Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） diagnostics is a discipline that studies the basic theories and fundamental skills of diagnostic methods， disease diagnosis， and differentiation in accordance with the theories of TCM. The artificial intelligence （AI） technology has gained remarkable achievements in the intelligentization of the four diagnostic methods in TCM and the standardization of differentiation and diagnosis. However， it still faces many challenges. The standardization of clinical data collection is difficult， and the data quality is uneven， which affects the usability of the data. The integration of the four diagnostic information is insufficient. Most instruments can only collect data from a single diagnostic method， lacking overall integrity. The scientific nature of the diagnostic model needs to be improved. The existing models lack dynamics and the reasoning logic of TCM differentiation. The accuracy of intelligent methods needs to be improved， and the existing evaluation indicators cannot fully reflect the practical application effect of the model. Furthermore， the relevant laws and regulations are still not perfect， and data security and patient privacy lack guarantees. The cultivation of compound talents is insufficient， and there is a lack of interdisciplinary talents who are proficient in both TCM and AI. On this basis， this paper expounded on the current development status， difficulties， and bottlenecks of AI in TCM diagnosis and then explored the development trend of AI in the field of TCM diagnosis. It proposed solutions such as optimizing the data collection process， constructing multimodal diagnostic models， facilitating multi-disciplinary exchanges and cooperation， improving laws and regulations， and cultivating compound talents. It is hoped that modern， standardized， normalized， and intelligent TCM diagnosis can be further promoted， thereby providing new impetus and methods for the inheritance and innovation of TCM.

Objective To compare the clinical characteristics of pneumococcal meningitis in different age groups, and to provide a basis for early diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid and/or serum samples were collected from 1742 suspected cases of meningitis in Baoji, Shaanxi Province from August 2013 to July 2019. Streptococcus pneumoniae was detected by isolation culture and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Retrospective analysis of clinical manifestations, biochemical indicators and other information of laboratory confirmed cases was conducted by χ² test or Fisher's exact test. Results A total of 1742 samples of encephalitis or meningitis cases were detected, and 41 cases were confirmed as laboratory-confirmed Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Among them, there were 12 cases (29.27%) in the infant group, 14 cases (34.15%) in the child group, and 15 cases (36.59%) in the adult group. The proportion of the adults with headache was significantly higher than that of the infants (χ²=11.408，P＜0.017). The proportion of the adults with consciousness disorder, elevated white blood cells and elevated neutrophils were significantly higher than those in the infant and the child groups（Fisher's exact test, P＜0.017；χ² =6.428，P＜0.017；χ² =10.898，P＜0.017；χ² =6.421，P＜0.017；χ² =9.758，P＜0.017；χ² =7.744，P＜0.017). The proportion of the infants with cerebrospinal fluid turbidity was significantly higher than that of the children (Fisher's exact test，P＜0.017). The proportion of the infants with decreased white blood cells and reduced glucose in cerebrospinal fluid was significantly higher than that of the children group and the adult group（Fisher's exact test, P＜0.001；Fisher's exact test, P＜0.001；Fisher's exact test, P＜0.017; Fisher's exact test, P＜0.017). Conclusion Most adult patients with pneumococcal meningitis have headache and consciousness disorders, with significantly increased proportion of white blood cells and neutrophils. Infant patients tend to have cloudy appearance of cerebrospinal fluid, leukopenia in blood, and decreased glucose in cerebrospinal fluid.

From 2019 to 2023, a total of 30.8602 million doses of non-National Immunization Program (non-NIP) vaccines were administered in Shaanxi Province, averaging 1 561 doses per 10 000 population. The annual administration of non-NIP vaccines increased from 4.359 1 million doses in 2019 to 7.858 2 million doses in 2023, with their proportional representation among all vaccines rising from 30.82% to 55.15%( χ2 trend=2 440 581.54, P<0.001). The administration rate per 10 000 population increased from 1 105 doses to 1 986 doses during this period( χ2 trend=373.10, P<0.001). Concurrently, the substitution rate of non-NIP vaccines for National Immunization Program vaccines rose from 4.94% in 2019 to 16.11% in 2023.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common pathogen that causes acute respiratory infections, especially in infants and young children. There are currently no RSV-specific antiviral drugs, and there are no approved vaccines for infants and young children. With the widespread use of RSV passive immunizations in infants and young children in 2022 and the effective reduction of the burden of RSV infection-related diseases, passive immune-prophylaxis of RSV infection has attracted more and more attention. This paper summarizes the implementation experience and real-world application effect of passive immune-prophylaxis for RSV infection at home and abroad, to provide reference for the immune-prophylaxis practice of passive immune-prophylaxis for RSV infection in infants and young children in China.

