The primary role of transfer RNA(tRNA)is to connect a specific amino acid to its 3' end, use its anticodon to match the codon on messenger RNA(mRNA), and deliver the corresponding amino acid to the ribosome for protein synthesis.tRNA exists in two forms: precursor tRNA and mature tRNA.When acted upon by enzymes like Dicer, elaC ribonuclease Z 2(ELAC2), angiopoietin(ANG), and other ribonucleases, tRNA is broken down into tRNA-derived stress-induced RNA(tiRNA)and tRNA-derived fragments(tRF).Recent advancements in RNA sequencing technology have led to increased interest in tiRNA and tRF, shedding light on their roles in various physiological and pathological processes.tRNA-derived small molecules(tsRNA)function similarly to microRNA(miRNA), influencing gene expression and protein synthesis.They show promise as diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets for age-related diseases.This review offers a comprehensive analysis of tsRNA classification, biological functions, research advancements, and clinical applications in age-related conditions.

The primary role of transfer RNA(tRNA)is to connect a specific amino acid to its 3' end, use its anticodon to match the codon on messenger RNA(mRNA), and deliver the corresponding amino acid to the ribosome for protein synthesis.tRNA exists in two forms: precursor tRNA and mature tRNA.When acted upon by enzymes like Dicer, elaC ribonuclease Z 2(ELAC2), angiopoietin(ANG), and other ribonucleases, tRNA is broken down into tRNA-derived stress-induced RNA(tiRNA)and tRNA-derived fragments(tRF).Recent advancements in RNA sequencing technology have led to increased interest in tiRNA and tRF, shedding light on their roles in various physiological and pathological processes.tRNA-derived small molecules(tsRNA)function similarly to microRNA(miRNA), influencing gene expression and protein synthesis.They show promise as diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets for age-related diseases.This review offers a comprehensive analysis of tsRNA classification, biological functions, research advancements, and clinical applications in age-related conditions.

Objective:To analyze the prevalence and related factors of depression symptom among middle-aged and older adults belonging to Zhiguo ethnic minority groups,who experienced relative isolation prior to mod-emization and bypassed the transitional period associated with feudal monarchy in Yunnan Province.Methods:Using stratified cluster sampling,a total of 1 035 individuals from Zhiguo ethnic minority groups were investigated with the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ-9)to measure depression symptom scores(a total score≥5 was considered indicative of depression symptom).A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to investigate 24 cova-riates across five dimensions:sociodemographic,social-interpersonal network,mental health status,physical health status,and health behaviors.Results:Among the surveyed participants,231 individuals(22.32％)exhibited depres-sion symptoms.The logistic regression analysis showed that middle-aged and elderly people belonging to Zhiguo ethnic minority groups with occupations as laborers(OR=8.73),farmers(OR=7.34),and other professions(OR=7.13),those who reported feeling stressed or anxious in the last month(OR=5.43),those suffering from one(OR=2.81)or more chronic illnesses(OR=2.14),experiencing sleep problems(OR=3.74)/debilitating(OR=1.69)/mild-moderate pain(OR=2.23,4.37),and engaging in sedentary behavior(OR=2.27)were at higher risk for depressive symptoms.The risk of depressive symptoms was lower among middle-aged and elderly people be-longing to Zhiguo ethnic minority groups with higher social support scores(OR=0.96)and meaning in life scores(OR=0.96).Conclusion:The prevalence of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly individuals of Zhiguo ethnic minorities is substantial,influenced by multiple factors.

Objective To study the splenic injuries caused by high-altitude falling and underwater explosion and the 2-dimensional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)characteristics.Methods Twenty-three healthy Beagle dogs were divided into high-altitude falling group(n=13)and underwater explosion group(n=10).Free-fall high-platform device and gram-grade trinitrotoluene were used to simulate high-altitude falling injury and underwater explosion injury in Beagle dogs,respectively.Ultrasound examination of the spleen was performed immediately after injury,with follow-up examinations every hour.CEUS examination was performed in surviving dogs.Spleen specimens were taken from deceased dogs after injury to observe gross injuries.Pathological changes in tissue morphology and cell apoptosis were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(H-E)staining.Results In the high-altitude falling model,6,2,1,and 1 dogs died in the 6 m,7 m,8 m,and 9 m groups,respectively;in the underwater explosion model,1 and 4 dogs died in the buoyancy and frogman groups,respectively.Two-dimensional ultrasound examination of the high-altitude falling model showed spleen rupture(disruption of splenic parenchymal structure),perisplenic fluid accumulation,subcapsular hematoma,intrasplenic hematoma,increased splenic vein echo,and uneven splenic parenchymal echo.Two-dimensional ultrasound examination of the underwater explosion model showed increased splenic vein echo and uneven splenic parenchymal echo,which were less serious compared with the high-altitude falling model.CEUS results indicated 4 major contrast patterns in both models.The Beagle dogs with type Ⅰ(large focal contrast defect),type Ⅱ(diffuse contrast defect),or type Ⅲ(no contrast agent entry into the splenic vein)contrast patterns all had splenic rupture after injury.H-E staining results showed true splenic rupture,diffuse intrasplenic hemorrhage,splenic hematoma/ecchymosis,subcapsular hematoma/ecchymosis,and venous congestion after spleen injury,which were consistent with the 2-dimensional ultrasound findings.Conclusion High-altitude falling causes more serious spleen injuries in Beagle dogs compared with underwater explosions.Routine ultrasound performs well in diagnosing typical splenic injuries,while CEUS has advantages in evaluating atypical splenic injuries and has good predictive ability for delayed splenic rupture.

