Protrusive facial deformities, characterized by the forward displacement of the teeth and/or jaws beyond the normal range, affect a considerable portion of the population. The manifestations and morphological mechanisms of protrusive facial deformities are complex and diverse, requiring orthodontists to possess a high level of theoretical knowledge and practical experience in the relevant orthodontic field. To further optimize the correction of protrusive facial deformities, this consensus proposes that the morphological mechanisms and diagnosis of protrusive facial deformities should be analyzed and judged from multiple dimensions and factors to accurately formulate treatment plans. It emphasizes the use of orthodontic strategies, including jaw growth modification, tooth extraction or non-extraction for anterior teeth retraction, and maxillofacial vertical control. These strategies aim to reduce anterior teeth and lip protrusion, increase chin prominence, harmonize nasolabial and chin-lip relationships, and improve the facial profile of patients with protrusive facial deformities. For severe skeletal protrusive facial deformities, orthodontic-orthognathic combined treatment may be suggested. This consensus summarizes the theoretical knowledge and clinical experience of numerous renowned oral experts nationwide, offering reference strategies for the correction of protrusive facial deformities.
Humans ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Malocclusion/therapy* ; Patient Care Planning ; Cephalometry

Enamel demineralization, the formation of white spot lesions, is a common issue in clinical orthodontic treatment. The appearance of white spot lesions not only affects the texture and health of dental hard tissues but also impacts the health and aesthetics of teeth after orthodontic treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of white spot lesions that occur throughout the orthodontic treatment process involve multiple dental specialties. This expert consensus will focus on providing guiding opinions on the management and prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment, advocating for proactive prevention, early detection, timely treatment, scientific follow-up, and multidisciplinary management of white spot lesions throughout the orthodontic process, thereby maintaining the dental health of patients during orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Dental Caries/etiology* ; Dental Enamel/pathology* ; Tooth Demineralization/etiology* ; Tooth Remineralization

Clear aligner treatment is a novel technique in current orthodontic practice. Distinct from traditional fixed orthodontic appliances, clear aligners have different material features and biomechanical characteristics and treatment efficiencies, presenting new clinical challenges. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic description of the key clinical aspects of clear aligner treatment is essential to enhance treatment efficacy and facilitate the advancement and wide adoption of this new technique. This expert consensus discusses case selection and grading of treatment difficulty, principle of clear aligner therapy, clinical procedures and potential complications, which are crucial to the clinical success of clear aligner treatment.
Humans ; Consensus ; Orthodontic Appliance Design ; Orthodontic Appliances, Removable ; Tooth Movement Techniques/methods* ; Malocclusion/therapy* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/instrumentation*

Objective:To construct a prognostic risk model for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and elucidate the immune characteristics and immunotherapy response in patients with different prognostic stratification.Methods:RNA-seq data of TCGA-LIHC and ICGC(LIRI-JP),and gene microarray data of GSE14520 and GSE54236 in hepatocellular carcinoma,as well as clinical informa-tion of the corresponding samples were downloaded.First,screening of differentially expressed genes in tumor and non-tumor tissue samples from TCGA-LIHC,GSE14520 and GSE54236.For the common differential genes,univariate cox regression analysis was per-formed using TCGA-LIHC data to obtain HCC prognosis-related genes.Five genes were randomly selected as a panel,and the optimal prognostic marker panel was screened among 10 000 panels using Lasso-cox regression analysis combined with a five-fold cross-valida-tion method.TCGA-LIHC data were used as training set to construct the prognostic risk model,and ICGC data were used as validation set to test the model performance.Tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion(TIDE)algorithm and Immunophenotypic score(IPS)were used to predict immunotherapy efficacy in patients in different prognostic groups.Results:Overall survival was significantly lon-ger in low-risk group of HCC patients compared with high-risk group.Tumor proliferation rate,Treg and Th2 cell chemotaxis,stromal remodeling,and pro-tumor cytokines were significantly increased in high-risk patients,while NK cells,Th1 cells,effector cells and endothelial cells were significantly increased in low-risk patients.Immune checkpoint analysis showed that PDCD1,CTLA4 and CD276 were up-regulated in high-risk patients,while PDCD1LG2 was upregulated in low-risk patients.TIDE score and IPS results predicted that patients in low-risk group had better efficacy to immunotherapy.Conclusion:This study constructed a prognostic risk model containing three genes,DNASE1L3,RDH16 and DLGAP5,which can effectively predict the prognosis of HCC patients and assist in clinical decision making for individualized immunotherapy.

