Background: Intraoperative hypercapnia reduces the time to emergence from volatile anesthetics, but few clinical studies have explored the effect of hypercapnia on the emergence time from intravenous (IV) anesthesia. We investigated the effect of inducing mild hypercapnia during the recovery period on the emergence time after total IV anesthesia (TIVA). Methods: Adult patients undergoing transurethral lithotripsy under TIVA were randomly allocated to normocapnia group (end-tidal carbon dioxide [ETCO2] 35–40 mmHg) or mild hypercapnia group (ETCO2 50-55 mmHg) during the recovery period. The primary outcome was the extubation time. The spontaneous breathing-onset time, voluntary eye-opening time, and hemodynamic data were collected. Changes in the cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery were assessed using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Results: In total, 164 patients completed the study. The extubation time was significantly shorter in the mild hypercapnia (13.9 ± 5.9 min, P = 0.024) than in the normocapnia group (16.3 ± 7.6 min). A similar reduction was observed in spontaneous breathing-onset time (P = 0.021) and voluntary eye-opening time (P = 0.008). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the adjusted ETCO2 level was a negative predictor of extubation time. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity was significantly increased after ETCO2 adjustment for mild hypercapnia, which rapidly returned to baseline, without any adverse reactions, within 20 min after extubation. Conclusions Mild hypercapnia during the recovery period significantly reduces the extubation time after TIVA. Increased ETCO2 levels can potentially enhance rapid recovery from IV anesthesia.

Background: Intraoperative hypercapnia reduces the time to emergence from volatile anesthetics, but few clinical studies have explored the effect of hypercapnia on the emergence time from intravenous (IV) anesthesia. We investigated the effect of inducing mild hypercapnia during the recovery period on the emergence time after total IV anesthesia (TIVA). Methods: Adult patients undergoing transurethral lithotripsy under TIVA were randomly allocated to normocapnia group (end-tidal carbon dioxide [ETCO2] 35–40 mmHg) or mild hypercapnia group (ETCO2 50-55 mmHg) during the recovery period. The primary outcome was the extubation time. The spontaneous breathing-onset time, voluntary eye-opening time, and hemodynamic data were collected. Changes in the cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery were assessed using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Results: In total, 164 patients completed the study. The extubation time was significantly shorter in the mild hypercapnia (13.9 ± 5.9 min, P = 0.024) than in the normocapnia group (16.3 ± 7.6 min). A similar reduction was observed in spontaneous breathing-onset time (P = 0.021) and voluntary eye-opening time (P = 0.008). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the adjusted ETCO2 level was a negative predictor of extubation time. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity was significantly increased after ETCO2 adjustment for mild hypercapnia, which rapidly returned to baseline, without any adverse reactions, within 20 min after extubation. Conclusions Mild hypercapnia during the recovery period significantly reduces the extubation time after TIVA. Increased ETCO2 levels can potentially enhance rapid recovery from IV anesthesia.

Background: Intraoperative hypercapnia reduces the time to emergence from volatile anesthetics, but few clinical studies have explored the effect of hypercapnia on the emergence time from intravenous (IV) anesthesia. We investigated the effect of inducing mild hypercapnia during the recovery period on the emergence time after total IV anesthesia (TIVA). Methods: Adult patients undergoing transurethral lithotripsy under TIVA were randomly allocated to normocapnia group (end-tidal carbon dioxide [ETCO2] 35–40 mmHg) or mild hypercapnia group (ETCO2 50-55 mmHg) during the recovery period. The primary outcome was the extubation time. The spontaneous breathing-onset time, voluntary eye-opening time, and hemodynamic data were collected. Changes in the cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery were assessed using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Results: In total, 164 patients completed the study. The extubation time was significantly shorter in the mild hypercapnia (13.9 ± 5.9 min, P = 0.024) than in the normocapnia group (16.3 ± 7.6 min). A similar reduction was observed in spontaneous breathing-onset time (P = 0.021) and voluntary eye-opening time (P = 0.008). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the adjusted ETCO2 level was a negative predictor of extubation time. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity was significantly increased after ETCO2 adjustment for mild hypercapnia, which rapidly returned to baseline, without any adverse reactions, within 20 min after extubation. Conclusions Mild hypercapnia during the recovery period significantly reduces the extubation time after TIVA. Increased ETCO2 levels can potentially enhance rapid recovery from IV anesthesia.