Lymphatic metastasis is the main metastatic route for colorectal cancer, which increases the risk of cancer recurrence and distant metastasis. The properties of the lymph node metastatic colorectal cancer (LNM-CRC) cells are poorly understood, and effective therapies are still lacking. Here, we found that hypoxia-induced fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAPα) expression in LNM-CRC cells. Gain- or loss-function experiments demonstrated that FAPα enhanced tumor cell migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness, and lymphangiogenesis via activation of the STAT3 pathway. In addition, FAPα in tumor cells induced extracellular matrix remodeling and established an immunosuppressive environment via recruiting regulatory T cells, to promote colorectal cancer lymph node metastasis (CRCLNM). Z-GP-DAVLBH, a FAPα-activated prodrug, inhibited CRCLNM by targeting FAPα-positive LNM-CRC cells. Our study highlights the role of FAPα in tumor cells in CRCLNM and provides a potential therapeutic target and promising strategy for CRCLNM.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of unilateral adrenalectomy for treating primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) of different clinical types.Methods:The clinical and biochemical data of 54 patients with PBMAH who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy from May 2008 to March 2023 were retrospectively collected. Preoperative CT images of all patients showed enlarged bilateral adrenal glands with multiple nodules of " fused masses". Mean preoperative blood cortisol concentration at 8am was (21.5±7.7)μg/dl, urinary free cortisol concentration was (442.6±300.4)μg/24h, and mean 8am ACTH concentration was (6.4±2.3)pg/ml. Postoperative symptoms, BMI, blood pressure, mass diameter, cortisol and ACTH concentration were recorded and analyzed.Results:Compared with ordinary laparoscopic surgery, robot-assisted surgery showed shorter operation time [(115.4±22.1)min vs.(95.0±19.8)min, P=0.045]; less blood loss [(118.2±57.0)ml vs. (125.6±45.3)ml, P=0.441] and shorter hospitalization time [(5.2±0.9)day vs. (6.4±1.2)day, P=0.279]. Compared with laparoscopic surgery, open surgery showed longer operation time [(134 34.5) min vs. (104.3±20.1) min, P=0.035]; more blood loss [(305.5±85.2) ml vs. (122.5±44.3) ml, P=0.012] and longer hospitalization time[(10.4±3.2)day vs. (5.7±1.0) day, P=0.020]. The average follow-up time was (23.7±11.7) months. Sixteen cases biochemically relapsed, and the average relapse-free time was (25.4±13.4) month. Mean postoperative systolic blood pressure was (131.1±16.8)mmHg ( P=0.001) while diastolic blood pressure decreased to (82.2±11.1)mmHg ( P=0.002). Postsurgical average blood cortisol concentration decreased to (10.2±4.0)μg/dl ( P<0.01), while urine cortisol concentration decreased to (106.6±43.4)μg/24h( P<0.01). Average ACTH concentration increased to (12.6±4.1)pg/ml( P=0.005). Recurrent patients had higher preoperative blood and urine cortisol concentration(24.7±8.2)μg/dl( P=0.046), (522.8±234.2)μg/24h( P=0.028), and all of them underwent contralateral adrenalectomy. Conclusions:Unilateral adrenalectomy is safe and effective for treatment of PBMAH while part of patients biochemically relapsed. Subclinical patients were observed no recurrent cases after surgery. Recurrent patients have higher preoperative blood and urine cortisol levels and should undertake contralateral adrenalectomy and supplement corticosteroids for whole life.