Malocclusion is an oral disease with a high prevalence. The goal of orthodontic treatment is health, aesthetics, function and stability. The transmission straight wire appliance and technique is an innovative orthodontic system with independent intellectual property rights invented by Professor Jiuxiang Lin′s team based on decades of clinical experience, which provides a new solution for the non-surgical correction of skeletal malocclusions, especially class Ⅲ malocclusion, and it is also a good carrier for the implementation of the concept of healthy orthodontics. Due to the lack of guidelines, how to implement standardized application of transmission straight wire technique remains a problem to be solved. This technical specification was formed by combining the guidance from Professor Jiuxiang Lin and joint revision by a number of authoritative experts from the Orthodontic Special Committee, Chinese Stomatological Association, with reference to relevant literatures, and combined with abundant clinical experience of many experts. This specification aims to provide reference to standardize the clinical application of transmission straight wire technique, so as to reduce the risk and complications, and finally to improve the clinical application level of this technique.

OBJECTIVE:To study the anti-oxidative effects of spirulina kinase (SPK) in vitro. METHODS:The methods of phenanthroine-Fe2+ oxidation method,DPPH and auto-oxidation of pyrogallol were used to measure the effects of different concen-trations of SPK on scavenging hydroxyl (OH-) free radical,DPPH free radical and superoxide anion (O2-) free radical;IC50 of SPK was calculated. Prussian blue reaction was used to determine total reducing ability(by absorbance)of different concentrations of SPK to Fe3+. Vitamin C(VC)was used as positive control in above trials. RESULTS:SPK could eliminate the OH-free radical, DPPH free radical and O2- free radical in concentration-dependant manner,and the maximum elimination rate of SPK to OH- free radical and DPPH free radical were 86.82% and 78.98%(IC50 were 54.31,0.636 g/L),which were higher than VC (64.77%, 73.49%). The maximum elimination rate of SPK to O2- free radical was 78.31%(IC50 was 3.918 g/L),which was lower than VC (94.14%). In reducing ability test,SPK improved absorbance in reducing ability test system,and maximum absorbance was simi-lar to VC in concentration-dependant manner. CONCLUSIONS:SPK has obvious anti-oxidant activities in vitro.

Objective:To investigate the alveolar bone defects of anterior alveolar bone in patients with bimaxillary protrusion by using cone-beam computed tomography ( CBCT ) . Methods: The samples consisted of 50 patients with bimaxillary protrusion, who were assigned to the teenage group[20 cases, (13. 1 ± 1. 0) years] and adult group[30 cases, (22. 9 ± 4. 2) years] . The adult group included 9 hy-po-divergent, 11 normo-divergent and 10 hyper-divergent patients. The images were obtained by using NewTom VG CBCT and the alveolar defects were evaluated. Results:The ratio of the patients had alveo-lar bone defects was 94. 00%. Meanwhile, the defects were associated with 38. 60% of all the teeth. Most defects occurred on labial alveolar bone ( 98 . 66%); fenestration was found more in the maxillary alveolar region and dehiscence occurred more in the mandible. The dehiscences (3. 06%) and defects prevalence (30. 13%) of the teenage group were significant lower than those of the adult group (11. 73% vs. 42. 46%), P<0. 05; while there was no significance of the fenestrations prevalence between the two group (P>0. 05). The hypo-divergent group had lower fenestrations prevalence (22. 22%) than the normo-divergent (33. 84%) and hyper-divergent groups (37. 50%), P<0. 05. The upper central incisor had the lowest alveolar bone defect prevalence. Conclusion: Alveolar bone defects are common findings in patients with bimaxillary protrusion before orthodontic treatment. The prevalence of defects is affected by age and vertical-growth type.

