Bronchiectasis has the characteristics of long course,gradual aggravation,easy recurrence and difficult to treat.The characteristics are similar to those arouse by incubative pathogenic factors.Based on the theory of incubative pathogenic factors,this disease is often related to the incubative pathogenic factors in the body's areas with deficient healthy qi,which occur at regular times.The etiology can be external,congenital,or internal.Treatment should focus on different characteristics of incubative pathogenic factors.Attention should be paid to clearing and dispersing in external pathogenic factors,while attention should be paid to supporting and promoting healthy qi in congenital pathogenic factors,and do not forget to remove internal pathogenic factors.

The application of Raman spectroscopy in the field of laboratory medicine is making continuous progress and development. The biosensor platform based on Raman spectroscopy provides a new means for accurate molecular diagnosis of diseases. In particular, as a fast and non-destructive detection method, surface-enhanced Raman scattering has the advantages of simple sample preparation, little interference from water and real-time detection, and shows great application potential in the field of medical examination. At the same time, with the integration of SERS and other technologies, including electrochemistry, new nano-materials, microfluidic, biochip, DNA nano-machine, artificial intelligence and machine learning, it will play a more and more important role in the field of medical laboratory. With the deepening of SERS research and the cross-integration between multiple disciplines, it will be widely used in biomedical detection and is expected to become an important technology platform for the next generation of precision diagnosis.

Tumors pose a serious challenge to global public health. The sensitive and precise detection of tumor biomarkers is very important for early screening and diagnosis of cancers. DNAzymes with outstanding physical, chemical, and biological properties are widely applied in the design of biosensing strategies. By the use of sensing platforms such as fluorescence, electrochemistry, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering, DNAzymes facilitate the early screening and detection of tumors. This article summarizes the functional mechanism and common classifications of DNAzymes, and the updates of DNAzymes-based novel biosensing technologies within the field of liquid biopsy, expecting the technical challenges yet to be surmounted and future developmental directions.

In recent years, infectious pathogens have received sustained attention because of their serious impact on the world′s health and socio-economic infrastructure. The existing common detection methods lack a certain sensitivity and specificity, the process is tedious, and they rely on more expensive auxiliary instruments and equipment. On the other hand, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) has been widely used in the monitoring of infectious diseases due to its high specificity, sensitivity, and rapid programmable characteristics, and has shown important potential significance in the research of new biosensors in nucleic acid detection. This paper describes the functional mechanism of Cas protein commonly used in CRISPR/Cas system, summarizes the latest research progress of new biosensor technology based on CRISPR/Cas system in the field of infectious disease detection, and looks forward to the technical problems to be solved and the future development direction. With more research advancement, more types of biosensing platforms based on CRISPR/Cas system are expected to be developed, paving the way for the application of POCT in the field of rapid pathogen detection.

Background There is a lack of research evidence on the association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in China. Objective To explore the association between frequency of SSB consumption before pregnancy and risk of GDM in pregnant women in Shaanxi Province, and to provide a scientific basis for targeted interventions to control maternal blood glucose. Methods The recruitment to the China Birth Cohort study started in October 2020. Pregnant women at 6-16 weeks who had their first prenatal examination at five hospitals in Shaanxi Province were recruited. A maternal health questionnaire was used to collect basic information about pregnant women. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to collect the consumption of carbonated beverages, fruit and vegetable juice beverages, coffee beverages, and milk tea beverages in one year before pregnancy, which were summed to obtain the SSB consumption. Pregnant women were divided into three groups according to SSB consumption, namely <1 serving·week⁻¹, 1-4 servings·week⁻¹, and ≥5 servings·week⁻¹. GDM was confirmed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 24-28 weeks of gestation. A binary logistic regression model was applied to explore the association between SSB consumption and risk of GDM. Multiple linear regression was applied to investigate the associations between SSB consumption (per 1-serving·d⁻¹ increase) and OGTT fasting plasma glucose, 1-hour glucose, and 2-hour glucose. Results A total of 3811 pregnant women were finally enrolled in this study, of which 752 developed GDM, with an incidence rate of 19.7%. The incidence rates of GDM in pregnant women with SSB consumption frequency of <1 serving·week⁻¹, 1-4 servings·week⁻¹, and ≥5 servings·week⁻¹ were 18.0%, 21.1%, and 26.8%, respectively. After adjusting for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), education, number of children born, family history of diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity level, and total energy intake, the risk of GDM increased by 26% (OR=1.26, 95%CI: 1.05, 1.50) in the 1-4 servings·week⁻¹ group and by 76% (OR=1.76, 95%CI: 1.31, 2.38) in the ≥5 servings·week⁻¹ group compared to the <1 serving·week⁻¹ SSB consumption group, respectively. Further stratified analysis revealed no interaction effect (P_interaction>0.05) between SSB consumption and maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, or first labor or not. For each additional SSB consumption per day, the risk of GDM increased by 94% (OR=1.94, 95%CI: 1.37, 2.75); and the maternal OGTT 1-hour glucose and 2-hour glucose increased by 0.33 mmol·L⁻¹ and 0.18 mmol·L⁻¹, respectively (P<0.05), and no significant increase in fasting plasma glucose was found (P>0.05). Conclusion Higher SSB consumption before pregnancy increases the risk of GDM in pregnant women.