Objective:To explore the potential genetic causes of unexplained neonatal encephalopathy.Methods:This retrospective study enrolled 113 infants diagnosed with unexplained neonatal encephalopathy and underwent genetic testing in the Children's Hospital of Hunan Province from January 2019 to May 2021. Perinatal data, clinical manifestations, electroencephalograph, brain MRI findings, genetic information, and prognosis of those patients were analyzed. T-test or Chi-square test were used for data analysis. Results:Of the 113 infants enrolled, 74 (65.5%) were males. The gestational age at birth was (38.6±1.5) weeks, and the birth weight was (2 957±561) g. The most common clinical manifestation was the disturbance of consciousness (83/113, 73.5%), followed by seizures (39/113, 34.5%). There were 38.2% (34/89) of the patients with abnormal brain MRI, and 80.4% (74/92) presented abnormal electroencephalography. Among the 113 infants, 60 (53.1%) had genetic abnormalities, including 48 with single nucleotide variations, eight with copy number variations, and four with chromosome abnormalities. Single nucleotide variations in the 48 patients were classified into syndromic ( n=18, 37.5%), metabolic ( n=16, 33.3%), epileptic ( n=11, 22.9%) and mitochondrial-related genes ( n=3, 6.3%), of which 14 were not included in any database. Among the 103 cases which were successfully followed up until December 31, 2021, 75 (72.8%) had a poor prognosis, including 52 (50.5%) death cases and 23 (22.3%) cases of development retardation. Birth weight and the incidence of seizures in the poor prognosis group were both lower than those in the non-poor prognosis group [(2 876±536) vs (3 254±554) g, t=3.15; 29.3% (22/75) vs 53.6% (15/28), χ2=5.20; both P<0.05], while the incidence of disturbance of consciousness was higher [80.0% (60/75) vs 53.6% (15/28), χ2=7.19, P<0.05]. The proportion of infants with genetic abnormalities in the poor prognosis group was higher than that in the non-poor prognosis group, but the difference was not statistically significant [53.3% (40/75) vs 46.4% (13/28), χ2=0.39, P=0.533]. Conclusions:Genetic abnormality is one of the leading causes of unexplained neonatal encephalopathy. Nucleotide variation is the most common genetic type. Syndromic, metabolic, and epileptic variants are frequently detected in these patients.

The acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults have a higher rate of neurological injury and early death compared with atlas or axial fractures alone. Currently, the diagnosis and treatment choices of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults are controversial because of the lack of standards for implementation. Non-operative treatments have a high incidence of bone nonunion and complications, while surgeries may easily lead to the injury of the vertebral artery, spinal cord and nerve root. At present, there are no evidence-based Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults. To provide orthopedic surgeons with the most up-to-date and effective information in treating acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults, the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedic Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association organized experts in the field of spinal trauma to develop the Evidence-based guideline for clinical diagnosis and treatment of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults ( version 2023) by referring to the "Management of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults" published by American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS)/Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) in 2013 and the relevant Chinese and English literatures. Ten recommendations were made concerning the radiological diagnosis, stability judgment, treatment rules, treatment options and complications based on medical evidence, aiming to provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of acute combination fractures of the atlas and axis in adults.

Objective:To study the risk factors of metabolic bone disease (MBD) associated fracture in very low birth weight premature infants.Methods:From January 2012 to December 2019, premature infants (gestational age <32 weeks, birth weight <1 500 g) were admitted to our hospital and followed-up regularly for 1.5 years (once every month within first 6 months, then once every 3 months). The infants were assigned into two groups according to X-ray diagnosis: the fracture group and the non-fracture group. The clinical data of the two groups were compared and the risk factors of fracture were analyzed.Results:A total of 62 preterm infants with MBD were included in this study, including 11 in the fracture group and 51 in the non-fracture group. The risk factors of MBD associated fracture included intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), birth weight <1 000 g, gestational age, respiratory support duration and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) duration ( P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that IUGR ( P<0.05, OR=2.159, 95% CI 1.536~2.759) and TPN duration ( P<0.05, OR=1.143, 95% CI 1.042~1.270) were independent risk factors for fracture. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the fracture group was significantly higher than the non-fracture group and 25(OH)VitD was significantly lower than the non-fracture group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:IUGR and TPN duration are risk factors for MBD associated fracture in preterm infants. As biochemical markers of bone metabolism, ALP and 25(OH)VitD levels have clinical value predicting MBD associated fracture.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the commonest cause of heart failure (HF), whereas pulmonary hypertension (PH) has not been established or reported in this patient population. Therefore, we assessed the prevalence, risk factors, and survival in CAD-associated HF (CAD-HF) complicated with PH. METHODS: Symptomatic CAD-HF patients were continuously enrolled in this prospective, multicenter registry study. Echocardiography, coronary arteriography, left and right heart catheterization (RHC), and other baseline clinical data were recorded. Patients were followed up and their survival was recorded. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-two CAD-HF patients were enrolled, including 142 with HF with a preserved ejection fraction (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction [HFpEF]; left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] ≥50%) and 40 with a reduced ejection fraction (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction [HFrEF]; LVEF < 50%). PH was diagnosed with RHC in 77.5% of patients. Patients with PH showed worse hemodynamic parameters and higher mortality. HFrEF-PH patients had worse survival than HFpEF-PH patients. CAD-HF patients with an enlarged left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and reduced hemoglobin were at higher risk of PH. Nitrate treatment reduced the risk of PH. Elevated creatinine and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), diastolic pressure gradient (DPG) ≥7 mmHg, and previous myocardial infarction (MI) entailed a higher risk of mortality in CAD-HF patients with PH. CONCLUSIONS: PH is common in CAD-HF and worsens the hemodynamics and survival in these patients. Left ventricle enlargement and anemia increase the risk of PH in CAD-HF. Patients may benefit from nitrate medications. Renal impairment, elevated mPAP, DPG ≥7 mmHg, and previous MI are strong predictors of mortality in CAD-HF-PH patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02164526.
Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology* ; Creatinine ; Heart Failure/complications* ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary/complications* ; Nitrates ; Prevalence ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Registries ; Risk Factors ; Stroke Volume ; Ventricular Function, Left