Mental Foramen: A Comprehensive Review of The Distal Exit of The Mandibular Canal The mental foramen (MF), averaging 4.6 mm × 3.4 mm, is a vital anatomical landmark with significant implications for dental and surgical procedures. Its location, dimensions, and relationship to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) are critical in reducing complications such as nerve injury and treatment failure. A literature review of studies published between 1970 and 2024 explored the MF’s anatomy, imaging, and clinical outcomes. This review examines variations in the MF’s shape, size, number, and position, emphasising their clinical relevance. The MF may occasionally be radiographically or clinically absent and is not always a single opening. Understanding its variability is crucial for accurate localisation. This narrative review summarises that, despite an increasing amount of research, human variability influences the shape, size, and location of the mandible. Even within the same ethnicity, different studies have produced different locations and appearances in terms of its shape. Nevertheless, more Western studies generally reported the MF being located between the first and second premolars, and more Asian-centric studies reported it as closer to the second premolar. Accessory mental foramina (AMF), on the other hand, vary between ethnic groups, with a higher prevalence reported among non-Caucasians. Most AMFs were found to be unilateral, occurring more on the right side of the mandible. Bilateral AMFs have also been reported to range from 0% to 33.3%. On the contrary, MF may be missing in between 0.7% and 2.4% of the unilateral mandible.

ABSTRACT Implant prosthesis is a popular treatment modality but it is not complication free. This article discussed the management of a cemented, all-ceramic implant crown in the maxillary anterior region that had veneering ceramic fracture after three years in function. A screw-retained prosthesis was prescribed to avoid the show of the screw access channel on the incisal edge of the crown. This was achieved by changing the location of the screw hole using the angle screw channel that overcame the angulation issue.
Dental Veneers

Humans ; Jaw Diseases ; Osteonecrosis

Surgical ciliated cyst of the maxilla is a rare complication following surgical procedures or trauma involving the maxillary sinus. It can occur at any time after any procedures or trauma involving the maxillary sinus even though many years have lapsed. Clinically it may mimic other cysts of the maxillary sinus therefore a thorough history taking is necessary for diagnosis. Treatment is usually by enucleation or marsupialisation. This report highlighted a case of surgical ciliated cyst involving the right maxillary sinus probably secondary to maxillary sinus procedures, which were performed 30 years prior to presentation.
Maxillary Sinus

This was a retrospective study of dentigerous cysts in people from the Singapore-Malaysian region. The purpose of this study was to present the clinicopathologic features of dentigerous cysts in the Oriental population and to compare these data with those from other reported studies. Biopsy records from 1981 to 1993 of 119 cases of dentigerous cysts from patients in Malaysia and Singapore showed that 36.1% of patients were female and 63.9% patients were male. Among patients with cysts, 70.5% were Chinese, 23.2% were Malays, 2.7% were Indian and 3.6% were other ethnic groups. The mean age of these patients was 30.2 +/- 17.3 years with a peak incidence occurring in the second and third decades. The location of the lesions was almost equal to the maxilla (50.9%) and the mandible (49.1%). There was a marked predilection for the posterior mandible (42.7%) followed by the anterior maxilla (38.2%). Histologically, 90.8% of the cysts were lined by a non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium. The cyst linings were mainly thin (90.0%) with 38.7% of cases having a mixed thick and thin lining. Mucous metaplasia was observed in 9 (7.6%) cases. Rushton bodies were seen in 3.4% of cases. Cholesterol clefts in the epithelial lining and lumen were found in 16.8% cases while 12.6% of cases exhibited cholesterol clefts in the cyst wall. Other cellular structures within the cyst wall were lymphocytes (66.4%), plasma cells (52.1%), Russell bodies (16.0%) and histiocytes (4.2%). Odontogenic keratocysts were observed in 5.0% of cases. One case of adenomatoid odontogenic tumour was also observed. Epithelial atypia was seen in 9.2% of cases, islands of stratified squamous epithelial cells in 8.4% of cases while one case showed a combination of these two features. In conclusion, some clinical features seen in this study are similar to that for the Caucasian population such as prevalence in male, peak incidence in the second and third decades and the predilection for the posterior mandible and anterior maxilla. Histopathologically, odontogenic keratocyst and adenomatoid odontogenic tumour were observed in dentigerous cysts.
seconds ; Singapore ; Maxilla ; Mandible ; Malaysia