetrix) and merged them after quality control, forming a high-density SNP locus panel(1 180 k). Secondly, we selected 161 samples and collected their peripheral blood samples by using whole-genome sequencing technology. Within this sample population, the levels of kinship relationships fully covered the range from level 1 to level 9, and the number of kinship pairs at each level was consistently maintained at over 50 pairs. From 161 samples data of whole-genome sequencing, the 1 180 k locus set was extracted, which is referred to as the high-density SNP locus set in the following text. The kinship inference was conducted using the identity-by-descent (IBD) algorithm with the selected optimal parameters. To comprehensively evaluate the performance of the high-density SNP locus set in kinship inference, we compared it with the three commercial chip panels, the intersection of these three chip loci, and the control sets constructed by randomly reducing the number of the high-density SNP locus set. Based on the changes in the IBD lengths, as well as the dynamic trends in prediction accuracy, we conducted a scientific assessment of the kinship inference capability of the high-density SNP locus set. ResultsAfter screening, a set of 1 184 334 autosomal SNPs was obtained. During the process of screening the optimal IBD length threshold, the result revealed that 0 cM, 1 cM, and 2 cM all demonstrated good applicability. However, to avoid the issue of a large amount of redundant information caused by setting a too low IBD length threshold, this study ultimately selected 2 cM as the optimal threshold. Compared with the average results of three chip panels, the high-density SNP locus set increased the total IBD length and the average IBD length across levels 1-9; the accuracy of the confidence interval for level 8 was 70.97%, which represented a 3.50% improvement; the average confidence interval accuracy for levels 1-8 was 91.39%, representing a 1.00% increase; and the false negative rates at levels 8 and 9 were reduced by 2.42% and 6.76%, respectively. The system efficacy of the high-density SNP locus set for kinship inference of first to eighth degree relationships reached 98.91%. Through random reduction of the high-density SNP locus set results, it is found that increasing the number of SNPs with the panel, the detection efficiency of IBD length showed a significant upward trend. At the same time, the overall trend in the accuracy of kinship relationship prediction as well as the confidence interval accuracy also indicated that both metrics steadily increased with the addition of more loci. ConclusionThe results show that the high-density SNPs panel significantly enhances the efficacy of distant kinship inference, accurately covering kinship degrees, with the average confidence interval accuracy for first to eighth degree relationships stably above 90%. The study finds that increasing the number of SNPs panel can improve the ability to predict distant kinship.

