Objective : To analyze the relationship between tongue volume, tongue position, dental and skeletal parameters in adult patients with different skeletal malocclusions, providing references for the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of skeletal malocclusions. Methods: This study has been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee, and informed consent has been obtained from patients. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and cephalometric radiographs were collected from 60 adult patients, divided into three groups based on ANB angle values: skeletal Class I (0° < ANB < 4°), II (ANB > 4°), and III (ANB < 0°), with 20 cases in each group. Dental and skeletal parameters were measured using Dolphin software. Mimics software was used for 3D reconstruction of the tongue, oral cavity, and upper airway to measure tongue position, tongue volume, oral cavity volume, and upper airway volume, followed by statistical analysis. Results: The skeletal Class III group had significantly larger tongue and oral cavity volumes than the skeletal Class I and Class II groups (P = 0.02). Tongue length in the skeletal Class III group was also greater than in the skeletal Class I and Class II groups (P = 0.016). There was no significant difference in the ratio of tongue volume/oral cavity capacity among the three skeletal malocclusion groups (P > 0.05). Tongue volume was positively correlated with U1-SN and negatively correlated with overbite and overjet (P < 0.05). Additionally, tongue volume showed a significant positive correlation with Go-Gn and Pg-Np (P < 0.01), as well as with maxillary and mandibular dental arch width and basal bone arch width (P < 0.01). Upper airway volume was positively correlated with TT-VRL and TP-VRL (P < 0.05). Conclusion Patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion have larger tongue volumes and longer tongues. Patients with larger tongue volumes may also have larger, more forward-positioned mandibles. Patients with more posterior tongue positions may have smaller upper airway volumes. When developing orthodontic or orthognathic treatment plans, it is crucial to consider the relationship between tongue position, tongue volume, the jaws, and the airway to ensure optimal outcomes for both dental and orofacial function.

Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor among men, ranking first in incidence and second in mortality globally. Novel hormone therapies (NHT) targeting the androgen receptor (AR) pathway have become the standard of care for metastatic prostate cancer. This review offers a comprehensive overview of NHT, including abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide, and rezvilutamide, which have demonstrated efficacy in delaying disease progression and improving patient survival and quality of life. Nevertheless, resistance to NHT remains a critical challenge. The mechanisms underlying resistance are complex, involving AR gene amplification, mutations, splice variants, increased intratumoral androgens, and AR-independent pathways such as the glucocorticoid receptor, neuroendocrine differentiation, DNA repair defects, autophagy, immune evasion, and activation of alternative signaling pathways. This review discusses these resistance mechanisms and examines strategies to counteract them, including sequential treatment with novel AR-targeted drugs, chemotherapy, poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors, radionuclide therapy, bipolar androgen therapy, and approaches targeting specific resistance pathways. Future research should prioritize elucidating the molecular basis of NHT resistance, optimizing existing therapeutic strategies, and developing more effective combination regimens. Additionally, advanced sequencing technologies and resistance research models should be leveraged to identify novel therapeutic targets and improve drug delivery efficiencies. These advancements hold the potential to overcome NHT resistance and significantly enhance the management and prognosis of patients with advanced prostate cancer.

Methods: Spine surgeons of the Asia–Pacific Spine Society were asked to respond to a web-based survey on IONM. The questionnaire covered various aspects of IONM, including its common modality, Tc-MEP details, necessities for consistent use, and recommended modalities in major spine surgeries and representative surgical procedures. Results: Responses were received from 193 of 626 spine surgeons. Among these respondents, 177 used IONM routinely. Among these 177 respondents, 17 mainly used SEP, whereas the majority favored Tc-MEPs. Although a >50% decrease is the commonly used alarm point in Tc-MEP, half of the Tc-MEP users had no protocols planned for such scenarios. Moreover, half of the Tc-MEP users experienced complications, with bite injuries being the most common. Most respondents strongly recommended IONM in deformity surgery for pediatric and adult populations and tumor resection surgery for intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Conversely, IONM was the least recommended in lumbar spinal canal stenosis surgery. Conclusions Spine surgeons in Asia–Pacific countries favored IONM use, indicating widespread routine utilization. Tc-MEP was the predominant modality for IONM, followed by SEPs.

Methods: Spine surgeons of the Asia–Pacific Spine Society were asked to respond to a web-based survey on IONM. The questionnaire covered various aspects of IONM, including its common modality, Tc-MEP details, necessities for consistent use, and recommended modalities in major spine surgeries and representative surgical procedures. Results: Responses were received from 193 of 626 spine surgeons. Among these respondents, 177 used IONM routinely. Among these 177 respondents, 17 mainly used SEP, whereas the majority favored Tc-MEPs. Although a >50% decrease is the commonly used alarm point in Tc-MEP, half of the Tc-MEP users had no protocols planned for such scenarios. Moreover, half of the Tc-MEP users experienced complications, with bite injuries being the most common. Most respondents strongly recommended IONM in deformity surgery for pediatric and adult populations and tumor resection surgery for intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Conversely, IONM was the least recommended in lumbar spinal canal stenosis surgery. Conclusions Spine surgeons in Asia–Pacific countries favored IONM use, indicating widespread routine utilization. Tc-MEP was the predominant modality for IONM, followed by SEPs.

Methods: Spine surgeons of the Asia–Pacific Spine Society were asked to respond to a web-based survey on IONM. The questionnaire covered various aspects of IONM, including its common modality, Tc-MEP details, necessities for consistent use, and recommended modalities in major spine surgeries and representative surgical procedures. Results: Responses were received from 193 of 626 spine surgeons. Among these respondents, 177 used IONM routinely. Among these 177 respondents, 17 mainly used SEP, whereas the majority favored Tc-MEPs. Although a >50% decrease is the commonly used alarm point in Tc-MEP, half of the Tc-MEP users had no protocols planned for such scenarios. Moreover, half of the Tc-MEP users experienced complications, with bite injuries being the most common. Most respondents strongly recommended IONM in deformity surgery for pediatric and adult populations and tumor resection surgery for intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Conversely, IONM was the least recommended in lumbar spinal canal stenosis surgery. Conclusions Spine surgeons in Asia–Pacific countries favored IONM use, indicating widespread routine utilization. Tc-MEP was the predominant modality for IONM, followed by SEPs.