Background: Intraoperative hypercapnia reduces the time to emergence from volatile anesthetics, but few clinical studies have explored the effect of hypercapnia on the emergence time from intravenous (IV) anesthesia. We investigated the effect of inducing mild hypercapnia during the recovery period on the emergence time after total IV anesthesia (TIVA). Methods: Adult patients undergoing transurethral lithotripsy under TIVA were randomly allocated to normocapnia group (end-tidal carbon dioxide [ETCO2] 35–40 mmHg) or mild hypercapnia group (ETCO2 50-55 mmHg) during the recovery period. The primary outcome was the extubation time. The spontaneous breathing-onset time, voluntary eye-opening time, and hemodynamic data were collected. Changes in the cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery were assessed using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Results: In total, 164 patients completed the study. The extubation time was significantly shorter in the mild hypercapnia (13.9 ± 5.9 min, P = 0.024) than in the normocapnia group (16.3 ± 7.6 min). A similar reduction was observed in spontaneous breathing-onset time (P = 0.021) and voluntary eye-opening time (P = 0.008). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the adjusted ETCO2 level was a negative predictor of extubation time. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity was significantly increased after ETCO2 adjustment for mild hypercapnia, which rapidly returned to baseline, without any adverse reactions, within 20 min after extubation. Conclusions Mild hypercapnia during the recovery period significantly reduces the extubation time after TIVA. Increased ETCO2 levels can potentially enhance rapid recovery from IV anesthesia.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trends of other infectious diarrhea among children under 18 years old in Guangzhou City from 2014 to 2020, and to explore the correlation between climatic factors and the incidence of the disease, so as to provide reference for the early prevention of infectious diseases. Methods: The data of cases of other infectious diarrhea and meteorological data of children under 18 years old in Guangzhou City from 2014 to 2020 were collected through the Chinese Infectious Disease Reporting System and the Guangzhou Meteorological Bureau. The correlation between meteorological factors and the incidence of other infectious diarrhea was analyzed using negative binomial regression. Results: A total of 104 566 cases of other infectious diarrhea among children under 18 years old were reported in Guangzhou City from 2014 to 2020, with a male to female ratio of 1.48∶1. The incidence rate was the highest in 2017 (980.83 per 100 000) and the lowest in 2020 (388.22 per 100 000). The peak of incidence occurred from October to March of the following year. Children under 5 years old accounted for 87.95% of all cases. The number of cases of other infectious diarrhea was negatively correlated with the temperature of the previous 6 days ( IRR = -0.07 ), and positively correlated with the temperature difference on the day of onset ( IRR =0.02) (both P <0.05). It was also positively correlated with the wind speed of the previous 7 days ( IRR=0.07, P <0.05), but there was no statistically significant correlation with the relative humidity on the day of onset ( IRR=-0.00, P >0.05). Conclusions Low temperature, large temperature difference, and high wind speed can increase the risk of other infectious diarrhea. It is necessary to strengthen the prediction and early warning in conjunction with meteorological changes, and warn kindergartens and schools to enhance preventive measures against the clustering of other infectious diarrhea cases.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by radical surgery has been a common practice for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer, but the response rate varies among patients. This study aimed to develop a ResNet-Vision Transformer based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-endoscopy fusion model to precisely predict treatment response and provide personalized treatment. METHODS: In this multicenter study, 366 eligible patients who had undergone neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by radical surgery at eight Chinese tertiary hospitals between January 2017 and June 2024 were recruited, with 2928 pretreatment colonic endoscopic images and 366 pelvic MRI images. An MRI-endoscopy fusion model was constructed based on the ResNet backbone and Transformer network using pretreatment MRI and endoscopic images. Treatment response was defined as good response or non-good response based on the tumor regression grade. The Delong test and the Hanley-McNeil test were utilized to compare prediction performance among different models and different subgroups, respectively. The predictive performance of the MRI-endoscopy fusion model was comprehensively validated in the test sets and was further compared to that of the single-modal MRI model and single-modal endoscopy model. RESULTS: The MRI-endoscopy fusion model demonstrated favorable prediction performance. In the internal validation set, the area under the curve (AUC) and accuracy were 0.852 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.744-0.940) and 0.737 (95% CI: 0.712-0.844), respectively. Moreover, the AUC and accuracy reached 0.769 (95% CI: 0.678-0.861) and 0.729 (95% CI: 0.628-0.821), respectively, in the external test set. In addition, the MRI-endoscopy fusion model outperformed the single-modal MRI model (AUC: 0.692 [95% CI: 0.609-0.783], accuracy: 0.659 [95% CI: 0.565-0.775]) and the single-modal endoscopy model (AUC: 0.720 [95% CI: 0.617-0.823], accuracy: 0.713 [95% CI: 0.612-0.809]) in the external test set. CONCLUSION The MRI-endoscopy fusion model based on ResNet-Vision Transformer achieved favorable performance in predicting treatment response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and holds tremendous potential for enabling personalized treatment regimens for locally advanced rectal cancer patients.
Humans ; Rectal Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Neoadjuvant Therapy/methods* ; Aged ; Adult ; Chemoradiotherapy/methods* ; Endoscopy/methods* ; Treatment Outcome

Traditional Chinese medicine formula (TCMF) represents a fundamental component of Chinese medical practice, incorporating medical knowledge and practices from both Han Chinese and various ethnic minorities, while providing comprehensive insights into health and disease. The foundation of TCMF lies in its holistic approach, manifested through herbal compatibility theory, which has emerged from extensive clinical experience and evolved into a highly refined knowledge system. Within this framework, Chinese herbal medicines exhibit intricated characteristics, including multi-component interactions, diverse target sites, and varied biological pathways. These complexities pose significant challenges for understanding their molecular mechanisms. Contemporary advances in artificial intelligence (AI) are reshaping research in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), offering immense potential to transform our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying TCMFs. This review explores the application of AI in uncovering these mechanisms, highlighting its role in compound absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) prediction, molecular target identification, compound and target synergy recognition, pharmacological mechanisms exploration, and herbal formula optimization. Furthermore, the review discusses the challenges and opportunities in AI-assisted research on TCMF molecular mechanisms, promoting the modernization and globalization of TCM.
Artificial Intelligence ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacokinetics* ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Animals

