The prevention and control of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are crucial for national biosecurity, and surveillance and reporting of pneumonia of unknown etiology are main ways for the early detection of these diseases and mitigation of their severity. This paper summaries the surveillance methods for pneumonia of unknown etiology and emerging and reemerging infectious diseases globally, indicating that such surveillance is mainly conducted based on hospital. Western countries primarily combine active and passive surveillance while utilizing artificial intelligence technology to rapidly identify cases. China mainly use passive surveillance based on the surveillance system for pneumonia of unknown etiology, with the function of early warning in the identification of emerging infectious diseases, such as avian influenza. However, with the improvement in the surveillance system operation, the overlap with other surveillance disease systems, such as influenza, has occurred, and the improvements in case definition and operational protocol are needed. It is recommended to improve the specificity of the case definition, strenthen training in hospital staff, inclduing clinical workers and office workers, and formulate incentive mechanisms. It is necessary to emphasize the responsibility of clinicians as the main force for the detection and reporting of pneumonia of unknown etiology and emerging infectious diseases, improve the appilication of artifical intelligent technique and conduct multi-source surveillance, such as third-party testing.

With the change of infectious disease incidence pattern and the development of related technologies, progresses have been made in the research of infectious disease epidemiology. In recent years, due to the change in the requirements of infectious disease prevention and control, the research focus has expanded from common infectious diseases to diseases which have been eliminated or might be eliminated, as well as emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Infectious disease data has been characterized by multiple sources and modalities. Along with the rapid development of pathogen detection methods, infectious disease surveillance has shifted from a single disease-targted one to a comprehensive one. Moreover, novel technologies such as multi-omics and artificial intelligence have been applied in infectious disease epidemiology research. The international cooperation in this field has become increasingly crucial, and the revision of the International Health Regulations and the negotiation of pandemic agreement will have a profound impact. In the future, infectious disease epidemiology research will develop with more powerful tools to improve its capabilities.

China has long prioritized the prevention and control of cervical cancer. In 2023, the National Health Commission and nine other departments jointly formulated the "Action Plan for Accelerating the Elimination of Cervical Cancer (2023-2030)". This article reviews the current global and Chinese progress in eliminating cervical cancer and HPV vaccination efforts. It specifically analyzes the problems and challenges faced in improving the HPV vaccination coverage rate among adolescent females in China. The article articulates the public health value of this improvement in achieving the ultimate goal of eliminating cervical cancer. Furthermore, it proposes targeted technical recommendations, including promptly incorporating HPV vaccination among adolescent females into the National Immunization Plan, formulating and continuously improving vaccination strategies and implementation plans, strengthening science popularization and publicity, and enhancing public opinion monitoring and risk management. These recommendations aim to promote health equity and contribute to the goal of eliminating cervical cancer as soon as possible.

The integration of multi-source data and the establishment of early warning indicator systems constitute pivotal elements for advancing surveillance and early warning capacities in respiratory infectious diseases. Given the multifaceted transmission mechanisms and complex contributing factors inherent in respiratory infectious diseases, surveillance datasets and associated early warning indicators demonstrate notable heterogeneity and sophisticated interrelationships. Furthermore, as surveillance and early warning requirements significantly vary across diverse epidemiological scenarios, accurate assessment of the value and applicability of distinct data types and indicators is imperative. This paper systematically reviews and synthesizes recent advancements in surveillance data and early warning indicators for respiratory infectious diseases, drawing on both domestic and international research. Particular attention is dedicated to analyzing the applicability and efficacy of various data types and indicators within multiple practical contexts, aiming to provide robust theoretical frameworks and methodological guidance to facilitate the development of resilient and efficient surveillance and early warning systems for respiratory infectious diseases.