Objective:To estimate the incidence of Bordetella pertussis（ Bp）infection by analyzing the seroepidemiological characteristics of pertussis in healthy people aged 1-14 years in Shaanxi Province in 2017. Methods:A stratified random sampling method was used to select healthy people aged 1-14 years from 30 county-level disease surveillance sites in 10 cities of Shaanxi Province in 2017. Serum IgG antibodies against pertussis toxin（PT-IgG）were quantitatively detected by ELISA. The incidence of Bp infection within one year（PT-IgG≥100 IU/ml）and the geometric mean concentration（GMC）of PT-IgG were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U test，Kruskal-Wallis test，or Jonckheere-Terpstra test. Results:A total of 1 777 subjects were included. The incidence of Bp infection within one year was 0.84%（15/1 777）and the GMC of PT-IgG was 5.70 IU/ml. The incidence of Bp infection within one year in different age groups ranged from 0 to 3.06%（3/98），and the GMC of PT-IgG was between 2.99 IU/ml and 9.29 IU/ml. People aged 12-14 years showed higher incidence of Bp infection within one year. The estimated incidence of Bp infection in people aged 5-14 years was 6 639.97/100 000，with the lowest incidence in people aged 5-6 years（2 016.85/100 000）and the highest in people aged 13-14 years（15 425.95/100 000）. The estimated incidence of Bp infection increased with age（ χ 2trend=12 090， P<0.01）. Conclusions:The actual incidence of Bp infection in healthy people aged 1-14 years in Shaanxi Province is high，and the duration of antibody responses to vaccination is limited. Children and adolescents are high-risk groups for pertussis，and attention should be paid to people aged 12-14 years. It is recommended to strengthen the routine monitoring of pertussis in order to better adjust and optimize the immunization strategy.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the construction of a canine model of vascularized allogeneic spinal cord transplantation (vASCT) and preliminarily evaluate its therapeutic efficacy for spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS: Sixteen female Beagle dogs aged 8-12 months were randomly selected, with 8 dogs serving as donors for the harvesting of spinal cord tissue with a vascular pedicle [dorsal intercostal artery (DIA) at the T₁₀ level and accompanying vein]. The remaining 8 dogs underwent a 1.5-cm-length spinal cord defect at the T₁₀ level, followed by transplantation of the donor spinal cord tissue for repair. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was applied to both ends to spinal cord graft; then, using a random number table method, the dogs were divided into an experimental group (n=4) and a control group (n=4). The experimental group received immunosuppressive intervention with oral tacrolimus [0.1 mg/(kg∙d)] postoperatively, while the control group received no treatment. The operation time and ischemia-reperfusion time of two groups were recorded. The recovery of hind limb function was estimated by Olby score within 2 months after operation; the motor evoked potentials (MEP) was measured through neuroelectrophysiological examination, and the spinal cord integrity was observed through MRI. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the operation time and ischemia-reperfusion time between the two groups (P>0.05). All dogs survived until the completion of the experiment. Within 2 months after operation, all dogs in the control group failed to regain the movement function of hind limbs, and Olby scores were all 0. In the experimental group, the movement and weight-bearing, as well as walking abilities of the hind limbs gradually recovered, and the Olby scores also showed a gradually increasing trend. There was a significant difference between the two groups from 3 to 8 weeks after operation (P<0.05). Neuroelectrophysiological examination indicated that the electrical signals of the experimental group passed through the transplanted area, and the latency was shortened compared to that at 1 month after operation (P<0.05), showing continuous improvement, but the amplitude did not show significant improvement (P>0.05). The control group was unable to detect any MEP changes after operation. MRI examination showed that the transplanted spinal cord in the experimental group survived and had good continuity with normal spinal cord tissue, while no relevant change was observed in the control group. CONCLUSION The vASCT model of dogs was successfully constructed. This surgical procedure can restore the continuity of the spinal cord. The combination of tacrolimus anti-immunity is a key factor for the success of transplantation.