Pharmacotranscriptomic profiles, which capture drug-induced changes in gene expression, offer vast potential for computational drug discovery and are widely used in modern medicine. However, current computational approaches neglected the associations within gene‒gene functional networks and unrevealed the systematic relationship between drug efficacy and the reversal effect. Here, we developed a new genome-scale functional module (GSFM) transformation framework to quantitatively evaluate drug efficacy for in silico drug discovery. GSFM employs four biologically interpretable quantifiers: GSFM_Up, GSFM_Down, GSFM_ssGSEA, and GSFM_TF to comprehensively evaluate the multi-dimension activities of each functional module (FM) at gene-level, pathway-level, and transcriptional regulatory network-level. Through a data transformation strategy, GSFM effectively converts noisy and potentially unreliable gene expression data into a more dependable FM active matrix, significantly outperforming other methods in terms of both robustness and accuracy. Besides, we found a positive correlation between RS_GSFM and drug efficacy, suggesting that RS_GSFM could serve as representative measure of drug efficacy. Furthermore, we identified WYE-354, perhexiline, and NTNCB as candidate therapeutic agents for the treatment of breast-invasive carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and castration-resistant prostate cancer, respectively. The results from in vitro and in vivo experiments have validated that all identified compounds exhibit potent anti-tumor effects, providing proof-of-concept for our computational approach.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the mechanism of Pingchuanning Formula (PCN) for inhibiting airway inflammation in rats with asthmatic cold syndrome. METHODS: A total of 105 SD rats were randomized equally into 7 groups, including a control group, an asthmatic cold syndrome model group, 3 PCN treatment groups at high, medium and low doses, a Guilong Kechuanning (GLCKN) treatment group, and a dexamethasone (DEX) treatment group. In all but the control rats, asthma cold syndrome models were established and daily gavage of saline, PCN, GLCKN or DEX was administered 29 days after the start of modeling. The changes in general condition, lung function and lung histopathology of the rats were observed, and inflammatory factors in the alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), oxidative stress, lung tissue ultrastructure, cytokine levels, and expressions of the genes related to the HMGB1/Beclin-1 axis and autophagy were analyzed. RESULTS: The rat models had obvious manifestations of asthmatic cold syndrome with significantly decreased body mass, food intake, and water intake, reduced FEV_0.3, FVC, and FEV_0.3/FVC, obvious inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung tissue, and increased alveolar inflammation score and counts of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and leukocytes in the BALF. The rat models also had significantly increased MDA level and decreased SOD level and exhibited obvious ultrastructural changes in the lung tissues, where the expressions of HMGB1, Beclin-1, ATG5, TNF-α, IL-6,IL-1β, and IL-13 and the LC3II/I ratio were increased, while the levels of Bcl-2 and IFN-γ were decreased. PCN treatment significantly improved these pathological changes in the rat models, and its therapeutic effect was better than that of GLKCN and similar to that of DEX. CONCLUSIONS PCN can effectively alleviate airway inflammation in rat models of asthmatic cold syndrome possibly by modulating the HMGB1/Beclin-1 signaling axis to suppress cell autophagy, thereby attenuating airway inflammatory damages.
Animals ; Rats ; Autophagy/drug effects* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Asthma/pathology* ; Beclin-1 ; HMGB1 Protein/metabolism* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Male ; Lung/pathology* ; Inflammation

Pulpotomy, which belongs to vital pulp therapy, has become a strategy for managing pulpitis in recent decades. This minimally invasive treatment reflects the recognition of preserving healthy dental pulp and optimizing long-term patient-centered outcomes. Pulpotomy is categorized into partial pulpotomy (PP), the removal of a partial segment of the coronal pulp tissue, and full pulpotomy (FP), the removal of whole coronal pulp, which is followed by applying the biomaterials onto the remaining pulp tissue and ultimately restoring the tooth. Procedural decisions for the amount of pulp tissue removal or retention depend on the diagnostic of pulp vitality, the overall treatment plan, the patient's general health status, and pulp inflammation reassessment during operation. This statement represents the consensus of an expert committee convened by the Society of Cariology and Endodontics, Chinese Stomatological Association. It addresses the current evidence to support the application of pulpotomy as a potential alternative to root canal treatment (RCT) on mature permanent teeth with pulpitis from a biological basis, the development of capping biomaterial, and the diagnostic considerations to evidence-based medicine. This expert statement intends to provide a clinical protocol of pulpotomy, which facilitates practitioners in choosing the optimal procedure and increasing their confidence in this rapidly evolving field.
Humans ; Calcium Compounds/therapeutic use* ; Consensus ; Dental Pulp ; Dentition, Permanent ; Oxides/therapeutic use* ; Pulpitis/therapy* ; Pulpotomy/standards*