Objective To elaborate the role of hepatic inherent macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages in acute liver injury.Methods A model of acute liver injury in mice was induced via intraperitoneally injection of CCl 4 .Af-ter CCl4 injection, analysis of the expression of CD45, F4/80, Ly6C and CD11b on the hepatic macrophage surface was performed by flow cytometry at 24, 48 and 72 h before the hepatic inherent macrophages (CD45+F4/80hi) and monocyte-de-rived macrophages ( CD45+F4/80 lo ) were sorted at the same time .The relative expression of cytokines in the two popula-tions of macrophages was detected by qRT-PCR.Results Compared with control , the number of total F4/80 +cells in the liver was markedly increased after CCl 4 injection, especially at 72 h.The number of CD45+F4/80lo cells increased signifi-cantly after CCl4 injection 24 h.The mRNA levels of MCP-1, TNF-α, TGF-β1, matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-12 and MMP-13 were elevated significantly both in F 4/80 hi and F4/80 lo macrophages .IL-12βand IL-6 mRNA levels increased significantly only in F4/80hi macrophages, while the level of MMP-9 mRNA increased markedly only in F4/80lo macropha-ges.When compared with F4/80lo macrophages, MCP-1 and MMP-12 mRNA levels were elevated significantly , while the level of TNF-αmRNA decreased significantly in F4/80hi macrophages.Conclusion In acute liver injury, hepatic inherent macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages both express inflammatory cytokines , promoting inflammation response and leading to liver damage .The ability to recruit inflammatory monocytes into the liver is much stronger ,the expression of in-flammatory cytokines ( IL-12βand IL-6 ) and MMP-12 is higher , but the expression of inflammatory cytokines ( TNF-α) MMP-9 is lower in hepatic inherent macrophages than in monocyte-derived macrophages .

Objective To study the relation between donor-recipient human leukocyte antigen (HLA)mismatching and combined malignant tumors after renal transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 1 021 patients who received renal transplantation from 1993 to 2009 in Department of Urology of Beijing Friendship Hospital of Affiliated Capital University of Medical Sciences over 5 years and had complete HLA typing were analyzed. In the 1 021 patients after renal transplantation,928 cases were non-tumor patients and 93 cases were malignant tumor patients. The mismatching data of 3 locus (HLA-A,B and DR)with a total of 6 antigens of the donors and recipients were collected. The relation between donor-recipient HLA mismatching number and postoperative combined malignant tumors was analyzed. And that between genders was also analyzed. Results Malignant tumors occurred in 9.11% (93/1 021)of the patients. The malignant tumor incidences of patients with HLA mismatch of 0-1,2,3,4,5 and 6 antigens were 14%,13%,14%,6%, 3% and 4%respectively. Patients with HLA over half-matched (0-3 antigens mismatch)had higher incidence of malignant tumors compared with that in patients with HLA less than half matched (4-6 antigens mismatch) (14% vs. 5%;χ2 =24.11,P<0.005). In the malignant tumor patients of0-3 antigens mismatch,12 cases were males and 54 cases were females. In the patients of 4-6 antigens mismatch,12 cases were males and 15 cases were females. The proportion of female patients of 0-3 antigens mismatch was higher than that of male patients (χ2 =5.60,P<0.025). Conclusions For the renal transplant patients,especially female patients, the lower the HLA mismatching number is,the higher the malignant tumor incidence is.

Batch and continuous fermentation were adopted to investigate the effect of specific growth rate and amino acid components on RNA accumulation in Candida tropicalis ATCC 20408 in fermentation medium ( FM), yeast peptone dextrose medium (YPD), molasses fermentation medium ( MFM) and FM without corn steep liquor. The data showed that obvious differences in intracellular RNA accumulation were observed at different cell growth phases in bath fermentation prosess, and RNA level reached 11. 8% (g-RNA /g-DCW) during exponential phase, and only 6.9% during stationary phases. It was also found that intracellular RNA accumulation increased with the increase of specific growth rate in continue fermentation prosess, and the highest RNA level reached 15. 6% with the glucose conversion rate of 42. 8% at the dilution rate of 0. 5 h-1. Furthermore, the data showed that RNA lever was notably increased in batch fermentation process when amino acids or peptone was added into the fermentation medium containing no corn steep liquor. Taken together, it was reported for the first time that specific growth rate and amino acid components plays a leading role on the intracellular RNA accumulation in C. tropica lis, and specific growth rate is more important.