ObjectiveTo explore the 28-day mortality risk of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) bloodstream infections (BSI) and its related influencing factors, thereby providing a scientific basis for the effective control of KP-BSI and improvement of patient prognosis. MethodsFrom January 2018 to December 2024, a retrospective review was conducted on hospitalized patients aged >18 years old treated for KP-BSI at a tertiary hospital in Hangzhou. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed to identify the epidemiological characteristics and the risk factors for the 28-day mortality associated with KP-BSI. ResultsA total of 123 patients with KP-BSI were included in this study, comprising 64 cases infected with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and 59 cases infected with carbapenem-susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae (CSKP). Compared with CSKP-BSI, patients with CRKP-BSI more frequently presented with chronic pulmonary disease (χ²=4.29, P=0.038), concomitant infections at other sites (χ²=10.90, P=0.001), and a higher frequency of invasive procedures prior to infection (central venous catheterization, mechanical ventilation, and indwelling urinary catheter), as well as glucocorticoid use, hemodialysis, and blood transfusion (all P<0.05). The 28-day mortality was significantly higher in BSI cases caused by CRKP compared to that caused by CSKP (37.50% vs 5.08%, P<0.001). Cox regression analyses revealed that carbapenem resistance (HR=6.67, 95%CI: 1.48‒30.08, P=0.014) and blood transfusion (HR=3.58, 95%CI: 1.15‒11.19, P=0.028) were risk factors for the 28-day mortality in KP-BSI, while removal of central venous catheters after infection (HR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.08‒0.67, P=0.006) was associated with a reduced risk for the 28-day mortality. ConclusionCarbapenem resistance is associated with mortality outcomes in patients with KP-BSI. Strengthening infection control measures targeting the identified risk factors for CRKP-BSI may improve patient prognosis.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is characterized by persistently high incidence and mortality. Current therapies are limited by drug resistance and modest patient benefit, underscoring the urgent need for new perspectives rooted in tumor biology. The unique metabolic landscape of CRC makes it an ideal model in which to dissect the pathological roles of lactylation regulatory networks: microsatellite-stable (MSS) CRC, which accounts for approximately 85% of cases, concurrently upregulates glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, engaging in intense metabolic competition with immune cells; the intratumoral lactate pool exhibits a distinctive “dual-source supply” feature—in addition to tumor-intrinsic glycolysis, substantial exogenous lactate is provided by gut microbiota dysbiosis and by colonizing bacteria within liver metastases; high-frequency oncogenic mutations and lactylation modifications establish a feed-forward circuit of “oncogene-driven lactate accumulation-lactylation-facilitated tumor progression”. Moreover, MSS CRC displays near-complete unresponsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors, a phenomenon underpinned by multiple immune evasion mechanisms mediated by lactate and lactylation. Lactate metabolism is a hallmark of metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Lactate homeostasis provides tumor cells with metabolic substrates, modulates redox status, and regulates fatty acid metabolism to promote malignant progression. Notably, lactate can drive lactylation—an emerging post-translational modification (PTM) in which lactyl groups are attached to lysine residues, dynamically governing gene transcription and protein function and thereby establishing a bridge between metabolism and epigenetics. Lactate and lactylation form a multidimensional, coordinated network: lactylation of key metabolic enzymes such as LDHA reinforces a positive feedback loop that sustains lactate production; lactylation of upstream transcription factors such as HIF-1α drives metabolic reprogramming; furthermore, lactylation engages in crosstalk with m6A and m5C RNA modifications as well as with other PTMs such as acetylation, profoundly reshaping cellular behavior. In CRC, histone lactylation drives malignant phenotypes by activating immunosuppressive programs, inhibiting ferroptosis, and promoting invasion and migration; non-histone lactylation accelerates translation elongation, stabilizes β‑catenin, maintains redox homeostasis, and prevents PD-L1 degradation, thereby facilitating tumor progression. Lactylation-related gene signatures have demonstrated potential for prognostic stratification. Therapeutic strategies targeting the lactylation network range from upstream metabolic intervention to modulation of the modifying enzymes and direct blockade of lactylation modifications, forming a hierarchical interventional framework. However, current evidence derives predominantly from cell lines and xenograft models, and a causal relationship between lactylation and malignant progression in CRC has yet to be rigorously established. Whether inhibition of lactylation can alter CRC phenotypes independently of metabolic alterations and acetylation fluctuations remains a central unanswered question in the field. This review systematically examines the research progress and translational challenges surrounding lactylation regulatory networks, aiming to provide a circumspect assessment to inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies for CRC.

Objective To investigate the general characteristics and treatment processes of patients with advanced esophageal cancer (EC) treated in county- or prefecture-level hospitals in high-incidence areas of EC in China. Methods In this retrospective observational study, electronic medical records of patients with advanced EC were collected from six medical centers in high-incidence areas. Eligible patients had advanced EC and whose first medical contact was documented between January 1, 2022, and June 1, 2024. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate patient characteristics and treatment plans. Results A total of 322 EC patients were included, of whom 230 were male (71.4%). The median age was 69 years. Among the 270 patients with available tumor diagnosis information, 264 patients (97.8%) presented with EC-specific symptoms. Of the 281 patients with pathological data, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant type, accounting for 254 cases (90.4%). Among 235 patients with information on the initial diagnostic method, 220 (93.6%) were diagnosed through endoscopy. A total of 216 patients (67.1%) with advanced disease progressed from early or locally advanced stages. Surgical treatment was performed in 126 patients (39.1%), of whom 123 (97.6%) achieved R0 resection, and 71 (56.3%) of them received perioperative treatment. Definitive chemoradiotherapy was administered to 116 patients (36.0%). The median disease-free survival for patients undergoing radical surgery was 13.9 months, while that for patients treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy was 10.6 months. At the advanced stage, lymph node metastasis was observed in 250 patients (77.6%), with mediastinal lymph node metastasis being the most common type. Organ metastasis occurred in 176 patients (54.7%), most frequently involving the lungs, liver, and bones. Most patients (79.8%, 229/287) were from the county or city where the hospoital was loacted, 77.9% (232/298) were covered by resident basic medical insurance, and 88.7% (274/309) of patients initiated advanced treatment at the participating hospitals. Conclusion This study reveals the unique epidemiological, clinical, and pathological characteristics of patients with EC in high-incidence areas of China. The results provide an important reference for further exploration of this disease and its management.