Animals ; Dogs ; Female ; Spinal Cord/blood supply* ; Spinal Cord Injuries/surgery* ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Disease Models, Animal ; Recovery of Function ; Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods* ; Tacrolimus ; Immunosuppressive Agents

Lumbar disc herniation(LDH)is a common and frequent disease,also one of the main causes of low back and lower limb pain.Radiomics can be used to improve early diagnosis of LDH,assist individualized treatment plan and evaluate prognosis.The research progresses of radiomics for early diagnosis and treatment of LDH were reviewed in this article.

Objective To investigate the serum diphtheria antibody levels in healthy people aged 1-59 years old in Shaanxi Province.Methods A stratified random sampling method was used to select healthy people aged 1-59 years old from 30 county-level disease surveillance sites in 10 cities of Shaanxi province from November to December 2017.Diphtheria IgG antibody was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and the positive rate(IgG≥0.01 IU/mL)and mean geometric concentration(GMC)of diphtheria IgG antibody were analyzed.Results A total of 6 439 subjects completed laboratory testing.The positive rate and GMC of diphtheria IgG antibody were 85.79%and 0.035(0.034-0.036)IU/mL,respectively.The GMC and the positive rate of diphtheria IgG antibody were higher in males than those in females(P＜0.01).The positive rate of diphtheria IgG antibody in different cities was 65.25%-98.23%,and the GMC was 0.021(0.018-0.024)IU/mL-0.046(0.037-0.055)IU/mL,the difference between the groups was statistically significant(P＜0.01).The GMC of the group with DCV immunization history,the group without DCV immunization history and the group with unknown DCV immunization history were 0.097(0.090-0.105),0.018(0.018-0.019)and 0.027(0.026-0.028)IU/mL,respectively,and the positive rates of diphtheria IgG antibody were 92.74%,80.18%and 85.44%,respectively.There were significant differences between the three groups(P＜0.01).Among the 9 age groups,the group with the lowest positive rate of diphtheria IgG antibody was the 40-49 age group(78.39%),and the highest was in the 1-2 age group(95.77%),which decreased with age(χ2=200.612,P＜0.01).It showed a downward trend with age(χ2=200.612,P＜0.01).The lowest GMC(IU/mL)was in the 40-49 age group[0.017(0.016-0.017)],and the highest was in the 7-9 age group[0.190(0.162-0.226)],showing a downward trend with increasing age(P＜0.01).After the whole course of vaccination,the positive rate of diphtheria IgG antibody and the interval between the last dose of vaccination showed a downward trend(P＜0.01).Conclusion The diphtheria immune barrier in whole population has been established in Shaanxi province,but the positive rate of diphtheria antibody and GMC in healthy people aged 1-59 years old show a downward trend with age.