Objective To investigate the factors affecting the overall survival in patients with HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)by bioinformatics analysis,thereby providing evidence for the prognosis prediction and therapy in HNSCC.Methods The raw RNA sequencing data of the primary tumor and adjacent tissue of HPV-negative HNSCC patients were obtained from the TCGA database;and the corresponding clinical information were collected.Survival R toolkit was used to perform univariate Cox regression analysis on all differentially expressed lncRNA;a Java program was used to carry out gene set enrichment analysis using the MSigDB C2 classic pathway gene set collection;and LASSO Cox regression was used for data dimensionality reduction and model building,and the risk score for each patient was calculated.Results There were 153 lncRNA which were significantly associated with overall survival in HPV-negative HNSCC patients.Time-dependent analysis showed that 13 lncRNA had good predictive performance in the training set.Multivariate Cox regression and stratified analysis revealed that the risk score based on the 13-lncRNA signature could be served as an independent prognostic factor for HPV-negative HNSCC patients.Conclusion The 13-lncRNA signature may be a novel independent biomarker for the prognosis of HPV-negative HNSCC.

The prevention and control of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are crucial for national biosecurity, and surveillance and reporting of pneumonia of unknown etiology are main ways for the early detection of these diseases and mitigation of their severity. This paper summaries the surveillance methods for pneumonia of unknown etiology and emerging and reemerging infectious diseases globally, indicating that such surveillance is mainly conducted based on hospital. Western countries primarily combine active and passive surveillance while utilizing artificial intelligence technology to rapidly identify cases. China mainly use passive surveillance based on the surveillance system for pneumonia of unknown etiology, with the function of early warning in the identification of emerging infectious diseases, such as avian influenza. However, with the improvement in the surveillance system operation, the overlap with other surveillance disease systems, such as influenza, has occurred, and the improvements in case definition and operational protocol are needed. It is recommended to improve the specificity of the case definition, strenthen training in hospital staff, inclduing clinical workers and office workers, and formulate incentive mechanisms. It is necessary to emphasize the responsibility of clinicians as the main force for the detection and reporting of pneumonia of unknown etiology and emerging infectious diseases, improve the appilication of artifical intelligent technique and conduct multi-source surveillance, such as third-party testing.

With the change of infectious disease incidence pattern and the development of related technologies, progresses have been made in the research of infectious disease epidemiology. In recent years, due to the change in the requirements of infectious disease prevention and control, the research focus has expanded from common infectious diseases to diseases which have been eliminated or might be eliminated, as well as emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Infectious disease data has been characterized by multiple sources and modalities. Along with the rapid development of pathogen detection methods, infectious disease surveillance has shifted from a single disease-targted one to a comprehensive one. Moreover, novel technologies such as multi-omics and artificial intelligence have been applied in infectious disease epidemiology research. The international cooperation in this field has become increasingly crucial, and the revision of the International Health Regulations and the negotiation of pandemic agreement will have a profound impact. In the future, infectious disease epidemiology research will develop with more powerful tools to improve its capabilities.

China has long prioritized the prevention and control of cervical cancer. In 2023, the National Health Commission and nine other departments jointly formulated the "Action Plan for Accelerating the Elimination of Cervical Cancer (2023-2030)". This article reviews the current global and Chinese progress in eliminating cervical cancer and HPV vaccination efforts. It specifically analyzes the problems and challenges faced in improving the HPV vaccination coverage rate among adolescent females in China. The article articulates the public health value of this improvement in achieving the ultimate goal of eliminating cervical cancer. Furthermore, it proposes targeted technical recommendations, including promptly incorporating HPV vaccination among adolescent females into the National Immunization Plan, formulating and continuously improving vaccination strategies and implementation plans, strengthening science popularization and publicity, and enhancing public opinion monitoring and risk management. These recommendations aim to promote health equity and contribute to the goal of eliminating cervical cancer as soon as possible.

The integration of multi-source data and the establishment of early warning indicator systems constitute pivotal elements for advancing surveillance and early warning capacities in respiratory infectious diseases. Given the multifaceted transmission mechanisms and complex contributing factors inherent in respiratory infectious diseases, surveillance datasets and associated early warning indicators demonstrate notable heterogeneity and sophisticated interrelationships. Furthermore, as surveillance and early warning requirements significantly vary across diverse epidemiological scenarios, accurate assessment of the value and applicability of distinct data types and indicators is imperative. This paper systematically reviews and synthesizes recent advancements in surveillance data and early warning indicators for respiratory infectious diseases, drawing on both domestic and international research. Particular attention is dedicated to analyzing the applicability and efficacy of various data types and indicators within multiple practical contexts, aiming to provide robust theoretical frameworks and methodological guidance to facilitate the development of resilient and efficient surveillance and early warning systems for respiratory infectious diseases.