The chemical constituents from the n-butanol fraction of ethanol extract of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were isolated and purified using chromatographic process including MCI Gel CHP-20, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and semi-preparative HPLC method, and one alkyne and two phenylpropanoid derivants were obtained. Their structures were identified as (5R,E)-tetradecane-12-ene-8,10-diyne-1,5,14-triol (1), (E)-8-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl n-butyl cinnamate (2), and (7S,8S)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzene)-7-butyl-8,9-diol (3) by modern spectroscopy methods (1D NMR, 2D NMR, UV, IR and MS). 1-3 are all new compounds. Compounds 1-3 were screened for their anti-renal fibrosis activities in vitro, and none of them showed obvious effect.

Acute lung injury （ALI） is a common and highly lethal clinical syndrome characterized by acute progressive respiratory failure. Currently， the treatment of ALI primarily involves respiratory support therapy and symptomatic pharmacotherapy， yet there is still a lack of specific and effective pharmacological treatments. Qingwen Baidu decoction is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that has the effects of clearing heat， removing toxin， cooling blood， and purging fire. Its pharmacological effects include anti-inflammatory， antipyretic， antibacterial， antiviral， sedative， and so on. The flavonoids， phenols， terpenes， and other components contained in this formula have strong pharmacological activity， which can regulate the inflammatory response caused and oxidative stress in ALI and maintain the integrity of alveolar-capillary barrier （ACB） by anti-apoptosis， anti-pathogen infection， and anti-pulmonary fibrosis， thereby improving the pathological changes of lung tissue. Among them， flavonoids have been reported more， and their mechanism of action is complex and diverse. For example， quercetin， luteolin， and baicalin act on multiple important targets， such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3）， mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 （MAPK3）， etc. and participate in the regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 （MyD88）/nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB）， nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2（Nrf2）/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 （Keap1）， and silent information regulator 1 （SIRT1）/forkhead box protein O1 （FoxO1） signaling pathways， thereby intervening in pathological events such as inflammation， oxidative stress， cell apoptosis， and fibrosis. This paper aims to review the research progress on Qingwen Baidu decoction and its active ingredients in the prevention and treatment of lung injury in the expectation of providing reference for its subsequent pharmacological mechanism research and theoretical support for its clinical application and drug development in the treatment of ALI.

Clinical practice guidelines represent the best recommendations for patient care. They are developed through systematically reviewing currently available clinical evidence and weighing the relative benefits and risks of various interventions. However, clinical practice guidelines have to go through a long translation cycle from development and revision to clinical promotion and application, facing problems such as scattered distribution, high duplication rate, and low actual utilization. At present, the clinical practice guideline information platform can directly or indirectly solve the problems related to the lengthy revision cycles, decentralized dissemination and limited application of clinical practice guidelines. Therefore, this paper systematically examines different types of clinical practice guideline information platforms and investigates their corresponding challenges and emerging trends in platform design, data integration, and practical implementation, with the aim of clarifying the current status of this field and providing valuable reference for future research on clinical practice guideline information platforms.

In this study,an ON/OFF type micro-valve with a sandwich(glass-silicon-glass)structure was designed and fabricated based on the micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS)technique.The deformable membrane of this micro-valve was prepared on the silicon on insulator(SOI)substrate and sealed using Si-Si bonding and anodic bonding methods.The micro-valve had high-temperature stability and was suitable for integration with other gas chromatography components.The deformable membrane with a thickness of 10 μm was processed on the top silicon of the SOI substrate.The flow control of the micro-valve could be achieved by changing the driving pressure applied to the deformable membrane to deform it.Compared with polymer membranes,the deformable membrane prepared on the top layer silicon of SOI had better temperature stability and could be released using the deep reactive ion etching technique after silicon-silicon bonding,avoiding deformation during the preparation process.In addition,due to the small gap between the membrane and the inlet/outlet holes,the dead volume of the microvalve was very small.The test results indicated that the micro-valve achieved flow control and ON/OFF functions with good repeatability.

A monolithic integrated gas chromatography chip,consisting of a micro gas chromatography column(μGCC)and a micro helium discharge ionization detector(μHDID)was proposed.The chip was fabricated using micro electromechanical system(MEMS)technique,and its sensitivity was improved from two aspects.On one hand,open tubular column was selected as the separation device,and the auxiliary helium channel width of μHDID was modulated based on the microchannel width of the μGCC to match the flow rates of μHDID and μGCC.On the other hand,the electrode structure inside the μHDID collection zone was optimized,a bias electrode group around the collection electrode was constructed,and the ion collection efficiency was improved.After coating HKUST-1 as the stationary phase,the monolithic integrated gas chromatography chip could achieve baseline separation and detection of light hydrocarbon gas mixture(methane,ethane,propane,andn-butane),with a detection limit for propane as low as 25 pg.The chip could carried out test under temperature-programmed conditions,with a resolution of 9.24 for ethane and propane.