Objective: To investigate the knowledge and behaviors related to hepatitis B prevention and control among carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), so as to provide the basis for conducting health education and interventions for HBsAg carriers. Methods: Based on the seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis B among individuals aged 1 to 69 years in Shaanxi Province, HBsAg carriers were selected as the study subjects. Basic information, knowledge and behaviors about hepatitis B prevention and control were collected through questionnaire surveys. The awareness of hepatitis B prevention and control knowledge and related behaviors among HBsAg carriers were analyzed. Results: A total of 107 HBsAg carriers were enrolled, including 52 males (48.60%) and 55 females (51.40%), and had a median age of 47.04 (interquartile range, 19.78) years. The awareness of hepatitis B prevention and control knowledge ranged from 56.07% to 87.85% among HBsAg carriers, with the highest awareness for "hepatitis B vaccination can effectively prevent hepatitis B "(87.85%), and the lowest awareness for "sharing meals with HBsAg carriers or hepatitis B patients will not lead to infection" (56.07%) and "hepatitis B can be treated with antiviral drugs" (61.68%). The proportions of those who did not seek medical consultation, undergo regular check-ups, or receive treatment were relatively high, at 65.42%, 72.90% and 77.57%, respectively. Conclusions The awareness of hepatitis B transmission routes and treatment-related knowledge among HBsAg carriers is relatively low, and their medical-seeking behaviors are relatively passive. There is a need to enhance the dissemination of hepatitis B prevention and control knowledge, improve medical-seeking behaviors, and reduce the risk of hepatitis B virus transmission.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of body posture combined with pharmacotherapy and pharmacotherapy alone in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma(CSDH).Methods:Firstly, retrospective case series study was conducted. Thirty cases of CSDH that had received body posture combined with pharmacotherapy at Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University from December 2016 to October 2020 were studied retrospectively. Twenty-seven patients were male, and 3 patients were female. The age of patients ( M(IQR)) was 66(16) years (range:28 to 84). Nineteen patients had unilateral hematoma, and 11 patients had bilateral hematoma. All patients received pharmacotherapy and body posture therapy that was to raise their lower limbs 20 to 30 cm with leg lift pad and get abdominal compressed with customized abdominal belt in supine position. Patients were required to maintain the body posture as much as possible, with the maximum to 16 to 18 hours per day. Patients with unilateral hematoma should tilt the head to the affected side and avoid tilting it to the opposite side. For patients with bilateral hematoma, there was no need for head lateralization. Patient were treated with oral dexamethasone and atorvastatin simultaneously. The preliminary efficacy of body posture combined with pharmacotherapy was determined by hematoma improvement rate which was analyzed by Clopper-Pearson method. Then, the multi-center, prospective, randomized controlled trial had carried out in 9 medical centers from August 2020 to November 2021. The stratified block randomization method was adopted. Patients were randomized in a ratio of 1∶1 to either receive pharmacotherapy alone(the control group) or body posture combined with pharmacotherapy(the experiment group) for 3 months and followed up for 6 months. Effective treatment was defined as complete absorption of hematoma, or the hematoma volume decreased by more than 10 ml and Markwalder grading scale score had improved by more than 1 point compared to the baseline. The efficacy rate and surgery conversion rate at 3 months and recurrence at 6 months were observed. Comparison between groups was performed with paired sample t test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test, corrected χ2 test, or Fisher exact probability method. Logistic regression was used to compare the effective rate and operation rate between the two groups. Results:In the respective study, 30 patients completed follow-up 13 to 353 days after treatment. At the last follow-up, the incidence of almost complete absorption or significantly absorption of hematoma (hematoma volume was significantly reduced accompanied by symptom improvement) was 93.3%. The 95% CI for the incidence that analyzed by the Clopper-Pearson method was 77.9% to 99.2%. One hundred and six patients were enrolled in the multicenter study. Fifty-five patients underwent body posture combined with pharmacotherapy. The age was 74(17) years (range:26 to 92). Thirty-nine patients were males and 16 were females. Fifty-one patients underwent pharmacotherapy alone. The age was 69(12) years (range:48 to 84). Thirty-seven patients were males and 14 were females. The length of body posture recorded in diary card was (15.7±2.3) hours(range:7.6 to 19.3 hours). The efficacy rate in the body posture combined with pharmacotherapy group and pharmacotherapy alone group were 83.6% (46/55) and 56.9% (29/51), respectively at 3 months. The result of the logistic regression analysis showed that the efficacy of body posture combined with pharmacotherapy group was better than that of pharmacotherapy alone group ( OR=3.88,95% CI:1.57 to 9.58, P=0.003). Surgery rate in the body posture combined with pharmacotherapy group and pharmacotherapy alone group were 5.5% (3/55) and 21.6% (11/51) respectively. The result of Logistic regression showed that the pharmacotherapy alone group was more likely to be converted to surgery ( OR=0.21,95% CI:0.05 to 0.80, P=0.023). At the 6 months, no recurrence of cases was found in the body posture combined with pharmacotherapy group. However, the recurrence rate of pharmacotherapy alone group was 6.3% (3/48), there was no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:The effect of body posture combined with pharmacotherapy for chronic subdural hematoma is better than that of pharmacotherapy alone.