Objective To analyse effects of zinc on immune function in children with infantile pneumonia .Methods A total of 96 children with infantile pneumonia selected from May to July 2014 were randomly divided into zinc supplementary treatment group and routine treatment group ,with 48 cases in each group .Routine treatment group was given conventional treatment ,while the zinc supplementary treatment group was received conventional treatment combined with zinc supplement .The serum level of zinc and immune function were detected before and after treatment ,respectively .Other 40 healthy infants received physical examination were contemporarily selected as healthy control group .Results Before treatment ,the levels of serum zinc ,IgA ,IgM and IgG ,percentages of CD3+ ,CD4+ cells and the CD4+ /CD8+ ratio in the two groups of children with infantile pneumonia were lower than those in the healthy control group ,while percentage of CD8+ cells was lower than that in the healthy control group ,had statistically significant differences(P<0 .05) .While no statistically significant differences of indicators mentioned above were found between the zinc sup‐plementary treatment group and routine treatment group before treatment(P> 0 .05) .After treatment ,the levels of serum zinc , IgA ,IgM and IgG ,percentages of CD3+ ,CD4+ cells and the CD4+ /CD8+ ratio in the zinc supplementary treatment group were higher than those in the routine treatment group ,and percentage of CD8+ cells was lower than that in the routine treatment group , had statistically significant differences(P<0 .05);while compared with the healthy control group ,levels of serum zinc ,IgA ,IgM , IgG were still lower ,had statistically significant differences(P<0 .05) .After treatment ,levels of serum zinc ,IgA ,IgM ,IgG ,per‐centages of CD3+ ,CD4+ cells and the CD4+ /CD8+ ratio in the routine treatment group were still lower than those in the healthy control group ,and percentage of CD8+ cells was still higher than that in the healthy control group ,had statistically significant differences(P<0 .05) .Conclusion Zinc can effectively improve the immune function of children with infantile pneumonia ,which might shorten treatment time and reduce adverse outcomes .

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance in nationwide and understand the distribution of bacterial and resistance trend.MethodsThe 6507 clinical isolates were collected from 19 hospitals in 17 cities.The susceptibility tests were performed using agar dilution method recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) in central laboratory.The values of MIC50,MIC90 and MICrange were calculated by SPSS 17.0 and the susceptibilities of isolates to antimicrobial agents were determined by using CLSI (2010) guideline.Of all 6507 isolates,4691 strains were collected from target wards and 1816 were isolated from others wards.ResultsAmong 4691 strains,1156 were Gram-positive (24.6％ ) and 3535 were Gram-negative (75.4％).Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration results,the prevalence of methicillin resistant Stapylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Stapylococcus epidermidis are 51.6％ ( 325/630 ) and 87.0％ ( 228/262 ) respectively.Staphylococci showing intermediate or full resistance to vancomycin were not observed. Coagulase negative Staphylococci showed 2.5％ (16/642)intermediate rate and 1.6％ ( 10/642 ) full resistance rate to teicoplanin,and showed 0.5％ ( 3/642 )resistance rate to linezolid.Antibiotic resistance rate of Enterococcus faecalis to ampicillin was 17.1％(19/111),while the resistance rate of Enterococcus faecium to ampicillin reached up to 85.0％(164/193).Three Enterococcus faecium were resistant to glycopeptides.The prevalence of penicillin resistance Streptococcus pneumoniae and penicillin intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae were 41.2％ ( 145/352) and 37.2％ (131/352) respectively based on oral penicillin criterion,while the prevalence were 0.0％ (0/352) and 6.0％(21/352) based on vein to non-meningitis criterion.A vast majority of Enterobacteriaceae maintained high susceptibility to carbapenems,with resistance rate less than 2.0％.In addition,tigecycline,moxalactam,fosfomycin and amikacin displayed desirable antibacterial activity against Enterbacteriaceae,and resistance rates to these drugs were all less than 10.0％.For non-fermenting Gramnegative isolates,resistance rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii to imipenem were 23.1％ ( 139/601 ) and 53.5％ (419/784) respectively.Resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii was much higher than that during the period 2007 - 2008.Colistin,tigecycline,minocycline and fosfomycin demonstrated good antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii in vitro.Conclusions Compared with MOHNARIN 2007 -2008year surveillance results, significant increase in resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii was demonstrated.Resistant strains to linezolid and tigecycline were found.Bacterial resistance has been a widespread problem in our country,which requires much more attention.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the pathogen distribution and resistance pattern of the positive clinical sputum specimens in our hospital.METHODS The bacteria and fungi were identified by API system.The susceptibility of antimicrobial and antifungal agents was tested by KB and Rosco disk diffusion method and the data were analyzed by WHONET 5.4 software.RESULTS In 2008,in our hospital,the majority of the positive specimens were distributed among cerebral surgery department,intensive care unit(ICU),respiratory and pediatric departments.The pathogens of the eight highest isolating rate were Pseudomonas aeruginosa(20%),Candida albicans(18%),Acinetobacter baumannii(10.7%),Staphylococcus aureus(6.5%),Klebsiella pneumoniae(6%),Enterobacter cloacae(4%),Haemophilus influenzae(3.8%),and Stenotropho maltophilia(3.5%).In view of the resistance,no Staphylococcus species were resistant to vancomycin,but they were resistant to many other antimicrobial agents.Gram-negative Enterobactericaeae were sensitive to carbapenems,cefoperazone/sulbactam and piperacillin/tazobactam.Among nonfermenters,P.aeruginosa and S.maltophilia were resistant to the most antimicrobial agents while Acinetobacter were comparatively sensitive to carbapenems and cefoperazone/sulbactam.CONCLUSIONS The pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections have a high resistance rate to many antimicrobial agents.In view of the seriousness of this problem,we should emphasis on it and select antimicrobial agents rationally.

OBJECTIVE To study the mutation profiles of hepatitis B virus(HBV) in the core regions.METHODS Based on the sequence alignment of all HBV genotypes,specific primers targeting all HBV genotypes were designed to amplify the core region of HBV followed by sequence analysis on the sequencing data available.RESULTS Among the 34 cases,23 cases showed mutations in the core region.According to the mutation profiles,the most common mutations were the A1762T(50.0%) and G1764A(52.9%) in the basic core promoter(BCP) regions,and it always showed as double mutations.The L60V in core gene regions was the secondary common mutations(17.6%).Among all patients,there were 18,6 and 10 cases showed mutations in BCP,pre-core,and core gene regions,respectively.The most common mutations in BCP,pre-core,and core gene regions were the double mutations at A1762T and G1764A(94.7%),G1896A(83.3%),and L60V(50.0%),respectively.CONCLUSIONS The most common mutations in the core region of HBV are the double mutations at A1762T and G1764A.Analysis on the mutation profiles of HBV core regions might be helpful for the prognosis and prediction of HBV infections.

Objective To evaluate the value of multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) post-processing technique in diagnosis of spinal injury. Methods CT materials in 44 cases of spinal injury were retrospectively analyzed,all case were scanning with 16-slice helical CT,the images were passing on an independent workstation for MPR and SVR technique,and compared with axial 2D imaging of CT . Results MPR and SVR images could show the fracture line and displacement of fractured osseous fragments and spatial relationship of structure clearly,MPR images could show small fracture line and dislocation of joint actually. Conclusion MPR and SVR images are important supplement to axial 2D images,the axial imaging combined with various reconstruction technique can provide the space structure of spinal injury ,and play an important role in selecting therapy project and evaluating prognosis.